Electrical Design and Aspects of Hvac: Unit - 4: Heating Control Devices

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MEC513
ELECTRICAL DESIGN AND ASPECTS
OF HVAC
Unit – 4: Heating Control Devices
CONTENTS…
HEATING FUNDAMENTALS,
BASIC HEATING CONTROLS,
GAS HEATING CONTROLS,
OIL HEATING CONTROLS,
ELECTRIC HEATING CONTROLS,
HYDRONIC AND STEAM CONTROL
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INTRODUCTION
The air conditioning of structures during the winter months requires a source of
heat to maintain the desired temperature level.
The three major sources of energy used to supply heat to a structure are gas
(natural or liquefied petroleum), oil, and electricity.
These sources of energy can be used to heat air in a warm-air heating system, heat
water in a hydronic heating system, or produce steam for a steam heating system.
Many of the controls in warm-air furnaces are similar regardless of what type of
energy is used as the heating source.
There must be a method to start the air supply when warm air is available to the
conditioned space and to stop the air supply when the supply of warm air is no
longer available.
The safety of the heating appliance must also be considered to prevent the furnace
from operating under unsafe conditions such as high temperatures, flame rollout,
inoperable combustion fan, or open blower door.
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INTRODUCTION
Gas heating equipment requires one of the following methods to ensure that the
pilot is available or that there is a method of ignition for the main burner:
a continuously burning pilot (standing pilot),
a method of igniting the pilot when needed (intermittent pilot), or
a method of directly igniting the main burner (direct ignition).
The intermittent pilot system and the direct ignition system have gained popularity
over the past 10 years.
The old standing pilot system has decreased in popularity because of the waste of
energy and advanced technology that has allowed for the production of inexpensive
ignition modules and direct ignition controllers.
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INTRODUCTION
 There are two types of oil burners in
use in the industry today: the
vaporizing burner and the
atomizing burner.
 In general, before fuel oil can be
ignited it must be vaporized or
broken into a fine mist and mixed
with air.
 The vaporizing oil burner depends
on natural evaporation facilitated by
heating of the fuel oil to provide oil
vapor for combustion.
 A good example of this method is
the old carburetor used on older-
model oil furnaces.
INTRODUCTION
The atomizing oil burner uses a pump and fan connected to the burner motor to
accomplish this purpose.
The oil pump supplies oil from the storage tank and raises the pressure of the oil
entering the burner, causing the oil to be supplied to the combustion chamber as a
fine mist.
The fan causes the air to mix with the oil and is ignited by a spark.
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HEATING FUNDAMENTALS
Air, water or steam
Air is the most popular method of transferring heat from the appliance to the
structure, and there are many different styles and designs of warm-air furnaces.
Water is also a popular method of transferring heat from the appliance to the
conditioned space; this type of heating is accomplished by using a hot water boiler
to heat water, which is then pumped to a location where a supply of hot water is
needed.
Steam is also used as a heating source and requires a steam boiler and connecting
pipe to transfer the steam to the desired location in a structure.
Hot water and steam boilers are not as popular in the residential market as warm-air
furnaces, but as the size of the structure increases, their popularity also increases.
Hot water and steam boilers are used mainly in light commercial and commercial
and industrial structures.
The warm-air furnace, whether its source of energy is gas, oil, or electricity, will
require a source of heat and a method to supply the heat to the desired conditioned
space.
The gas and oil furnace requires a heat exchanger to transfer the heat from the fuel
source to the air while preventing the products of combustion from entering the
conditioned space.
The heat source, either gas or oil, must be supplied within the heat exchanger.
The heat source is supplied to the heat exchanger by the use of a gas or oil burner.
There must be some method of moving air across the heat exchanger to facilitate
the heat transfer from the heat exchanger to the air.
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Fossil fuel heating appliances must have a
method to remove the products of
combustion from the heat exchanger.
This can be accomplished by natural draft
(gravity) or by forced draft (fan) through a
vent to the outside.
The electric furnace requires no heat
exchanger because the heat source is from
an electrical resistance heater.
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The hot water heating system must
have some means of heating water or
producing steam.
The hot water system heats water in
a large heat exchanger called a hot
water boiler.
This water is then pumped through
hot water lines to the area of the
structure that requires heat.
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The steam boiler produces steam that flows by pressure to the areas where heat is
required in the structure.
The hot water and steam
boilers are merely heat exchangers
where heat is transferred from the
source to the water.
In the case of the hot water boiler,
water is merely heated to its desired
temperature.
Low-pressure boilers operate at a
maximum of 15 psig.
High-pressure boilers operate at
pressures higher than 15 psig.
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BASIC HEATING CONTROLS

