CS101 ALL SHORT QUESTIONS

SOLVED

What is Cyber Crime?

Crimes committed with the use of computers or relating to
computers,
especially through the Internet. Universally,
Cyber Crime is understood as
"an unlawful act where in the computer is either a
tool or a target or both".
Cyber Crimes are different from conventional
crimes as in cyber crimes; the
crime is committed in an electronic medium and
here mens rea is not a
requirement but is rather a general rule under the
penal provisions of the
Information Technology Act. The element of
mens rea in Internet crimes is
that the offender must have been aware at the
time of causing the computer
to perform the function that the access thus
intended to be secured was
unauthorized.

What are the classification of Cyber Crime?

Tampering with computer source documents: Hacking:
Publishing of
information, which is obscene in electronic form
Accessing protected system Breach of
confidentiality and privacy
What is the use of charAt(n) function?
CharAt(n) function returns the character at n+1 location in the
string on
which this method is applied. For example,Let
Name is a string variable that contains value
saad,then Name.CharAt(3) will return character d .

Tell me about Split ( delimiter ) string's property?

Splint function returns an array of strings,
created by splitting string into substrings, at
delimiter boundaries.

What is the word "Plug-in" means?

In the early '90s, the Internet really started to take
off in popularity, and the
number of Web sites skyrocketed. There was
suddenly a wide variety of
people producing Web pages, and they had all
sorts of multimedia content
they wanted to be able to include. Rather than
trying to change browsers to
recognize and display these many different forms
of content, Web
innovators launched the idea of browser plug-ins.
Plug-ins are programs that
work with your browser to read and play a certain
type of file. They are
relatively small pieces of software, so it doesn't
take users forever to
download them off the Internet. They are
specifically designed to work with
a particular type of file, so they can accomplish
a lot of things that a basic browser can't.

Can you tell me when a function calls itself what is this called?
It is called "recursive call of a function".When function is called
within
itself, it is called recursion or recursive call. The
ability of a routine to call
itself is called recursion. Recursion enables certain
algorithms to be
implemented with small, simple routines, but it
does not guarantee speed or
efficiency. Erroneous use of recursion can cause a
program to run out of
stack space during execution, causing the
program, and sometimes the entire system, to
crash.

Decribe the ways of calling function?

There are two ways to call a function. 1) A function call
appearing as a
complete statement. It happens where function
doesn't return a value. 2) A
function call appearing as part of a statement.
Definitions of such functions
include a ‘return’ statement. It happens where
function returns a value.

Tell me about OnFocus and OnBlur.

onBlur - form element loses focus or when a window or frame
loses focus.
2) onFocus - window, frame, frameset or form
element receives focus. In first case, event will
occur when element will loose the focus. In
second case, event will occur when element
will receive focus.

What is the use of MsAcess?

MS Access is a Data Base Management System(DBMS) by
Microsoft.A
DBMS is a software package by which you can
develop a database.You can insert,delete and
update data into that database.You can develop
reports and forms too.

have confusion in concepts of 3-D and 2-D.

2D Graphics means showing graphics in two

axis. Most of the graphics you see are 2D
Graphics. 3D Graphics means showing Graphics
in 3 axis.

How does RuleBased system work ?

Rule based Systems are based on the principles
of the logical reasoning and ability of human.
Components of an RBS: -Rulebase -Working
memory -
Rule interpreter Robotics
What are Robotics?
Automatic machines that perform various tasks
that were previously done by humans. Example:
-Pilot-less combat airplanes -Land-mine hunters -
Autonomous vacuum-cleaners

How can I add sound effects in my presentation?

You select the object on which you want to have a sound effect
and then
right click and you will see an option "Action
Settings" ,click on it and then select a sound from
list given.

Tell me about PowerPoint(PP),which is the part

of Multimedia.Would you compare it with other
Multimedia like flash?
PowerPoint (PP) is intended to produce desktop
presentations (e.g., driving a slide Projector) or to
produce actual film slides (using a film recorder);
it is Not a tool for Web presentations. If you have a
lot of presentations already In PP, you may be
forced to try its HTML export features, may have
problems with the resulting HTML (large file
sizes, lots of garbage tags,
poor image quality). If you're fortunate enough to
be starting from scratch,
you're better to stick with a tool designed and
optimized specifically for the Web. Flash is used
to prepare presentations, games, animations so it is
much powerful tool than Microsoft PowerPoint.

I have confusion about open source and firmware.

Open Source Software’s are available with their source code.
Many are
available on internet, for example, very famous
Operating System LINUX is open source i.e. its
source is available. Firmware is software
embedded in the chips, for example, Programs in
BIOS etc.

