Generator Protection Fundamentals

This webinar brought to you by The Relion® Product Family
Next Generation Protection and Control IEDs from ABB

Relion®. The perfect choice for every application.
The widest range of products for power systems protection, control,
measurement and supervision. Interoperable and future-proof
solutions designed to implement the core values of the IEC 61850
standard. ABB’s leading-edge technology, global application
knowledge and experienced support network ensures complete
confidence that your system performs reliably - in any situation.
© ABB Group
September | Slide 1
9, 2013
ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series
Disclaimer
ABB is pleased to provide you with technical information regarding protective
relays. The material included is not intended to be a complete presentation of
all potential problems and solutions related to this topic. The content is
generic and may not be applicable for circumstances or equipment at any
specific facility. By participating in ABB's web-based Protective Relay School,
you agree that ABB is providing this information to you on an informational
basis only and makes no warranties, representations or guarantees as to the
efficacy or commercial utility of the information for any specific application or
purpose, and ABB is not responsible for any action taken in reliance on the
information contained herein. ABB consultants and service representatives
are available to study specific operations and make recommendations on
improving safety, efficiency and profitability. Contact an ABB sales
representative for further information.
© ABB Group
September | Slide 2
9, 2013
Generator Protection Fundamentals

Mike Kockott
September 10, 2013
Presenter
Mike is a Senior Engineer, Product Specialist for the Relion

family 670 and 650 product series. He is located in Raleigh,
North Carolina. Mike has been part of the NAM SA Products
team for 9 months. Prior to this he worked as a Senior
Applications Specialist / Senior Regional Technical Manager for
12 years at the SA Product factory in Västerås, Sweden.
Mike Kockott
Prior to joining ABB SAP in Sweden in 2000, Mike was Chief
Consultant, Protection (Transmission) at Eskom (national power
utility, South Africa). Mike joined Eskom as a training engineer in
1983.
Mike graduated from the University of Cape Town with BSc
(electrical engineering) degree (with honors) in 1980.
© ABB Group
September | Slide 4
9, 2013
Learning objectives
 Power Generation fundamentals

 Generator Faults
 Generator Abnormal Conditions
 Typical Generator Protections
© ABB Group
September | Slide 5
9, 2013
Power station is the most complex part of the power
system
MV SWITCHGEAR
HV SYSTEM STEP UP
TRANSFORMER LV DRIVES
CONTROL
AUXILIARY ROOM
TRANS-
FORMER COMMUNICATION CONTROL
INSTRUMENTATION
Temperature 1 SYSTEMS
HV- SUBSTATION
Pressure
TURBINE GENERATOR UNIT

ANALYZERS GOVERNOR CIRCUIT PROTECTION
BREAKER MV DRIVES
ACTUATOR
ON-OFF,
Controlled 1 PT’s
CT’s
LV SA’s
SWITCHGEAR SYNCHRONIZATION
STAR
MV POINT EXCITATION
MOTORS CUBICLE TRANS- EXCITATION
LV
MOTORS
TURBINE
G FORMER SYSTEM
Power Island
© ABB Group
September | Slide 6
9, 2013
Typical Parts of a Power Plant
HV Substation
Busbar in HV Substation
HV - Breaker
Power plant
Main Transformer Auxiliary Transformer
Generator Breaker
Excitation Transformer
Excitation System
Turbine valve
Turbine - Generator G Field Circuit Breaker
Earthing System
© ABB Group
September | Slide 7
9, 2013
Different power plants electrical equipment layouts
G G G
G G G
© ABB Group
September | Slide 8
9, 2013
Damage to the stator core in case of earth-fault
 Practically all unit

connected generators are
high-impedance earthed
 Only industrial generators
may be low-impedance
earthed
© ABB Group
September | Slide 9
9, 2013
Stator winding earthing practices
Grounding Grounding
Resistive Transformer Transformer Isolated
Grounded (Neutral) (Terminal)
R ~ 3.0Ω
G G G G
R ~ 1kΩ R ~ 0.5Ω
© ABB Group
September | Slide 10
9, 2013
Possible faults
 Stator Earth Faults