Several factors must be considered in the operation and function of a warm-air
heating system, such as
The fan operation at the desired time to effectively supply the warm air to the
structure, and
Safety controls that ensure safe operation of the warm-air heating appliance.
There are other basic considerations, but these two are by far the most important,
with the exception of gas and oil combustion controls.
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BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

There must be some method of controlling the fan motor so that the warm air is
delivered to the conditioned space at the correct temperature.
If the temperature of the air is not warm enough, a cold draft may result; this is
extremely uncomfortable when the draft is coming directly in contact with the
occupants of the structure.
At the same time, the air temperature cannot be high enough to cause damage to
the equipment or structure or to harm the occupants.
The fan must be started at the correct time to make sure that the air is warm enough
so as not to be uncomfortable, but it also can’t be so hot that it damages equipment
or is uncomfortably hot to the occupants.
Fan controls must be correctly set in order to supply the conditioned air to the
structure at the right temperature.
There are several types of fan switches used in the industry: temperature controlled,
time and temperature controlled, and time controlled.
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Temperature Controlled Fan Switch
It is nothing more than a thermostat that closes on a rise in temperature to start the
fan motor when the furnace can supply warm air to the structure.
The fan switch element is inserted into the air cavity of the furnace close to the heat
exchanger in order to pick up the temperature of the heat exchanger.
This type of fan switch is available with different element lengths to meet specific
applications.
The fan switch is often incorporated with a limit switch in the same enclosure,
allowing both the fan and limit switch to use the same thermal element to control
both switches.
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• Figure shows the dial of a combination fan
and limit switch.
• This type of fan switch uses a bimetal element
to provide quick and accurate response to the
air temperature changes.
• The temperature range of this type of fan
switch is approximately 50°F to 200°F with a
minimum differential of 15°F.
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• The adjustable type has only a pointer that can be set to turn the fan on with a set
differential.
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Time Controlled Fan Switch
• Some furnaces in the industry use a time-
controlled fan switch that simply uses the
time element to cut the fan on and off.
• This type of control is nothing more than a
time-delay relay that delays the starting of
the fan for a certain period of time.
• The time-delay element is usually
connected in parallel to a 24-volt circuit
that would be energized with a call for
heat.
• This type of fan switch is usually
nonadjustable.
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Time Controlled Fan Switch
• This type of fan switch is available with different on
and off timing.
• For example, one model closes its contacts in 45
seconds and opens the contacts in 75 seconds after
the fan has been on for 2 minutes if de-energized.
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Time and Temperature Controlled Fan Switch
• The time/temperature-controlled fan switch
provides starting of the fan within a certain
period of time (usually 25 to 60 seconds) and/or
by temperature.
• This time function comes after the room
thermostat has called for heat.
• The temperature function would come into effect
if the furnace warmed faster than the setting of
the time function.
• The off mode of this type of control is
temperature and can be set for 80°F to 110°F.
• It can include a limit switch.
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Time and Temperature Controlled Fan Switch
• Many furnaces that have been produced in
recent years are equipped with electronic
furnace controllers that control most of the
operations of a gas furnace, including the
operation of the blower motor.
• The furnace blower motor will generally start
30 seconds after the burner has ignited.
• The “fan-on” function is nonadjustable, but the
technician can control the “fan-off” times with
adjustments made to the controller settings on
some gas furnaces.
• In many cases, no adjustment to the blower-on
or -off cycles can be made.
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BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… LIMIT CONTROL