Tell me about interface?

Interface is the point of interaction or
communication between a computer and any
other entity, such as a printer or human operator.

What is "Kernel"? Give me some suitable example. 09

The kernel is the essential center of a computer
operating system, the core
that provides basic services for all other parts of
the operating system. A
synonym is nucleus. A kernel can be contrasted
with a shell, the outermost
part of an operating system that interacts with
user commands. Kernel and
shell are terms used more frequently in Unix
operating systems than in IBM
mainframe or Microsoft Windows systems.
Typically, a kernel (or any
comparable center of an operating system)
includes an interrupt handler that
handles all requests or completed I/O operations
that compete for the
kernel's services, a scheduler that determines
which programs share the
kernel's processing time in what order, and a
supervisor that actually gives
use of the computer to each process when it is
scheduled. A kernel may also
include a manager of the operating system's
address spaces in memory or
storage, sharing these among all components and
other users of the kernel's
services.

Tell me about Processor Management and some simple example.

The heart of managing the processor comes down
to two related issues: 1) Ensuring that each
process and application receives enough of the
processor's time to function properly. 2) Using as
many processor cycles for real work as is possible

What are MVS & VMS?

MVS is an operating system for mainframe
computers. Both VMS and MVS are multi-user
operating systems.

What is the meaning of GUI-based?

GUI (Graphical User Interface) based system
facilitates the user to interact with computer
graphically like use of windows.

Tell me about the bit-mapped or raster images.

A bitmapped image file contains a rectangular
map of the image's pixels
(bits) where each pixel is located, and what color
it is. A bitmapped image
can contain a specific maximum number of colors,
depending on how much
file space is allocated for the color data: 256
colors for an 8-bit image, 65+
thousand for a 16-bit image, and 16+ million
colors for a 24-bit image. Not
surprisingly, the larger the number of colors, the
larger the file size. A raster
image file is generally defined to be a rectangular
array of regularly sampled
values, known as pixels. Each pixel (picture
element) has one or more
numbers associated with it, generally specifying a
color which the pixel
should be displayed in.

What is word processing and desktop top publishing?

The art and science of converting written
information into a form that looks pleasing when
printed is called Word Processing. A combination
of word
processing and graphic design is called Desktop
Publishing. Used to develop elegant documents
-Examples: •Adobe PageMaker •Quark Press
•Corel
Ventura •MS Publisher
What is the difference between java & java script?
Java is a programming language expressly
designed for use in the distributed
environment of the Internet. It was designed to
have the "look and feel" of
the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C+
+ and enforces an object-
oriented programming model. Java can be used to
create complete
applications that may run on a single computer or
be distributed among
servers and clients in a network. It can also be used
to build a small
application module or applet for use as part of a
Web page. Applets make it
possible for a Web page user to interact with the
page. JavaScript is an
interpreted programming or script language from
Netscape. In general, script
languages are easier and faster to code in than the
more structured and
compiled languages such as C and C++. Script
languages generally take
longer to process than compiled languages, but are
very useful for shorter
programs. JavaScript is used in Web site
development to do such things as:
1) Automatically change a formatted date on a
Web page 2) Cause a linkedto page to appear in a
popup window 3) Cause text or a graphic image
to change during a mouse rollover

What is the difference between "Object

based Language" and "Object Oriented
Language"?
Object oriented language supports inheritance, polymorphism etc,
while
object based don't. Object based languages use
objects having their attributes / properties which
can be modified according to our requirements

What is the difference b/w "Programming" & "Scripting"?

Computer programming is a term to develop programs using
some
programming language. Computer Programming
which makes the site work called script/programs
which for example: call data from databases;
make mailing systems work and control the
content of the site.

I could not understand the execution of code in languages.

A program or software is developed by writing the code using
some
programming language, when completed then
executed (to perform what is required) to test /
implement that program or software.

What is the meaning of integration testing?

Integration testing is a logical extension of unit
testing. In its simplest form,
two units that have already been tested are
combined into a component and
the interface between them is tested. A
component, in this sense, refers to an
integrated aggregate of more than one unit. In a realistic
scenario, many
units are combined into components, which are in
turn aggregated into even
larger parts of the program. The idea is to test
combinations of pieces and
eventually expand the process to test your
modules with those of other
groups.

Why JavaScript variables are dynamically typed?

Dynamically typed variables can hold any type
of data and it could contain data of different type
midway of program. It is simple to develop for
short programs. As your question is concerned, I
would like to say that each programming
language has its own features depending on the
requirements of the tasks for which that
particular language is developed.

Explain Band Width.