 Rotor Earth Faults
 Stator Short Circuits
 Stator/Rotor Interturn faults
 Unit transformer faults
 External faults
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Abnormal operating condition
 overcurrent/overload
 unbalanced load
 overtemperature
 over- and undervoltage
 over- and underexcitation
 over- and underfrequency
 over-fluxing
 asynchronous running
 out of step
 generator motoring
 failures in the machine control system
(i.e. AVR or governor failure)
 failures in the machine cooling system
 failures in the primary equipment
(i.e. breaker head flashover)
© ABB Group
 open phase
9, 2013
Allocation of protection functions
87G/87O Differential
32 Reverse power 59 Over-voltage
81O/U Frequency 24V/Hz over-fluxing
Turbine
49S Stator over-load
21/51V Voltage/over-current
64S Earth fault stator
46 Unbalance Inter-turn
40 Loss of excitation 50AE Accidental energizing
78 Pole slipping
64R Earth fault rotor
49R Rotor overload
Rotor Stator
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Function allocations with older generation relays
 Older type of design:

 M1 and M2 with
different function
allocations
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator protection with modern IEDs
 Generator/transformer protection with
integrated IEDs
 Mainly function duplication used
 Most functions duplicated
 Duplication not used for small machines
only
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator protection
Gen Diff + Back-up 12AI
<
Y
Y 60FL 81 f< 81 f>
SDD RFUF SA PTUF SA PTOF
78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP UV2 PTUV
U 64R Re< 37 P< 59 3U>
G CV GAPC
+ RXTTE4
87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
I
GEN PDIF 40 Φ< 59N 3Uo>
LEX PDIS ROV2 PTOV
46 I2> 49 Ith Meter.

NS2 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
Option
Other functions available from the function library
59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ 25 50 3I>> 51/27 U 32N P0-> 64S RSE<
REG 670*1.2 – A20 SES RSYN PH PIOC CV GAPC SDE PSDE STTI PHIZ
52PD PD 51/67 3I> 51V I>/U 87CT I2d/I 64R RRE<

CC RPLD OC4 PTOC CV GAPC CCS RDIF ROTI PHIZ
Function alternatives for 87G/GEN PDIF
87T 3Id/I 87 IdN
T2W PDIF HZ PDIF
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator protection with 87HZ
Gen HiZ Diff + Back- up 12AI
<
Y 60FL 81 f< 81 f>
Y SDD RFUF SA PTUF SA PTOF
Meter. 78 Ucos  Fast and sensitive

87 IdN
CV MMXU PSP PPAM
21 Z< 24 U/f>
differential protection against
HZ PDIF ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH short-circuits
50/51 3I> 32 P¬ 27 3U<
OC 4 PTOC GOP PDOP UV 2 PTUV
U 64R Re< 50BF 3 I> BF 37 P< 59 3U>
 Requires dedicated and
G +RXTTE4
I
CV GAPC CC RBRF GUP PDUP OV 2 PTOV
identical CT cores on both
49 Ith 40 F< 59N 3Uo>
TR PTTR LEX PDIS ROV2 PTOV sides of the generator
46 I2> 50AE U/I>
NS2 PTOC AEG GAPC
 Requires external resistor
Option and metrosil
59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
Grounding ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
Transformer REG 670*1.2 – A20
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator protection with 87T
Unit Trafo
Y
Overall Diff + Back-up 12AI
50/51 3I> 50BF 3I> BF

OC4 PTOC CC RBRF
<
Y 60FL 81 f<
Y
SDD RFUF SA PTUF
78 Ucos 81 f>
PSP PPAM SA PTOF
21 Z< 24 U/f>
ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
87O 3Id/I 32 Pß 27 3U<

T2W PDIF GOP PDOP UV2 PTUV
U 64R Re< 37 P< 59 3U>
G CV GAPC
+ RXTTE4
GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
I
40 Φ< 59N 3Uo>
LEX PDIS ROV2 PTOV
46 I2> 49 Ith 50AE U/I> Meter.