• Limit switches open when an unsafe condition
exists in the furnace, such as high furnace
temperatures.
• This type of unsafe condition could exist if the fan
switch failed to start the fan at the proper time or
the fan motor was faulty.
• In most cases, this temperature is sensed from
within the air cavity of the warm-air furnace.
• Limit switches are used in case of flame rollout,
which is flame extending outside the combustion
chamber or heat exchanger.
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BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… PRESSURE SWITCHES

• The pressure switch is normally an open device
used to measure the pressure in the exhaust
flue chamber at the combustion blower.
• This type of pressure switch closes when the
preset pressure is reached in the flue.
• The furnace requires that the pressure switch
be closed before ignition to prevent unsafe
conditions from damaging equipment,
damaging the structure, or causing personal
injury or death resulting from carbon
monoxide poisoning.
• This type of pressure switch is located in the
combustion chamber adjacent to the
combustion blower housing
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GAS HEATING CONTROLS

• The basic control cycle of a gas heating appliance is initiated when a switch, usually
a thermostat, closes to call for heat.
• In a gas heating system, this call for heat completes the heating control circuit,
starting a chain reaction that results in lighting the burner.
• In a gas heating appliance, once there is a call for heat, the function of the gas
burner control is to ensure safe ignition of the main burner.
• There are three basic types of gas burner controls:
• Standing pilots, where the pilot burns continuously;
• Intermittent pilots, where the pilot is automatically lit on a call for heat; and
• Direct ignition, where some method is used to light the main burner upon a call for heat.
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GAS HEATING CONTROLS…STANDING PILOT

• The standing pilot is often called a continuous ignition system.
• The pilot has to be lit by hand and burns continuously until shut off by hand or until
a pilot outage occurs.
• This standing pilot lights the main burner when there is a call for heat from the
thermostat.
• This type of gas burner control system must ensure that the pilot is lit when the main
gas valve opens.
• If the pilot is not lit, the control system must lock out the opening of the main gas
valve to prevent the combustion chamber from filling with unignited gas, causing an
unsafe condition.
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• In almost all cases, this burner control system uses a thermocouple to supply up to
30 mv to the safety shutoff pilot solenoid in the gas valve.
• A thermocouple is used to supply a millivoltage to the pilot solenoid in the gas
valve, holding the pilot safety valve open and indicating that a pilot is available to
light the main burner.
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• The gas valve is used to supply gas to the main
burner when a pilot has been proved.
• Figure shows a drawing of a typical gas valve with a
pilot safety valve and a main gas valve; both these
valves must be open for the gas supply to reach the
main burner.
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• A photograph of a gas valve that
incorporates a pilot safety solenoid with
the connection for the thermocouple is
shown in figure.
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• A typical schematic diagram of a
furnace with a combination gas valve
is shown in figure.
• Gas valves used in this application are
available in 24 and 120 volts.
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• The pilot solenoid of this type of gas
valve is not strong enough to open the
pilot valve of the main gas valve.
• The thermocouple only produces a
voltage source that is capable of
holding the pilot solenoid open.
• The pilot valve must be manually
opened for the initial lighting of the
pilot until the pilot has adequate time
to heat the thermocouple.
• Thus allowing the production of a
voltage source that is capable of
holding the pilot valve open once it
has been manually depressed.
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GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