Bandwidth has a general meaning of how much
information can be carried in a given tim period
(usually a second) over a wired or wireless
communications link. In digital systems,
bandwidth is expressed as bits (of data) per
second (bps).

What are protocols? Define these with some examples.

A set of rules or standards designed to enable
computers to connect with one another and to
exchange information with as little error as
possible.
Please tell me what is Arguments of function?
When a function is called by a caller then
sometimes it is required to pass
some values to function so that function receive
these and process those to
perform its function. When a function is called,
the arguments in the call are
mapped to the arguments specified in the function
definition on a one-to-one
basis

I have some confusion in the server definition.

server 1) In general, a server is a computer
program that provides services to
other computer programs in the same or other
computers. 2) The computer
that a server program runs in is also frequently
referred to as a server
(though it may contain a number of server and
client programs). 3) In the
client/server programming model, a server is a
program that awaits and
fulfills requests from client programs in the same
or other computers. A
given application in a computer may function as a
client with requests for
services from other programs and also as a
server of requests from other programs.

What are utilities, device drivers and what are their functions?
Utilities are small software’s which are used in
daily routine of computers for example Picture
viewer, Hard Disk Formatter, Wallpaper
Changer etc. Device Drivers are software’s
which are necessary for a device to function
properly, for example, Sound Card drivers etc

What are CGI and ASP scripts?

(Common Gateway Interface) -- A set of rules that describe how a
Web
Server communicates with another piece of
software on the same machine, and how the other
piece of software (the 'CGI program') talks to the
web
server. Any piece of software can be a CGI
program if it handles input and output according
to the CGI standard. Usually a CGI program is a
small
program that takes data from a web server and
does something with it, like putting the content of
a form into an e-mail message, or turning the data
into a database query. CGI "scripts" are just
scripts which use CGI. ASP is also scripting
language to develop scripts.

What is an "Interpreted" language?

An interpreted program, sometimes called a
script, is a program whose instructions are
actually a logically sequenced series of operating
system commands, handled one at a time by a
command interpreter. An interpreted language
supports interpreted programming.

What is the use of SDLC?

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the overall process of
developing information systems through a multi step process
from
investigation of initial requirements through analysis, design,
implementation and maintenance. There are
many different models and
methodologies, but each generally consists of
a series of defined steps or
stages.

Explain FTP & SMTP?

FTP, a client-server protocol which allows a user on one
computer to
transfer files to and from another computer over a
TCP/IP network. Also the
client program the user executes to transfer files.
One of the most useful
services of the Internet is FTP. The Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
delivers mail. The Distinct SMTP combined with
the MIME component
allows you to automate the encoding and sending
of e-mail attachments. The SMTP component
provides an interface to the mail delivery service,
including the option of connecting via a firewall
proxy server. An
application may use SMTP to send notification,
such as a report detailing
logins to a secure system or information about hits
on the company's web
site, to a user via e-mail.

What is VPN?
A virtual private network (VPN) is a way to use a
public telecommunication
infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide
remote offices or individual
users with secure access to their organization's
network. A virtual private
network can be contrasted with an expensive
system of owned or leased
lines that can only be used by one organization.
The goal of a VPN is to
provide the organization with the same
capabilities, but at a much lower
cost. A VPN works by using the shared public
infrastructure while
maintaining privacy through security procedures
and tunneling protocols
such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
(L2TP). In effect, the protocols,
by encrypting data at the sending end and
decrypting it at the receiving end,
send the data through a "tunnel" that cannot be
"entered" by data that is not
properly encrypted. An additional level of security
involves encrypting not
only the data, but also the originating and
receiving network addresses.

What is point 2 point topology?

The P2P acronym technically stands for "peer-to-peer" computer
networking. Webopedia defines P2P as "A type of network in
which each
workstation has equivalent capabilities and
responsibilities. This differs from client/server
architectures, in which some computers are
dedicated to serving the others.”

What are bitmap graphics and vector graphics and difference

between them?
In Vector Graphics A shape maintains its identity
i.e. it doesn't mix in other shapes. Shapes of
Vector Graphics are independent of Resolution.
Size of Vector Graphics files is very small. In
bitmap Graphics A shape does not maintain its
identity i.e. it is mixed in other shapes. Shapes of
Vector
Graphics are not independent of Resolution i.e.
they lose quality on different resolution. Size of
Vector Graphics files is not much small.
What is WYSIWYG and WIMP interface?
A WYSIWYG (pronounced "wiz-ee-wig") editor or program is
one that
allows a developer to see what the end result will look like while
the
interface or document is being created. WYSIWYG is an
acronym for "what
you see is what you get". A WYSIWYG editor can
be contrasted with more
traditional editors that require the developer to
enter descriptive codes (or
markup) and do not permit an immediate way to
see the results of the
markup. The first true WYSIWYG editor was a
word processing program
called Bravo. Invented by Charles Simonyi at the
Xerox Palo Alto Research
Center in the 1970s, it became the basis for
Simonyi's work at Microsoft and
evolved into two other WYSIWYG applications
called Word and Excel. The
acronym WIMP stands for Windows, Icons, Menus
and Pointing device

What is the difference between "Compiler" and "Interpreter"?

