Protection Application Busbar Protection

Handbook
© ABB Group - 1 -
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 Busbar protection
Need for Bus bar protection

„ in its absence fault clearance takes place in Zone-II of distance

relay by remote end tripping
„ This means slow and unselective tripping and wide spread black
out

Effect of delayed clearance

„ Greater damage at fault point

„Indirect shock to connected equipments like shafts of
Generator and windings of transformer.
© ABB Group - 2 -
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 Busbar protection
Types of Switchgear
„ Open-air switchgear
„ Metal enclosed switchgear
„ Air-insulated
„ SF6-insulated
© ABB Group - 3 -
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 Busbar protection
Requirements
„ Short tripping time
„ Detect internal faults
„ Stable at external faults
„ Disconnect only faulty part of bus
„ Secure against mal operation due to
„ Auxiliary contact failure
„ Human mistakes
„ Faults in secondary circuits
© ABB Group - 4 -
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Types of BB Protections
„ High impedance
„ Medium impedance
„ Low impedance
„ Block able O/C relay ( For radial systems in distribution
systems)
© ABB Group - 5 -
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 Busbar protection
High impedance bus differential relay
Basic features

SETTING VR > IF ( RCT + 2 RL)

VK > 2 VR
RL

RCT FOR VR TO BE ZERO FOR

VR EXTERNAL FAULT
A B
nA = nB 1 + RA / ZA
1 + RB / ZB

n = TURNS RATIO
R = RCT + 2 RL
© ABB Group - 6 -

Z = MAGNETIZING IMPEDANCE
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Limitations of High impedance differential
relay
„ Puts stringent requirements on CTs
„ Need for dedicated CTs
„ Identical CT ratios , magnetising impedances
„ Aux CTs not acceptable
„ Inability to cope with increasing fault levels
© ABB Group - 7 -
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 Busbar protection
RADSS medium
impedance relay

T MD IR1
n MD

Ud3

dR

D2 D1

US
© ABB Group - 8 -
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 Busbar protection
REB500 - Numerical Busbar ABB Network Partner AG REB 500

and Breaker Failure Protection

C
E

Central Unit

Distributed installation
ABB Network Partner AG REB 500 ABB Network Partner AG REB 500 ABB Network Partner AG REB 500 ABB Network Partner AG REB 500

C C C C
E E E E

Bay Unit Bay Unit Bay Unit Bay Unit

© ABB Group - 9 -
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REB500 - Numerical Busbar and Breaker Failure Protection

Central installation C

Cubicle
Cubicle
SCS/SMS
© ABB Group - 10 -

ABB NETWORK CONTROL & PROTECTION

14-Nov-07

REB004aE
 Busbar protection
Advantages of medium/ Low impedance
relays
„ Free from any need for Identical CT ratios or matched CT s
„ Other relays can be included in the same CT core
„ Increasing fault levels have no impact
© ABB Group - 11 -
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 Busbar protection
Gas Density Detectors

„ Applicable only in GIS

„ Usually, gas density detectors give alarm
„ May require intertrip to remote substations
© ABB Group - 12 -
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 Busbar protection
Blockable O/C relays
© ABB Group - 13 -
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 Busbar protection
Back-up Protection
„ System protection

„ Duplication of local busbar protection

© ABB Group - 14 -
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© ABB Group - 15 -
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Busbar protection
 Busbar protection
RADSS - Ultrahigh-speed percentage bias
Bus Differential Relay
• Protection for buses or short lines
• 1-3ms fault detection, 8-13ms to trip
• Fault sensitivity 20% of rated current
• No maximum fault current restrictions
• No practical limit to number of circuits to the bus
• No dedicated or matched CTs required and
CTs can be of different ratios and manufacture
• Long CT leads acceptable- up to 68 ohms
at 5A or 1705 ohms for 1A circuits
• Moderately High impedance (165-301 ohms)
in diff circuit.
• Selectable percentage restraint slope,
50 to 85%.
© ABB Group - 16 -

• Compact summation CT version available

• Adaptable to different bus configurations
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 Busbar protection
Busbar arrangements
„ Single bus single breaker
„ Single bus with bus sectionaliser
„ Main and transfer bus
„ Double bus single breaker with bus coupler
„ Double bus double breaker
„ Double bus one and a half breaker
„ Four breaker mesh
„ Ring busbar
© ABB Group - 17 -
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700 A 200 A 500 A

1000/5 200/5 500/5

3.5 A 5A 5A

5/1 5/0.2 5/0.5

0.7 A 0.2 A 0.5 A

Diff. relay
© ABB Group - 18 -

RADSS IN SINGLE BUS

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SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALIZING ISOLATOR
BUS - A BUS - B

RADSS RADSS
A B
© ABB Group - 19 -
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# SINGLE ZONE DISCONNECTION UNIT

 Busbar protection
SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALIZING BREAKER
BUS - A BUS - B

RADSS RADSS
A B
© ABB Group - 20 -

# CT DISCONNECTION UNIT
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SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH AUX. BUS & CT ON LINE SIDE
MAIN BUS