• The intermittent pilot burner control system must light the pilot and
control the main gas valve.
• The intermittent pilot burns only when there is a call for heating and remains off
when there is no call for heat.
• This saves operating cost because less gas is being consumed in the furnace
operation.
• However, a method of lighting the pilot on the call for heat and proving the lighting
of the pilot is necessary.
• Once the pilot has been proved, the pilot flame lights the main burner and remains
on until the main burner goes off at the end of the heating cycle.
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• The function of the igniter is to smoothly light the pilot burner.
• Once the pilot has been ignited, there must be some method of proving that the
pilot is lit.
• This can be accomplished by using a liquid-filled pilot sensor, a temperature
sensor, a “fire eye” sensor, or a flame rod.
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• A liquid-filled pilot sensor is nothing more than a probe that is inserted in the lit
pilot.
• As the probe is heated, the pressure increases, which exerts pressure on a
diaphragm to close a set of contacts signaling that the pilot is lit.
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• The “fire eye” or “cad cell” type of sensor is a device that changes its resistance in
the presence of light.
• When this type of sensor is directed toward light, its resistance will decrease, and
when it is directed toward darkness, the resistance will increase.
• The cad cell is located in the middle of
the 2 springs of this spark
transformer. In operation, the cad cell
is pointed toward the flame.
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• This sensor must be connected to an
electronic module to control the
operation of the pilot and main
burner, and it is used mainly on
commercial and industrial gas
burners.
• The flame rod is a sensor that is used
to detect a flame at the pilot or the
main burner.
• A gas flame conducts electricity, and a
path is made from the flame rod back
to the main or pilot burner head.
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• Often, the ignition sensor is used
as a flame rod to send the correct
signal back to the ignition or
burner control.
• For proper operation, this
ignition module requires a
combination pilot burner/
igniter-sensor, the proper gas
valve, and an ignition cable.
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• This type of intermittent pilot burner control
system requires a special gas valve.
• Most of the gas valves used in this type of
system are the redundant-type or dual-type
valves.
• In most cases, these types of valves actually
have three valves within each valve.
• One is a manual shutoff valve that mechanically
blocks all gas flow when turned off.
• There are two additional main gas valves that
open on a call for heat.
• Essentially, the main gas flow is stopped twice
with a redundant-type gas valve.
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Operational Sequence:
1.
• On a call for heat, some modules have a prepurge cycle that occurs before the
spark starts.
• During this prepurge cycle, the combustion blower runs to clear the heat
exchanger of any unburned gas. This cycle usually lasts 30 to 45 seconds.
2.
• On a call for heat, the ignition module does a self-check, and if a failure is
shown, the ignition won’t start.
• If the checks are good, the module begins a safety lockout timing, powers the spark
igniter, and opens the solenoid valve so gas can flow to the pilot.
• The pilot must light within a certain period of time or the module closes the valve.
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3.
• When the pilot lights, current flows from the ignition
sensor through the pilot flame to the burner head and
then to ground; the ionized pilot flame provides a current
path between the rod and burner head rectifying the
current.
• Because of the difference in size of the sensor and burner,
current flows in only one direction.
• The current is a pulsating direct or rectified current, and it
tells the module that a flame has been established.
• Ignition stops and the second main gas valve opens,
allowing gas to flow to the main burner.
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4.
• As long as this rectified flame current remains above the minimum, the module
keeps the main gas valves open.
• If the current drops below the minimum or becomes unsteady, the module closes
the main gas valves.
• The module then performs the start safety check and, if it’s safe, the module
attempts ignition again.
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GAS HEATING CONTROLS…

INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER
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GAS HEATING CONTROLS…DIRECT IGNITION BURNER

• The direct ignition systems use a spark igniter (direct spark ignition) or a silicon
carbide igniter (hot surface ignition) to light the main gas burner directly.
• Ignition stops after a designated time or when the main burner flame ignition has
been properly proved.
• The typical components of a direct ignition
burner control system are the ignition module,
igniter, sensor, gas control, and other common
controls used on any type of gas furnace.
• The ignition module is an electronic device that
supervises the ignition of the flame and
monitors the flame during the “on” cycle.
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• The igniter is the device that lights the main burner.
There are basically two types used in the industry: the
spark igniter and the hot surface ignition device.
• The gas valve is the device that controls the flow of gas
to the burner and is similar to that shown in figure.
• All other controls are common to most gas furnaces used
in the industry.
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DIRECT IGNITION BURNER
Operational sequence:
1.
• On a call for heat, most modules have a
prepurge cycle that occurs before ignition.
• During this prepurge cycle, the combustion
blower runs to clear the heat exchanger of
unburned gas.
• The cycle usually lasts 30 to 45 seconds.
2.
• On a call for heat, the ignition module does a
self-check, and if a failure is shown, the
ignition will not start.
• If the checks are good, the module begins a
safety lockout, powers the igniter, and opens
the gas valve.
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3.
• Once ignition starts, the burner must light
and ignition must be proved within the safety
lockout timing.
• If the burner does not light, then the ignition
stops and the gas valve closes.
• On a lockout, the system must be manually
reset.
• Many modules allow for several attempts at
ignition before locking out.
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4.
• When the flame lights, current flows from the
sensor through the ionized pilot flame to the
burner head and then to ground.
• The current is a pulsating, direct, or rectified
current, and it tells the module that flame has
been established.
• Ignition stops and the burner continues to
run.
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5.
• As long as this rectified flame current
remains above the minimum, the module
keeps the gas valve open.
• If the current drops below the minimum or
becomes unsteady, the module interrupts
power to the gas valve, closing the valve and
stopping gas flow.
• The module then performs the start safety
check and, if it’s safe, the module attempts
ignition again.
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OIL HEATING CONTROLS