A compiler is a special program that processes statements written
in a
particular programming language (source code)
and turns them into machine language or "code"
that a computer's processor uses. Compiler
converts the source code into object code only
once. It doesn’t need every time this
conversion while execution. Interpreter does the
same thing but it converts the code line by line
each time while executing the program.

What is the purpose of switch statement as we have IF

conditional statement.
If and switch statements are used to perform
particular tasks against one or
more conditions. We use switch statement, If the
action to be taken of the
value of a single variable (or a single
expression). In this case, we normally
know the expected values of variable or
expression. We use the ‘if...else’
structure, when the action depends on the values
of multiple variables (or
expressions).

What is simple meaning of loop? What is the

concept behind the "while" and "for" loop
structures?
Loop is a sequence of instructions that repeats
either a specified number of
times or until a particular condition prevails. We
use for loop to repeat a task
to some specified numbers, on the other hand we
use while loop, for some
condition

What is the meaning of "thumb rule"?

Meaning According to a rough and ready rule.
Description A rule of thumb is an easy-to-
remember guideline that isn't necessarily a hard-
and-fast rule or scientific formula but it's more
than just a dumb guess. For centuries rule of
thumb has been used as an estimated measurement
by many craftsmen
including carpenters, brewers, and tailors.
Tell me about heuristics is it experience or general
judgment which is gotten after long period of
working am I right?
Heuristics is the application of experience-derived knowledge to
a problem.

What is difference between Design and Architecture?

The software architecture of a program or
computing system is the structure
or structures of the system, which comprise
software components, the
externally visible properties of those components,
and the relationships
among them. By "externally visible" properties,
we are referring to those
assumptions other components can make of a
component, such as its
provided services, performance characteristics,
fault handling, shared
resource usage, and so on. The intent of this
definition is that a software
architecture must abstract away some information
from the system
(otherwise there is no point looking at the
architecture, we are simply
viewing the entire system) and yet provide
enough information to be a basis
for analysis, decision making, and hence risk
reduction. First, architecture
defines components. The architecture embodies
information about how the
components interact with each other. This means
that architecture
specifically omits content information about
components that does not
pertain to their interaction

What is the function of array and also describe the compound

statement.
Array is an indexed list of element and used to store multiple
values.
Compound statements contain (groups of)
other statements; they affect or control the
execution of other statements in some way.

What is the function of HUB if more

than one computer tries to
communicate simultaneously?
Such situation in a network is called collision.
.Different protocols avoid collision in
different ways. For example, in token ring
protocol, which computer has a token only
that can send message to others, so only one
computer can send data at one time.

What is the difference between the application & system

softwares?
System software is program that generally
performs the background tasks in
a computer. These programs, many times, talk
directly to the Hardware e.g.
Operating system software, Device drivers while
Application software are
programs that generally interact with the user to
perform work that is useful
to the user. These programs generally talk to the
hardware through the
assistance of system software e.g., scientific,
business application
What are the main utilities of forms?
Forms are used to get / post user data. This data
could be either required by the website (e.g.
order taking form) or user request (e.g. use of
search
engine). These help in passing the variables to
the other page.

How I can introduce button for browsing?

You can bring the browse button by setting the
Type property of the Input tag to "File" like this
Input type=File

What is batch mode?

In batch mode, computers take data and keep on
processing it and require no interaction by the
user. Daily life example of this is Printing press
machine that takes a plate and then keep on
printing the papers.

What is batch file?

A batch file is a text file that contains a sequence of commands
for a
computer operating system. It's called a batch file because it
batches
(bundles or packages) into a single file a set of commands that
would
otherwise have to be presented to the system
interactively from a keyboard
one at a time. A batch file is usually created for
command sequences for
which a user has a repeated need. Commonly
needed batch files are often
delivered as part of an operating system. You
initiate the sequence of
commands in the batch file by simply entering
the name of the batch file on a command line.

Why we use algorithm and what is its practical use?

Once we find an algorithm for solving a problem, we do not need
to re-
discover it the next time we are faced with that
problem •Once an algorithm is known, the task of
solving the problem reduces to following (almost
blindly and without thinking) the instructions
precisely •All the knowledge required for solving
the problem is present in the algorithm

What is the Spaghetti Design Methodology ?