AUX. BUS
© ABB Group - 21 -

RADSS
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USE OF DIRECTIONAL RELAY IN BC CIRCUIT FOR AUX. BUS SELECTIVITY
MAIN BUS

DIR.
RELAY

AUX. BUS

RS/2
© ABB Group - 22 -

RS/2 Rd
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L1 LX

:3 :4 :3

L1 : 0 LX : 0

AB : 0

:1 :2 :1 :2 :1 :2
A A

B B

:1 :2 :4 :1 :2

DA
© ABB Group - 23 -

DB
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TYPE AB
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REQUIREMENTS ON THE ISOLATOR AUXILIARY CONTACTS

Isolator Aux. Contact ‘a’ should

close before the primary contact
a b closes and
Aux contact’ b’ closes after the
primary contact opens.
O C Throw-over relay

0% 100%

Main
contact

Aux.
Contact
a
© ABB Group - 24 -

Aux.
Contact
b
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DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH TRANSFER BUS
BUS - A

BUS - B

AUX. BUS
© ABB Group - 25 -
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APPLICATION OF RADSS TO ABC BUS CONFIGURATION

• AUX CTs FOR RATIO CORRECTION

• CHANGEOVER RELAYS FOR CT & TRIP CIRCUITS

• SINGLE ZONE RECONNECTION UNIT TO CONNECT TWO

ZONES TO SINGLE ZONE WHEN BOTH BUSES ARE
INTERCONNECTED THROUGH ISOLATORS.

• BUS COUPLER CT DISCONNECTION UNIT FOR FAULT

BETWEEN BUS COUPLER BREAKER AND CT

• DIRECTIONAL RELAYS FOR FAULTS ON TRANSFER BUS

© ABB Group - 26 -

• HIGH SPEED TRIP RELAYS

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1½- BREAKER SYSTEM

RADSS - A

L1 L3 L5

BUS - A

BUS - B

L2 L4 L6
© ABB Group - 27 -

RADSS - B
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 CBIP manual on Protection
of Generators, generator Bus bar protection
transformers and 220kV
and 400 kV networks
© ABB Group - 28 -
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 Busbar protection
1.0
1.0 GENERAL
GENERAL
• Bus bar protection is provided for high speed sensitive clearance
of bus bar faults by tripping all the circuit breakers connected to
faulty bus

• Recommendations for providing bus bar protection at different

voltage levels are as follows:

(i) Bus bar protection must be provided in all new 400kV and 220kV
substations as well as generating station switchyards.

(ii) For existing substations, provision of bus bar protection is

considered must at 400kV level and at 220kV level.

In case of radially fed 220kV substations, having more than one bus
it is desirable to have bus bar protection but is not a must.
© ABB Group - 29 -
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2.0
2.0 Special
SpecialComments
Comments

2.1
2.1

• The D.C. supply for bus bar protection shall be from an independent
feeder

2.2
2.2

• Faults lying between C.B and C.T. shall be cleared from one side by
opening of C.B on bus bar protection operation

• However clearing of fault from other side shall be through breaker

failure protection/back up protection
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2.3
2.3

• 3 Phase trip relays shall be provided for each circuit breaker which
shall also initiate B.F.P. of concerned breaker

2.4
2.4

• Length of secondary leads should be kept as minimum as possible.

• Where lead runs are excessive, an increase in wire size or use of

parallel conductors are meant to reduce lead resistance

2.5
2.5

• In case of existing substations where current transformers are of

different ratios, biased type differential protection is recommended
for use
© ABB Group - 31 -
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3.0
3.0 Setting
SettingCriteria
Criteria
3.1
3.1

• C.T wire supervision relays should be set with a sensitivity such that
they can detect C.T secondary open circuit even in case of least
loaded feeder

3.2
3.2

• Bus bar differential protection should have overall sensitivity above

heaviest loaded feeder current unless a separate check zone has
been provided

• In case where faults currents are expected to be low, the protection

should be sensitive enough to take care of such expected low fault
© ABB Group - 32 -

current
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3.3
3.3

• In case of voltage operated high impedance type protection, the

voltage setting should be above expected voltage developed across
the relay during maximum through fault current condition

• In case of current operated relays for stability under through fault

condition, external resistance is to be set such that voltage
developed across relay and resistance combination is below the
voltage required for forcing required relay operating current
© ABB Group - 33 -
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 CBIP manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Back- Busbar Protection
UP Protection for EHV
and UHV Transmission
Network
© ABB Group - 34 -
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 Busbar protection
Bus bars
„ In the above paragraphs some important application
aspects connected with bus bar protection and some
recommendations have been brought out, and these
should be considered. A few of these are brought out
below.
„ A dedicated bus bar protection shall be provided
where security of supply is of paramount importance,
fault current levels are high, and the non-
discriminative fault clearance and relatively slow
clearance times are unacceptable.
© ABB Group - 35 -
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 Busbar protection
Bus bars
„ Bus bar protections being of unit type, back-up
protection is provided either by duplicating the bus
bar protection, or by reverse zone of line distance
protection, or by time delayed distance relays in the
remote stations, or by directional back-up over
current relays.
„ Where the main bus bar protection is provided by the
second zone elements of distance relays (i.e., when
no bus bar protection is provided), back-up
protection can be considered as being provided by
© ABB Group - 36 -