• The function of an oil burner control system is to turn the heating system on and off
in response to the needs of the conditioned space.
• The control must also safeguard the operation of the heating appliance and oil
burner.
• Various thermostats in the control system are used to maintain the temperature in
the conditioned space while others are used as limits that respond to unsafe
conditions in the heating system.
• The primary control is the heart of an oil burner control system and supervises the
operation of the oil burner.
• The primary control must control the oil burner motor, ignition transformer, and oil
solenoid valve, if used, upon a call for heat.
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• The oil burner is made up of an oil pump and fan driven by an electric motor.
• In many cases, this oil pump is responsible for transferring oil from the oil supply
and for delivering the oil to the nozzle under high pressure.
• As the oil is forced through the nozzle under high pressure, the electrodes of the oil
burner create a high-voltage spark from the ignition transformer.
• The ignition electrodes should be behind the extreme outer edge of the oil spray
pattern that is created by the oil nozzle, and they will ignite the oil in the
combustion chamber.
• If so equipped, the oil valve will open at the correct time by the supervision of
the primary control.
• The oil burner directs the flame into a heat exchanger that is isolated from the
conditioned space and has a vent that allows products of combustion to exit the
heat exchanger through a chimney or vent stack.
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• The primary control must safely control the operation of the oil burner.
• The primary control must ensure that the burner has lit and that the flame has been
proved.
• If the burner is allowed to run without a flame being established, a large amount of
oil will be pumped into the heat exchanger, creating an unsafe condition and
problems when the burner does light.
• The primary control senses the heat from the oil burner flame through a thermal
sensor known as a stack switch, or a light sensitive sensor known as a cad cell.
• The oil burner primary control can interrupt the transformer operation once a
flame has been established. However, not all oil burner primary controls are
equipped with this function.
• Most primary controls will have to be manually reset once a flame failure has
occurred in the oil burner.
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CAD CELL OIL BURNER PRIMARY CONTROLS

• This primary control device consists of a primary control and a light-sensitive cad
cell mounted so that it views the oil burner flame.
• The cad cell changes its resistance according to the intensity of the light.
• The resistance of the cad cell decreases as the intensity of the light increases.
• The resistance of the cad cell is used to determine if there is a flame present in the
combustion chamber.
• The resistance of the cad cell is the input to the primary control detection circuit,
which determines whether the control senses the flame, thus allowing the oil
burner to continue operation or to lock out on safety.
• One of the major advantages of the cad cell is the rapid response time to light,
making the control fast acting.
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• The cad cell is made from a ceramic disc coated with cadmium sulfide and
overlaid with a conductive grid.
• Electrodes are attached to the disc that transmit a resistance to the primary control.
• The entire assembly is sealed to prevent the cad cell from deteriorating.
• If an oil burner is properly adjusted, the cad cell resistance will be approximately
300 to 1000 ohms when the burner is operating.
• To continue operation, the cad cell resistance
should remain below 1600 ohms.
• The placement of the cad cell should be so that
the cad cell has a good view of the flame with
adequate light reaching the cell.
• The cad cell must be protected from external
light sources.
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• When the primary control starts the burner, a bimetal-operated safety switch in the
primary control starts to heat.
• The primary control will open the circuit to the oil burner motor and ignition
transformer unless a flame has been established.
• If a flame is established, the cad cell resistance drops and the current through the
cad cell actuates a relay or an electronic network in the primary control.
• The circuit to the safety switch is broken and the electrical flow to the bimetal is
interrupted, thus removing the heat and allowing the burner to continue operation.
• If the flame goes out, the cad cell resistance goes up, causing a signal to be sent to
the primary control to energize the safety switch heater.
• The heater being energized will, in a matter of seconds, break the electrical circuits
to the oil burner.
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STACK SWITCH OIL BURNER PRIMARY CONTROLS