Spaghetti Design Methodology is unstructured
programming technique. It doesn’t have any
sense, structure, design and discipline. It’s very
hard to
maintain as well as enhance them. It’s so popular
the reason behind it is that it doesn’t need any
extra effort, programming knowledge and skills.
So
that’s why it’s so common.
Tell me about Prompt and Instance of an object.
Instance is an object, in object-oriented
programming, in relation to the class
to which it belongs. For example, an object myList
that belongs to a class
List is an instance of the class List. In command-
driven systems, one or
more symbols that indicate where users are to
enter commands. For instance,
in MS-DOS, the prompt is generally a drive letter
followed by a greater than
symbol (C>).

How can we differentiate between DIMM and SIMM?

DIMM (dual in-line memory module), a small circuit board that
holds
memory chips. A single in-line memory module
(SIMM) has a 32-bit path to the memory chips
whereas a DIMM has 64-bit path.

What does FPU mean?

A floating point unit (FPU), also known as a numeric
coprocessor, is a
microprocessor or special circuitry in a more
general microprocessor that
manipulates numbers more quickly than the basic
microprocessor your
computer uses. It does so by having a special set
of instructions that focus
entirely on large mathematical operations. A
floating point unit is often built into today's
personal computers, but it is needed only for
special applications such as graphic image
processing or display. Personal computers that
don't have floating point units can sometimes
handle software that requires them by installing a
floating point emulator.

Is Micro-controller resembles with ROM?

ROM means that the instructions inside that chip
is only readable, it can not be modified. So in this
sense these microcontrollers are ROM. Otherwise
Microcontrollers are just as Microprocessors

How does heat sink works?

Heat Sink takes the heat from
Microprocessor and spreads it in the
environment so heat is not gathered
over Processor.

Who was first programmer of the

computer,and what progamme does he
desigened?
World's first programmer was Ada
Byron who write a program for
Analytical engine of Babbage.

What is search engine?

A search engine is a coordinated set of programs that includes: A
spider
(also called a "crawler") that goes to every page or
representative pages on
every Web site that wants to be searchable and
reads it, using hypertext links
on each page to discover and read a site's other
pages A program that creates
a huge index (sometimes called a "catalog") from
the pages that have been
read. A program that receives your search request,
compares it to the entries
in the index, and returns results to you Search
engine is a computer program
which try to find new web pages on the web and if
it found any term and key
word which is new, it just store this key word or
term into its index list and
the address of the corresponding web site.
www.google.com is an example
of search engine.

What is the working of HTTP in our world wide web?

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol
(rules to follow during communication) used by
the World Wide Web (WWW), and allows
communications between linked computers all
over the world. HTTP defines how messages are
formatted and transmitted, and what actions a web
server and browser should take in response to
various commands

Tell me about the fault tolerant feature of a computer?

Some computers are designed in such a way that if any one of
their
component is disable the working of entire system don't affect
like in
mainframe and in servers. This property of
computer is called fault tolerance feature

What is plotter?
The device used to draw charts, diagrams, and other line-based
graphics.
Plotters use either pens or electrostatic charges and
toner (Powdered pigment that is used in office
copiers and in laser, LED, and LCD printers. Pen
plotters draw on paper or transparencies with one
or more colored pens.
Electrostatic plotters "draw" a pattern on electro
statically charged dots on
the paper and then apply toner and fuse it in place.
Plotters use three basic
types of paper handling: flatbed, drum, and pinch
roller. Flatbed plotters
hold the paper still and move the pen along both x
and y axes. Drum plotters roll the paper over a
cylinder. The pen moves along one axis while the
drum, with the paper attached, moves along the
other. Pinch-roller plotters are a
hybrid of the two, in which the pen moves only
along one axis while the
paper is moved back and forth by small rollers.

What is the main difference between VCD and DVD?

DVD (digital versatile disc) is an optical disc
technology that is expected to
rapidly replace the CD-ROM disc (as well as the
audio compact disc) over
the next few years. The digital versatile disc
(DVD) holds 4.7 gigabyte of
information on one of its two sides, or enough for
a 133-minute movie. VCD
(also called video CD, video compact disc or
"disc") is a compact disk
format based on CD-ROM XA that is specifically
designed to hold MPEG-1
video data. VCD resolution is far short of the
resolution of DVD. Each VCD
disk holds 72-74 minutes of video and has a data
transfer rate of 1.44 Mbps.