NS2 PTOC TR PTTR AEG GAPC CV MMXU
Option
59N UN> 59THD U3d/N

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
© ABB Group REG 670*1.2 – A20
9, 2013
Complete Protection Scheme
 Generator M1 & M2 protection

 Two identical IEDs with 87G
(low/high impedance based)
 Complete Unit Protection for Smaller

Machines
 One with 87G
 One with 87T or 87O
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator protection & optional transformer protection
Gen Diff + Back-up 24AI
50/51 3I> 50BF 3I> BF
OC4 PTOC CC RBRF
51N IN> 87N IdN/I 87T 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC REF PDIF T3W PDIF
Y
Unit Trafo
D 50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
< 59N 3Uo>

Y
Y ROV2 PTOV
Back-up Protection
Excitation Trafo
Main Protection
Auxiliary Trafo
<
Y 60FL 81 f< 81 f>
Y
SDD RFUF SA PTUF SA PTOF
78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

Auxiliary Bus 50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U
G CV GAPC
+ RXTTE4
87G 3Id/I
GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
I
LEX PDIS ROV2 PTOV

Option
25 50 3I>> 51/27 U 64S RSE< 87T 3Id/I
59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
SES RSYN PH PIOC CV GAPC STTI PHIZ T2W PDIF
ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
REG 670*1.2 – B30
52PD PD 87CT I2d/I 51V I>/U 64R RRE< 32N P0->
CC RPLD CCS RDIF CV GAPC ROTI PHIZ SDE PSDE
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Complete generator-transformer unit protection
Generator and block transformer protection 24AI
< 60FL 59 3U> Meter.

Y
Y SDD RFUF OV2 PTOV CV MMXU
87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith

REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR
87T 3Id/I
T2W PDIF
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
D 50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
< Option
Y
Y 59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos 81 f>

<
Y SDD RFUF SA PTUF PSP PPAM SA PTOF
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U
G CV GAPC
+ RXTTE4
87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
I
LEX PDIS ROV2 PTOV
NS2 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU 25 50 3I>> 51/27 U 32N P0-> 64S RSE<
SES RSYN PH PIOC CV GAPC SDE PSDE STTI PHIZ
52PD PD 51/67 3I> 51V I>/U 87CT I2d/I 64R RRE<

Grounding 59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
CC RPLD OC4 PTOC CV GAPC CCS RDIF ROTI PHIZ
Transformer ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
REG 670*1.2 – C30
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Stator short circuit
 Consequence of stator short circuit

 Insulation, windings and stator core can be damaged
 Large forces, caused by large fault currents, can give
damage to other components in the plant
 Risk of explosion and fire
 Mechanical stress on generator- and turbine shafts
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Detection of stator short circuits
 Protection functions
 Generator differential protection
 Block (unit) differential protection
 Directional negative sequence overcurrent protection
 Under impedance protection
 Phase overcurrent protection
 Voltage dependent phase overcurrent protection
 Under voltage protection
 Phase overcurrent protection of the block transformer
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Phase to phase fault in the stator winding
 Endangering condition 87N

REF PDIF
IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF
50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
 Overcurrent 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Protected object D 50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
 Stator winding
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
 Consequences Y
ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

<
Y SDD RFUF SA PTUF PSP PPAM
 Heating Y
51/67
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Forces U
64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>

G ROTI PHIZ 87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
 Smelted stator core U

+ REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF

Main Protection Function VT 59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
Reserve Protection Function ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator differential protection
 Unstabilized differential protection level