• The stack switch is a heat-actuated control that uses the stack temperature to
indicate that the oil burner has or has not established a flame.
• A bimetal element inserted into the stack actuates a push rod when the bimetal
senses heat, signaling that the flame has been established and breaking the circuit
to the safety switch.
• At the same time, another circuit is established to allow continued operation of the
oil burner.
• The correct location and mounting of the stack switch is in the center of the stack or
vent in the direct path of the hot flue gases.
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• The stack switch primary control starts the burner and supervises burner
operation.
• When the thermostat calls for heat, the stack switch closes a relay, which starts
the burner motor and ignition transformer and opens the oil solenoid, if used.
• At the same time, the safety switch heater starts to heat.
• If the oil burner establishes a flame and heat is felt in the stack, the bimetal in
the stack switch will open a set of contacts, thus de-energizing the safety switch
heater.
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• The oil burner will run until the thermostat has been satisfied.
• If the stack switch does not sense a temperature rise in the stack, thus
determining that no flame has been established, the safety switch heater will
remain energized and the bimetal will be heated sufficiently to de-energize the
relay in the primary control, thus interrupting the electrical path to the burner
motor, ignition transformer, and oil solenoid, if so equipped.
• Stack switches are available with intermittent ignition that stops the ignition
transformer when the flame has been proven.
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ELECTRIC HEATING CONTROLS

• Forced-air electric furnaces use electric resistance heaters to provide the heat
to the conditioned area with the assistance of a blower motor to facilitate the
movement of air.
• Electric resistance heaters are also used as duct heaters with an external means
of supplying the air flow.
• Some other types of primary heating systems are manufactured so that electric
resistance heaters can be mounted in the equipment.
• The electric heating control system will be similar whether the application is an
electric furnace or a duct heater.
• Most electric heaters are similar whether they are mounted in an electric
furnace or straight into the air flow as a duct heater.
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• There are several methods of controlling the electric heaters in an electric
heating system.
• One of the most popular methods is a sequencer, which is nothing more than a
time-delay relay.
• Sequencers can have as many as five sets of contacts that close at different
intervals after the control has been energized.
• This function allows the control system to sequence the heaters and fan motor in
over a period of time.
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• When the heating elements
are first turned on, they
require such a great deal of
electrical current to heat up
that if all of them were to turn
on at once, the ensuing
electrical current spike would
trip the circuit breakers of the
home or building.
• A sequencer acts to stagger
the rate at which each heating
element receives electricity in
turn.
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• Care should be taken that the fan is brought on before any overheating occurs.
• Contactors are sometimes used to control electric resistance heaters.
• When contactors are used for this purpose, care should be taken that the fan is
interlocked so that the heaters cannot be on without the fan operating.
• Thermostats are used as safety overloads in the case of an electric heater
overheating.
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HYDRONIC AND STEAM CONTROLS