What are Embeded Computers? Do they have all

the parts of hardware that normal PCs have?
Embedded Computers are infact small chips
which are programmed to do some specific task
like Microprocessor of a PC. Examples include
SIMs of Mobile sets,chips in machines of daily
life usage etc.These dont contain all those parts
that a simple PC has.

what is the purpose of transistor?

The transistor, invented by three scientists at the
Bell Laboratories in 1947, rapidly replaced the
vacuum tube as an electronic signal regulator. A
transistor regulates current or voltage flow and
acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals

What is the true definition of Computer.Is

computer a device or an electronic machine?
A lot of definitions are there for computers. Here are some simple
definitions. 1)A device that accepts data,
processes the data in accordance
with a stored program, generates results, and
usually consists of input,
output, storage, arithmetic, logic, and control
units. 2) A functional unit that
can perform substantial computation, including
numerous arithmetic
operations or logic operations, without human
intervention during a run.

Please explain the Turning Machine in a bit

detail. How did it play part in evolution of
computer
It was introduced by Alan Turing in 1936,
Turing machines are one of the
key abstractions used in modern computability
theory, the study of what
computers can and cannot do. A Turing machine
is a particularly simple
kind of computer, one whose operations are
limited to reading and writing
symbols on a tape, or moving along the tape to
the left or right. The tape is
marked off into squares, each of which can be
filled with at most one
symbol. At any given point in its operation, the Turing machine
can only
read or write on one of these squares, the
square located directly below its "read/write"
head.

What is the difference b/w network and internet?

Two or more computers connected to
communicate with each other form a
network. The Internet, sometimes called simply
"the Net," is a worldwide
system of computer networks - a network of
networks in which users at any
one computer can, if they have permission, get
information from any other
computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at
other computers).

Describe the Domain, Domain name & Protocol.

In general, a domain is an area of control or a
sphere of knowledge. 2) On
the Internet, a domain consists of a set of network
addresses. This domain is
organized in levels. The top level identifies
geographic or purpose
commonality (for example, the nation that the
domain covers or a category
such as "commercial"). The second level
identifies a unique place within the
top level domain and is, in fact, equivalent to a
unique address on the
Internet (an IP address). Lower levels of domain
may also be used. 3)
Protocols are the set of rules followed by the
computers during
communication
What is the different between HYPERLINK and HYPER
MEDIA?
Essentially, hypermedia is the modern extension of hypertext, the
hyperlinked, text-based documents of the
original Internet. Hypermedia attempts to offer a
working and learning environment that parallels
human thinking—that is, one in which the user
can make associations between topics, rather
than move sequentially from one to the next, as
in an
alphabetic list. An image or portion of text on a
Web page that is linked to another Web page,
either on the same site or in another Web site is
called Hyperlink. via email means through
email.

What is URL?
When a user enters a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL) in a browser, he/she
is sending an HTTP command to the web server
directing it to retrieve and
transmit the requested document. A URL is the
global address of a web site.
The first part of the address (i.e., http://) indicates
which protocol is to be
used. The second part specifies the IP address
(i.e., http://www.ectag.org),
which identifies the unique server assigned to the
domain name (URL). The
final part tells the server where the document or
resource is located on the
server.
What is working of Firewire in computing?
With more than 30 times the bandwidth of the
popular USB 1.1 peripheral
standard, FireWire 400 has been the gold standard
for high-speed data
transfer. Apple was the first computer
manufacturer to include Fire Wire
across its entire product line. And now Apple has
upped the ante yet again,
effectively doubling data throughput with its
implementation of the IEEE
1394b standard, FireWire 800, available on the
17-inch PowerBook G4 and
the Power Mac G4. FireWire is a way to connect
different pieces of
equipment so they can easily and quickly share
information. FireWire is
very similar to Universal Serial Bus (USB). The
designers of FireWire,
which actually precedes the development of USB,
had several particular
goals in mind when they created the standard:
Fast transfer of data (up to
400 Mbps) Lots of devices on the bus Ease of use
Hot pluggable Provide
power through the cable Plug-and-play Low
cabling cost Low
implementation cost

How much the storage capacity of a punch card has?

The punch cards used for the storage of data of different type and
there
storage capacity is different with respect to the
kind of data store in them the normally store
capacity was 1000 words of 50 decimal digits
used to hold variables and results.

What is the difference between "Internet & Intranet"?

An intranet is a private network that is contained
within an enterprise. It may consist of many
interlinked local area networks and also use leased
lines in
the wide area network. The main purpose of an
intranet is to share company information and
computing resources among employees. An
intranet can
also be used to facilitate working in groups and for
teleconferences. The vast collection of inter-
connected networks that all use the TCP/IP
protocols - a
network of networks in which users at any one
computer can, if they have
permission, get information from any other
computer (and sometimes talk
directly to users at other computers)

What is the use of Java applets in World Wide Web?