 Stabilized differential protection level
 Harmonic blocking
 Negative sequence unrestrained
 Combination: bias differential and negative sequence
internal/external discriminator; increases speed and
security
 Negative sequence sensitive differential protection
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Differential protection characteristics
operate current
[gen. rated curr.] Operate
5
unconditionally
UnrestrainedLimit
4
D Ioperate
slope = ---------------- * 100 %
Operate
D Irestrain 3 conditionally
The restrained
2
characteristic
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3
is defined by
the settings: 1 SlopeSection3
****************** IdMin
Restrain
1. IdMin SlopeSection2
0
2. EndSection1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3. EndSection2 EndSection1 restrain current
4. SlopeSection2 EndSection2 [gen. rated curr.]
5. SlopeSection3
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator differential protection
 Shall trip
 Turbine: close down active power
 Generator breaker: if available
 Field breaker
 Unit breaker: If no generator breaker
 Fire protection
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Different differential protection functions can be used
G Δ Y
87G 87T
87O
21G
51/27
51V
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Overall or transformer differential protection (87O/87T)
I1
Idiff Section 2
Section 1 Section 3
Idunre
Slope
Idiff Slope
Section 2 Section 3
Idmin
End of End of Ibias

Section 1 Section 2
I2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator unit (overall) differential protection
 Identical to transformer differential protection

 Zero sequence current elimination
 Vector group compensation
 Transformer ratio compensation
 Unstabilized differential protection
 Stabilized differential protection

 Harmonic blocking
 Waveform blocking
 Negative sequence unrestrained
 Combination: bias differential and negative sequence
internal/external discriminator
 Negative sequence sensitive differential protection
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Transformer (overall) differential protection
 Shall trip
 Turbine: close down active power
 Generator breaker: if available
 Field breaker
 Unit breaker
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Phase to phase fault in the transformer winding
87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith Meter.
 Endangering condition REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
 Overcurrent 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Protected object D 50/51

OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Transformer windings Y
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences Y
<
Y
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

 Heating 50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U
 Forces G
U
ROTI PHIZ 87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
+ REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ< 81 f>
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
 Smelted trafo core 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
Main Protection Function VT 59N

ROV2 PTOV
UN> 59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
Reserve Protection Function 64S RSE<

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Phase to phase fault at the generator buswork 1

REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
 Endangering condition 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Overcurrent D 50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
 Protected object <

Y
59N 3Uo>
Y
 Buswork, other equipment ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

<
Y
 Consequences 51/67
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Heating U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
U
 Forces + REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF
Mechanical damages
 NS2 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Phase to phase fault at the generator buswork 2

 Endangering condition
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Overcurrent
Unit Trafo
 Y
D 50/51 3I>
 Protected object OC4 PTOC
<
 Buswork, other equipment Y

Y
59N
ROV2 PTOV
3Uo>
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

<
 Consequences Y
Y
SDD RFUF
51/67 3I->
SA PTUF
50AE U/I>
PSP PPAM
21 Z< 24 U/f>
 heating 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
G ROTI PHIZ GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
 forces U
+ REX060, REX061
87G 3Id/I
GEN PDIF 40 Φ< 81 f>
LEX PDIS SA PTOF

 mechanical damages NS2 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
VT
Main Protection Function 59N
ROV2 PTOV
UN> 59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
Reserve Protection Function STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Short circuit protection: Differential protection (87)
Aux. Transformer
Differential
87SST
Unit Transformer
Differential
87T
Generator Diff
87G
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Under-impedance protection
X
 Backup protection for
internal short circuits in the
} P
ZP
generator or the unit
transformer
P
ZAngPP
P
}
ev
ZR
R
 Backup or main protection
for fault at the busbar
where the plant is
connected to the power
system
 Backup protection for line-
faults at lines out from the
power plant
 Up to 3-zones with offset Z<< ANSI 21
mho characteristic Z<
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Under-impedance protection (21)
 Offset mho characteristic with up to three

zones (two zones shown only)
X Zone 1:Generator and trafo back up
Z< Zone 2: External faults back up
Z<<
R
Z<< ANSI 21
Z<
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Phase overcurrent protection
 Backup protection for internal short circuits in the generator

or the unit transformer
 Backup or main protection for fault at the busbar where the
plant is connected to the power system
 Backup protection for line-faults at lines out from the power
plant
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator short circuit current
 The fault current from the generator change during fault

sequence
 Change of generator reactance Xd’’ -> Xd’ -> Xd
 Dependent of the excitation system
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Voltage dependent phase overcurrent protection
© ABB Group
9, 2013
External short circuit
First period of Fault
After 0.4 s
Before Fault
I>
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Voltage controlled phase overcurrent protection
© ABB Group
9, 2013
External phase-to-phase fault
 Endangering condition 87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith Meter.
 Overcurrent
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Protected object
Unit Trafo
 Y
D 50/51 3I>
 External power system OC4 PTOC
parts. Y
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences Y
<
Y
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