• Hydronic and steam heating systems require some type of heat exchanger,
usually a boiler, that is used to heat water or produce steam.
• There are additional controls on many of these systems that are used basically
for safety, such as low-water cutoffs, water temperature limits, pressure limit
switches, and flow switches.
• The supervision of the gas or oil burner will be the responsibility of the gas or
oil burner controls.
• The larger heating plants used in the commercial and industrial sectors usually
require a quicker-acting control because of the amount of fuel that could enter
the combustion chamber in a short period of time.
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• The controls of a hydronic system are mostly immersion thermostats that are
inserted into the water in the boiler or piping.
• These thermostats are used as operating
controls, which control the temperature of the
water in the system, and safety controls, which
are used as limits to disrupt power in case of
unsafe temperatures within the system.
• Thermostats that are immersed in water are
sometimes called aquastats.
• Many hydronic systems have a low-water
cutoff that will interrupt the power to the
burner if the level of water in the boiler gets
too low.
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• Hydronic heating systems must have some method of circulating the water
throughout the structure in order to deliver heat to the conditioned space or
spaces.
• Hydronic heating systems commonly use centrifugal water pumps to circulate
water through the hot water piping of the building.
• There must be some method of controlling the flow of water to the building in
order to maintain the desired temperature.
87

• In small structures with only one heating zone, it would be necessary to cut off
the flow of water by stopping the pump or closing a hot water valve that is
installed in the hot water supply lines.
• A thermostat would be used to control the hot water valve or hot water pump.
• In larger structures that have more than one heating zone, a valve must be
installed in the hot water line supplying each zone in order to control the flow of
water to each zone.
• Hot water valves used in this application generally regulate the flow
proportionally, supplying whatever flow is needed for the zone being supplied
to maintain the desired temperature.
• Some hot water valves are being used that have only two positions, open and
closed.
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• Some larger residences now use a type of zoned hydronic system that uses a
zone control system connected to the pumps and valves to supply the hot water
needed to condition each zone.
• In commercial and industrial control systems, the hot water zone valves can be
electronic or pneumatic, but the same principle is applied for each zone.
89

• There are two main types of hot water heating units used to supply heat to the
conditioned space: natural convection units and forced convection units.
• Natural convection units use the natural flow of warm air to heat the desired
space and are commonly found as baseboard heaters, radiators, and panel
heaters.
• The forced convection type of heating unit uses a fan to circulate air across a
coil to supply the desired heat to the conditioned space.
• These types of units are available as room forced-air convectors, forced-air unit
heaters, or hot water coils placed in an air supply.
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• A steam system would use a pressure switch as an operating control and a limit
switch.
• The system would use a low-water cutoff to stop the burner if the water level is
low.
• The steam system uses a condensate pump to return water to the boiler and is
controlled by a flow switch.
• Steam flows naturally because of the pressure in the system.
• As the steam is cooled at the heating transfer unit, it will condense back to a
liquid and will have to be delivered back to the boiler.
91
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• Steam systems have devices called steam traps that allow the condensate to
flow back through the lines to the boiler or to a reservoir, where it is pumped
back into the boiler.
93

• Steam Traps
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Condensate Pump:
• A condensate pump is
used to pump the
condensate water back to
the boiler.
• These pumps are
controlled by a flow
switch, which, when the
water level is high
enough in the reservoir,
closes to energize the
pump.
95

Low-water Cut-off:
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97
49

Electrical Design and Aspects of Hvac: Unit - 4: Heating Control Devices

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10/7/2019

Unit – 4: Heating Control Devices

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS,

GAS HEATING CONTROLS,

OIL HEATING CONTROLS,

ELECTRIC HEATING CONTROLS,

HYDRONIC AND STEAM CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… FAN CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… LIMIT CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… LIMIT CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… LIMIT CONTROL

BASIC HEATING CONTROLS… PRESSURE SWITCHES

GAS HEATING CONTROLS

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…STANDING PILOT

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…STANDING PILOT

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…STANDING PILOT

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…STANDING PILOT

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…STANDING PILOT

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…STANDING PILOT

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…STANDING PILOT

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…INTERMITTENT PILOT BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…DIRECT IGNITION BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…DIRECT IGNITION BURNER

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…

GAS HEATING CONTROLS…DIRECT IGNITION BURNER

OIL HEATING CONTROLS

OIL HEATING CONTROLS

OIL HEATING CONTROLS

OIL HEATING CONTROLS