Java Applets are objects which are developed in
Java and then embedded in HTML page and they
are downloaded on Client machine. Applets can
be
used to some animation or some other processing
to avoid congestion in
network traffic.
What about machine cycle?
Machine cycle is a set of four basic operations
repeated by the control unit 1. fetching an
instruction 2. decoding the instruction 3. executing
the
instruction and if necessary 4. storing the result.
The time it takes to fetch is
called instruction time, or f-time, and the time it
take to decode and execute
is called execution time or E-time. Adding
together f-time and E-time gives
the total time required for a machine cycle. The
machine cycle is also called
the instruction cycle.

What is Reduced Instruction Set Computing(RISC)?

Acronym for reduced instruction set computers. A
microprocessor design
that focuses on rapid and efficient processing of a
relatively small set of
simple instructions that comprises most of the
instructions a computer
decodes and executes. RISC architecture optimizes
each of these instructions so that it can be carried
out very rapidly—usually within a single clock
cycle. RISC chips thus execute simple instructions
more quickly than
general-purpose CISC (complex instruction set
computers) microprocessors,
which are designed to handle a much wider array
of instructions. They are,
however, slower than CISC chips at executing
complex instructions, which
must be broken down into many machine
instructions that RISC
microprocessors can perform.

Diffirence Between Fragmentation and Defragmentatoin?

In fragmentation parts of a file that have become fragmented
through
rewriting and updating. A defragger physically
restores the file to contiguous sectors on a hard
disk to speed up access as much as 75 percent.
This is also called process of defragmentation or
"defragging;"

What is the distinguish between Parallel Tracks and Diagnol

Tracks ?
A tape storage scheme that places data on more than one separate
parallel
tracks on 1/2-inch reel-to-reel magnetic tape. This
is an old recording format
used with computers that transfer data six bits at a
time. Data is recorded as
6 data bits and 1 parity bit (An extra bit used in
checking for errors in groups
of data bits transferred within or between computer
systems.). Some
personal computers now use the 9-track tape
storage scheme. Diagonal is
one of numerous circular data storage areas on a
floppy disk or a hard drive,
comparable to a groove on a record but not spiral.
Tracks, composed of
sectors, are recorded on a disk by an operating
system during a disk format
operation.
Explain the Diffirence between Transactional
Processing and Real Time Processing
Real time processing that process information at the same rate as
they
receive data, enabling them to direct or control a process.
Transaction
processing is a processing method in which transactions are
executed
immediately after they are received by the
system. Transanction processing and real time
processing is almost the same thing.

what is Micro-Controller?
A microcontroller is a complete computer on a
chip but it does not contain large amounts of
memory. They have their own processor and low
memory. Microcontrollers are used in video
games, videocassette recorders (VCRs), and
automobiles.

What is the purpose of attribute "Action" in "Form" Tag ?

The “Action” attribute specify the file that takes action against
the form
submission. Infact the value of "Action" attribute
in "Form" tag is always a URL(Uniform Resource
Locator). This URL represents path of that file
which has to take some action when u submit your
form. For example, When u fill ur form for email
address on free email services ( like Yahoo or
Hotmail ) , and press "submit" button,u r given
error if u have missed any field and congratulated
if u have done well, that all validation is done by
that file whose URL is given in that form's Action
attribute.
What is difference b/w JavaScript,JScript and HTML ?
JavaScript is a platform-independent, event-
driven, interpreted programming
language developed by Netscape Communications
Corp. and Sun
Microsystems.JavaScript is useful for adding
interactivity to the World Wide
Web because scripts can be embedded in HTML
files (i.e., web pages)
simply by enclosing code in a tag pair. All modern
browsers can interpret
JavaScript -- albeit with some irritating caveats.
(More about them
below.).In practice, JavaScript is a fairly universal
extension to HTML that
can enhance the user experience through event
handling and client-side
execution, while extending a web developer's
control over the client's
browser. JScript is approx. same except it is from
Microsoft Corporation.
HTML stands for the HyperText Markup
Language. HTML is the major
language of the Internet's World Wide Web. Web
sites and web pages are
written in HTML. With HTML and the world wide
web, you have the ability
to bring together text, pictures, sounds, and links...
all in one place! HTML
files are plain text files, so they can be composed
and edited on any type of computer... Windows,
Mac, UNIX, whatever.

What are Literals ?