 Heating 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
G
 Forces U
ROTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX061
87G 3Id/I
GEN PDIF
GUP PDUP
40 Φ<
OV2 PTOV
81 f>
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
Mechanical damages
 46
NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
External earth fault
 Overcurrent
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Protected object
Unit Trafo
 Y
D 50/51 3I>
 External power system OC4 PTOC
parts. Y
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
Consequences
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
 Y
<
Y
SDD RFUF SA PTUF PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

 Heating 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
G
 Forces U
ROTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX061
87G 3Id/I
GEN PDIF
GUP PDUP
40 Φ<
OV2 PTOV
81 f>
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
Mechanical damages
 46
NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Stator earth fault
 Damages on the stator iron

 Increased voltage on “healthy phases”
 Small fault currents
 Sensitivity requirements on fault clearance
 The fault resistance is normally low at stator earth fault
 The residual voltage and earth fault current is highly
dependent on fault location in the generator
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Voltage based 95 % stator earth fault protection
Neutral point voltage transformer used
to measure Uo voltage
Generator Step-up transformer
Voltage Uo has the following primary value for

Uo
the solid Ph-Gnd fault at generator HV terminals
U Gen _ PhPh
Uo 
© ABB Group
3
9, 2013
Current based 95 % stator earth fault protection
Generator Step-up transformer
Neutral point current measurement
10/1A I>
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Why 95 % and 100% stator ground fault protection?
0%
Protectedzone
is approximately
95%
100%
Last 5% is
NOT
protected
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Possible 100 % stator earth fault protection solutions
 Measurement of the ”natural” third harmonic voltage

induced in the generator can be used to protect against EF
close to the generator neutral point
(i.e. 3rd harmonic based principle; 59THD)
 Neutral point voltage injection where the injected voltage

has non-harmonic frequency
(i.e. injection principle; 64S)
© ABB Group
9, 2013
3rd harmonic voltages
- U3 +
- DU3 +
+
U3T,L1
-
+
- U3N + U3T,L2
-
+
U3T,L3
-
© ABB Group
9, 2013
3rd harmonic 100% stator ground fault
 Simplest approach :
 3rd harmonic under-voltage in the neutral (i.e. U3N<)
 3rd harmonic over-voltage at generator terminals (i.e. U3T>)
 Possible problems:
 Generator start-up
 Generator shut-down
 Different generator loading
 3rd harmonic differential principle

U N 3  UT 3  Beta  U N 3
© ABB Group
9, 2013
3rd harmonic based 100% stator earth-fault
stator winding CB 1 may not exist
x E3 (1- x) E3 CB 1 CB 2
N T
RN Rf step- up
unit
transformer
UN3 UT3
x 1-x
Samples of the Samples of the
neutral voltage 100 % terminal voltage
from which the from which the
fundamental- 3rd harmonic
and 3rd harmonic Neutral point fundamental frequency voltage is
voltages are overvoltage protection 10 – 100 % filtered out
filtered out
Differential
0 – 30 %
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Stator injection
PCM600 2.3
ICT
PC ICT
REX060
(Injection Unit)
REG670 ALWAYS required
PSM
RIM
SIM
STATOR
REX062
(Shunt Resistor Unit)
SOMETIMES required
ROTOR
VT or GT Generator
Generator Protection Cubicle
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Earth fault in the stator winding
 Overvoltage in two healthy REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
phases
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
 Voltage in the star point
Unit Trafo
Y
D
 Relatively small earth fault 50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I>
current <
Y
59N 3Uo>
Y
 Protected object <

ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

 Stator winding Y
51/67
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
Consequences
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 CC RBRF GOP PDOP UV2 PTUV
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
G
 Damage to the stator core U
ROTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX061
87G 3Id/I
GEN PDIF
GUP PDUP
40 Φ<
OV2 PTOV
81 f>
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
 Risk of second earth fault 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Earth fault in the stator winding close to the star point
 None 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
 Stator star point Y

<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences Y
<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Damage to the stator core OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
ZMH PDIS
32 Pß
OEX PVPH
27 3U
OV2 PTOV
LEX PDIS SA PTOF


ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Earth fault in transformer HV winding

REF PDIF
IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF
50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
 Overcurrent 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
OC4 PTOC
 Transformer windings
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
Y
 Consequences <
ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Heating OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

 Forces G
U 64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE< 37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
87G 3Id/I
U
 Smelted trafo core 46 I2> 49 Ith

LEX PDIS
Meter.
SA PTOF

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Earth fault in transformer LV winding
 Overvoltage in two healthy 87N
REF PDIF
IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF
50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
phases
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Voltage in the star point EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Relatively small earth fault D 50/51 3I>

OC4 PTOC
current
<
Y
 Protected object Y
59N
ROV2 PTOV
3Uo>
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

<
 Transformer winding Y
Y
SDD RFUF
51/67 3I->
SA PTUF
50AE U/I>
PSP PPAM
21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Consequences 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
 Small possibility to damage G ROTI PHIZ 87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
U
trafo core 46 I2> 49 Ith

LEX PDIS
Meter.
SA PTOF
Risk of second earth fault


VT 59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
Main Protection Function ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
+ REX060

REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Earth fault at the generator buswork 2
 Overvoltage in two healthy

phases 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Voltage in the star point
D 50/51 3I>
 Relatively small earth fault OC4 PTOC
current Y
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Buswork, other equipment OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
Consequences
 U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>

U
 Risk of second earth fault + REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<

LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF


ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Turn to turn fault in the stator winding
 Circulating currents REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
 Asymmetrical phase currents 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
 Stator winding <

Y
*
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences <
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Damage to the stator core OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

Risk of evolving into earth fault

 G
U 64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE<
87G 3Id/I
37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
U
* 59N will detect this fault when + REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF
develops into an earth fault 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV
UN>
* 59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Turn to turn fault in the stator winding
Meter.
< CV MMXU
Y 60FL 81 f< 81 f>
Y SDD RFUF SA PTUF SA PTOF
VT
78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 46 I2> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC NS2 PTOC ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
 Generator with split stator phase 50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

winding can have dedicated turn- U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
G
to-turn fault protection as shown in U
ROTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX061
87G 3Id/I
GEN PDIF
GUP PDUP
40 Φ<
OV2 PTOV
59N 3Uo>
the figure LEX PDIS ROV2 PTOV
64W IN>
87W 3Id/I
EF4 PTOC
GEN PDIF
VT
59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
Main Protection Function

64S RSE<

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Rotor earth fault
 The field circuit of the generator is normally isolated from

earth
 With a single earth fault in the rotor circuit it is possible to
have continuous operation without generator damages
 There is however a risk of a second rotor earth fault. In
such a case there will be large current and risk of severe
damages.
 The requirement of fast fault clearance is moderate
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Rotor injection
PCM600 2.3
ICT
PC ICT
REX061
REX060 (Coupling Capacitor Unit)
REG670 (Injection Unit) ALWAYS required
ALWAYS required
PSM
SIM
RIM
STATOR
ROTOR
Generator Protection Cubicle Generator
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Earth fault in the rotor winding
 None 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Rotor winding Y
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences Y
<
Y
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

 Risk of evolving into double 50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

earth fault G
U 64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE< 37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
87G 3Id/I
U
LEX PDIS SA PTOF


64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Turn to turn fault in the rotor winding
 None 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
 Rotor winding <

Y
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences <
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Damage to the rotor core OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