the 3rd zone elements of distance relays in the more

remote stations.
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 Busbar protection
Bus bars
„ For substations of high strategic importance or
where the bus arrangements are complex, the
complete bus bar protection should be fully
duplicated.
„ In cases where the burn-through time of SF6
switchgear is considered to be shorter than the
tripping time from remote back-up protection, then
also the bus bar protection must be duplicated.
„ High impedance bus bar protection is not
recommended when CT ratios are different and for
© ABB Group - 37 -

complex bus bar arrangements.

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 Busbar protection
Bus bars
„ As per the current practice bus bar protection is
provided for all substations at 765kV, 400kV, 220 kV
and for generating station switchyards. No change is
proposed in this practice. Reference may be made to
CBIP Manual No 274 “Protection of Generators,
Transformers and 220kV and 400kV Networks”
which gives details of current practices followed.
© ABB Group - 38 -
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 Busbar protection
Bus bars
„ For 132 kV substations too, it is recommended that
bus bar protection be provided, since failure to clear
a bus fault in a short time may lead to wide spread
tripping. The type of bus bar protection scheme
recommended for 132 kV system will depend upon
the quantum of power handled and the attendant
risks for loss of power supply and consequential
revenue loss.
© ABB Group - 39 -
14-Nov-07
 Busbar protection
Bus bars
„ Many a times, periodic testing of bus bar protection
to check the healthiness of the relay and associated
circuits is difficult since shutdowns of the substations
or bus bars are not easily available. Thus the
problems, if any, in the protection or in the
associated circuits, gets discovered only when a fault
takes place and either the relay fails to operate or
has operated inadvertently.
© ABB Group - 40 -
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 Busbar protection
Bus bars
With modern numerical relays where self supervision
and on line monitoring of the relay and associated
circuits are possible, the task of testing gets
simplified considerably and these may be preferred
for this reason. The application of Numerical Relays
for bus bar protection therefore assumes a special
status.
„ Duplication of bus bar protection is recommended in
all substations where failure to operate may cause
disturbances in the grid
© ABB Group - 41 -
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 Busbar protection
Bus bars

„ For the 400kV and 765 kV substations that fall in this

class of substations, duplication of bus bar protection
is strongly recommended. It may be noted that even
those 400 kV substations, which do not fall in this
category initially, may become critical in future as the
system grows. In view of constraints in adding a
second bus bar protection at a later date, duplication
may be considered desirable from the initial stage
itself.
© ABB Group - 42 -
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 Busbar protection
Bus bars
„ In view of continuing thrust on station automation
and SCADA application, the preference towards
Numerical Protection schemes for all the elements of
a substation becomes quite beneficial.
© ABB Group - 43 -
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 Protection Application Busbar Protection
Handbook Settings
© ABB Group - 44 -
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 Busbar protection

T MD IR1
n MD

Ud3

dR

D2 D1

US
© ABB Group - 45 -
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 Busbar protection
RADSS CHARACTERISTICS APPLYING TO EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FAULTS RELAY SLOPE S = 0.8

Restraint characteristic on external fault Operating characteristic on internal fault

ZL = ZLM magnetising impedance
ZL = RLX linear resistance
© ABB Group - 46 -

Id1 = S IT3 stability line

Id1 = SI T3 + K operating line
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RADSS Settings and approximate operating
values

SLOPE (S) 0.5 0.66 0.8 0.85

Id min (A) 0.2 0.3 0.46 0.61

RLX (OHMS) 301 602 1204 1705

© ABB Group - 47 -
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Slope setting

Id1 = SIt3

Slope S= RS / ndRd3 + RS / 2

Usually S is set at 0.8

Id1 (min) = 0.092/ ( 1 – S)

With S = 0.8 Id1 = 0.46 A

© ABB Group - 48 -
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Start relay setting

Start relay ( SR ) is set higher than maximum through load thus

providing stability for open CT circuits under load condition .

A setting of 0.9 A is usually provided.

© ABB Group - 49 -
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CALCULATIONS FOR A TYPICAL STATION

1200 / 1A 800 / 1A 400 / 1A

1 / 1A 1 / 0.675A 1 / 0.325A

RADSS - A
Overall CT ratio 1200/1A
Total maximum incoming current 4000A
© ABB Group - 50 -

∴Maximum circulating current in the relay (IT3n) = 3.3A

This is less than max. permissible circulating current of the relay viz 4A.
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WITH S = 0.8 Id1 (SR) = 0.88

RdT = 165 + Rd11 = 165 + 136 = 301 Ohms

Id1 min = 0.46 A

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LOOP RESISTANCE ON CT SEC SIDE

= 1204 = 127 Ohms

(1/0.325)2
© ABB Group - 51 -
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© ABB Group - 52 -
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Busbar protection