Literals are simply literally-written things, like a number or a
string of
characters. Numbers are, in turn, treated as either
integers (1,2,3, ....) or real
(12.3, 5.21e23, ....) depending on how they are
written. Strings, or String
literals are surrounded by quotation marks (either
single quotes or double
quotes). For example Example:: In example,
x=12345 12345 is literal
(integer) In eg, x=12.43 12.43 is literal (real) In
eg, Var x = y*5.21e4 5.21e4 is literal (real) In eg ,
var string ='that' "that" is literal String In eg, var
answer = true; true is literal Boolean For string
literals, you need special
sequences to type to enter things like carriage
returns, tabs, etc. These are
listed in a separate document.

Why we use micro-controller instead of microprocessor?

The Micro-controllers are designed to perform some specific
tasks. Unlike
microprocessors they cannot operate
independently because they do not have RAM of
their own. Micro-controllers are embedded as part
of various
devices/equipment e.g. Micro Wave Ovens,
Televisions, Air conditioners, security systems etc.
Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that has
three major portions: 1) Arithmetic Unit 2) Control
Unit 3) Data Bus/Registers and is capable of
performing tasks independently.

What is a word processor?

A program used to create, format, modify, save
for later use and print
documents. The key advantage of word
processor is its ability to make
changes easily, such as correcting spelling,
changing margins, or adding,
deleting, and relocating entire blocks of text.
Once created, the document
can be printed quickly and accurately and
saved for later modifications

Why Internet Explorer & Netscape Navigator are available for

free?
Initially Netscape Navigator was not free but ever
since the Internet Explorer
was launched by Microsoft, it is provided free with
different products like
Windows , MSOffice etc. forcing manufacturers of
Netscape to distribute it
free of cost. This was also a strategic move to
break the market of Netscape
Navigator. While Netscape was maturer in
technology as well as stable in
performance but due to free availability, the
Internet Explorer gained a lot of
popularity.
How do I know that my email has been received?
When using any email client to send and receive
email messages, there is an
option, which is used to have confirmation of
email delivery/reading. That is
when the user receives the email, a confirmation
mail is sent back to the
sender. Certain other email clients can also be
configured to send a message
even when the message is displayed on the screen
of the recepient's
computer.

Why Multiple processors are used in Super Computers?

One very powerful processor is a lot more
expensive than thousands of small processors.
Multiple processors running in parallel can
perform tasks as
efficiently as the single most powerful chip
available, but at a lot less cost. Hence it is very
economical to use multiple smaller processors
working in parallel than a single powerful
processor in supercomputers

What is the Capacity of Cache memory?

There are two types of cache. Internal & external.
The capacity of internal as well as external cache
varies from processor to processor i.e. Intel P-III 1
GHz has cache memory of size 512 KB and Intel
Celeron 1GHz processor has cache memory
varying from 128 to 256 KB.

Classify the different types of memory.

Main memory (usually RAM: Random Access
Memory) 2. ROM (Read
Only Memory used to hold BIOS (Basic Input
Output System)) 3. Cache
Memory (on both board & processor) 4.
Virtual memory(RAM on disk)
(Note: Keep the difference between memory
and storage in mind.)

What is Virtual memory?

A part of disk storage can be made to behave like RAM. This is
known as
Virtual Memory. When a file or program is too big
for the computer to work with in its memory, part
of the data is stored on disk. This virtual storage is
divided into segments called pages; each page is
correlated with a location in physical memory, or
RAM. When a page, which is not currently in the
main memory, is referenced, it is swapped into
memory and is sent back to disk when other pages
must be called and loaded into main memory in
place of the old one. The program runs as if all the
data is in memory.

What is Bus?
A set of conductors, which connect the
functional units in a computer. It is called a bus
because it travels to all destinations (Actually it
is like a
network of connected roads used by data to travel
from one part to another).
There are local buses that connect elements within
the CPU and buses which
connect the computer to external memory and
peripherals. The bus width
determines the speed of data transmission. Most
personal computers use 32-
bit buses both internally and externally. Internal
buses are configured in
parallel; there are also serial busses between
computers in networks
(usually).

What is Batch Processing Computer System?

A system that takes a set (a "batch") of
commands or jobs, executes them and returns
the results, all without human intervention. This
contrasts with an interactive system where the
user's commands and the computer's
responses are interleaved during a single run.

What is hardware?
Everything in a computing environment that has
physical attributes, like, it carries weight, has
definite shape and is touchable, is called
hardware. e.g. Monitor, Keyboard, CPU, printer,
mouse etc. are all hardware.

After the successfull completion of this course,

will I be able to make my own Web pages and
host them on the net ?
Yes after the completion of this course student
will be able to make simple static web pages and
host them on the net