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    Branched Biopolymers: RNA Encode Proteins Eukaryotes Translated

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    Shriram Arvinth
    RNA has several functions beyond just encoding proteins. It controls and regulates many aspects of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. RNA encodes genetic information that can be translated into amino acid sequences of proteins, as seen with messenger RNA molecules in cells and viral RNA genomes. While RNA is single-stranded like proteins and can fold into complex structures, it is generally a less effective catalyst than proteins due to having fewer building blocks and less chemical diversity in its nucleotides.

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    Branched Biopolymers: RNA Encode Proteins Eukaryotes Translated

    Uploaded by

    Shriram Arvinth
    17 views2 pages
    RNA has several functions beyond just encoding proteins. It controls and regulates many aspects of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. RNA encodes genetic information that can be translated into amino acid sequences of proteins, as seen with messenger RNA molecules in cells and viral RNA genomes. While RNA is single-stranded like proteins and can fold into complex structures, it is generally a less effective catalyst than proteins due to having fewer building blocks and less chemical diversity in its nucleotides.

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    it contains a good read on rna

    Original Title

    RNA is Multifunctional

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    RNA has several functions beyond just encoding proteins. It controls and regulates many aspects of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. RNA encodes genetic information that can be translated into amino acid sequences of proteins, as seen with messenger RNA molecules in cells and viral RNA genomes. While RNA is single-stranded like proteins and can fold into complex structures, it is generally a less effective catalyst than proteins due to having fewer building blocks and less chemical diversity in its nucleotides.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    17 views2 pages

    Branched Biopolymers: RNA Encode Proteins Eukaryotes Translated

    Uploaded by

    Shriram Arvinth
    RNA has several functions beyond just encoding proteins. It controls and regulates many aspects of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. RNA encodes genetic information that can be translated into amino acid sequences of proteins, as seen with messenger RNA molecules in cells and viral RNA genomes. While RNA is single-stranded like proteins and can fold into complex structures, it is generally a less effective catalyst than proteins due to having fewer building blocks and less chemical diversity in its nucleotides.

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    RNA is multifunctional[edit]

    RNA is multifunctional, its primary function is to encode proteins, according to the instructions
    within a cell’s DNA.[1]:5 They control and regulate many aspects of protein synthesis
    in eukaryotes.
    RNA encodes genetic information that can be translated into the amino acid sequence of
    proteins, as evidenced by the messenger RNA molecules present within every cell, and the RNA
    genomes of a large number of viruses. The single-stranded nature of RNA, together with
    tendency for rapid breakdown and a lack of repair systems means that RNA is not so well suited
    for the long-term storage of genetic information as is DNA.
    In addition, RNA is a single-stranded polymer that can, like proteins, fold into a very large
    number of three-dimensional structures. Some of these structures provide binding sites for other
    molecules and chemically-active centers that can catalyze specific chemical reactions on those
    bound molecules. The limited number of different building blocks of RNA (4 nucleotides vs >20
    amino acids in proteins), together with their lack of chemical diversity, results in catalytic RNA
    (ribozymes) being generally less-effective catalysts than proteins for most biological reactions.
    The Major Macromolecule:

    Macromolecule Building Block


    Bonds that Join them
    (Monomer)
    (Polymer)

    Proteins Amino acids Peptide


    Nucleic acids Phoshodiester
    Nucleotides (a phoshate, ribose, and
    DNA a base- adenine, guanine,thymine, or
    cytosine)
    Nucleotides (a phoshate, ribose, and
    RNA a base- adenine, guanine,thymine, or
    cytosine)
    Polysaccharides Monosaccharides Glycosidic
    unlike the other macromolecules, Some lipids are held together by ester
    lipids are not defined by chemical bonds; some are huge aggregates of
    Lipids
    Structure. Lipids are any organic small molecules held together by
    nonpolar molecule. hydrophobic interactions.

    Branched biopolymers[edit]

    Raspberry ellagitannin, a tannin composed of core of glucose units surrounded by gallic acid esters and
    ellagic acid units

    Carbohydrate macromolecules (polysaccharides) are formed from polymers


    of monosaccharides.[1]:11 Because monosaccharides have multiple functional groups,
    polysaccharides can form linear polymers (e.g. cellulose) or complex branched structures
    (e.g. glycogen). Polysaccharides perform numerous roles in living organisms, acting as energy
    stores (e.g. starch) and as structural components (e.g. chitin in arthropods and fungi). Many
    carbohydrates contain modified monosaccharide units that have had functional groups replaced
    or removed.
    Polyphenols consist of a branched structure of multiple phenolic subunits. They can perform
    structural roles (e.g. lignin) as well as roles as secondary metabolites involved
    in signalling, pigmentation and defense.

    Synthetic macromolecules[edit]

    Structure of a polyphenylene dendrimer macromolecule reported by Müllen, et al.[14]

    Some examples of macromolecules are synthetic polymers (plastics, synthetic fibers,


    and synthetic rubber), graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Polymers may be prepared from
    inorganic matter as well as for instance in inorganic polymers and geopolymers. The
    incorporation of inorganic elements enables the tunability of properties and/or responsive
    behavior as for instance in smart inorganic polymers.

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