Risk of evolving into earth fault

 G
U 64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE<
87G 3Id/I
37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
U
+ REX060, REX061
* 64R will detect this fault when GEN PDIF 40 Φ<
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF
develops into an earth fault 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV
UN> 59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Performance of synchronous machine
Voltage Regulator (U & Q) jXd I jXs
If P
Q
E U Us
R
X
B
G
Turbine Regulator (P & f)
 Synchronous machine operating in a parallel with a large power system can:

 supply active power to the system (operates as generator)
 receive active power from the system (operates as motor)
 supply reactive power to the system
(overexcited machine; operates as shunt capacitor)
 receive reactive power from the system
(underexcited machine; operates as shunt reactor)
 Note: machine shall have fixed rotating speed at all times
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Different protection operating planes
Q [pu]
Motor Generator AB: Field current limit
Motor Generator
BC: Stator current limit
A CD: End region heating limit
0.8
of stator, due to leakage flux
BH: Possible active power limit due
0.6 B
to turbine output power limitation
g
gin S EF: Steady-state limit without AVR
lag Xs: Source impedance of
Underexcited Underexcited .8
p. f. 0 connected power system
VA
dM
φ
o
U∟0 Overexcited te
Overexcited Overexcited Ra
37o
I
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 P [pu]
Rate
Underexcited d MVA 18o
p.f. F
0.95
lead Xe=0.2
-0.3 ing
Motor Generator C
H
-0.5 E F
Xs=0
D
X
Motor Generator
Overexcited Overexcited
R
Underexcited Underexcited
Motor Generator
Fault Overload
Area Area
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Loss of/under excitation 40
Causes
MW
 open field circuit
G normal
 field short circuit MVARS
 accidental tripping of the field breaker

MW
 AVR failure G abnormal
MVARS
 loss of field at the main exciter
Consequence
 Machine speed higher than synchronous speed
 Asynchronous running of a synchronous machine
without excitation
 Stator end-core heating
 Induced rotor currents
© ABB Group
9, 2013
RMS values of U & I during loss of field
I (p.u.)
1.5
1.0
U (p.u.)
1.0
0.6
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator apparent power S during loss of excitation
Q
0.4 sec.
0.3
(p.u.)
1.2 sec.
- 0.3 0.3 0.6 2.

P (p.u.)
4
0.3 3.2
4.41
4.18 4.28
4.15
1.0
4.35
4.0
4.07
4.5
© ABB Group
4.32
9, 2013
 Loss of/under excitation is based on under-impedance
measurement (offset Mho)
 Main features:
 Two zones Z1 and Z2, with independent block and trip
 Directional element for additional zone restriction
Underexcitation Protection
Restrain area
Z1, Fast zone

Z2, Slow zone
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Loss of/Under excitation 40
 Stator reactive current REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
component 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
 Protected object
Unit Trafo
Y
D
 Rotor and stator winding 50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Consequences Y
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
 Thermal damage of rotor and Y

<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
stator end regions 51/67

OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Asynchronous machine U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
G
operation U
ROTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX061
87G 3Id/I
GEN PDIF
GUP PDUP
40 Φ<
OV2 PTOV
81 f>
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
 Voltage and current variations 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator motoring protection 32/37
 Generator shall produce active power

(i.e. P>0)
 When it starts to receive the active
power it acts as a motor (i.e. P<0)
 Not dangerous operating condition for
machine but it may be dangerous for the
turbine
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Generator motoring protection 32/37
 Causes
 loss of prime-mover
 low water flow (hydro)
 load variations / problems
 Effects
 steam units  overheating of turbine and turbine blades
 hydro units  cavitation of the blades
 Demands
 accurate active power measurement (i.e. P~0 & Q=30-60%)
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Directional power protection 32/37
Reverse power, low forward, active and reactive power
Overpower (e.g. 32) Underpower (e.g. 37)

Q
Q
Operate
Power1(2) Power1(2)
Angle1(2) Angle1(2)
P P
Operate
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Reverse power protection
 Set desired pickup (0,5 to 3%)
Q
Operate
Line
 Set time delay 5-30 s
 Sequential tripping logic
Margin
P
Operating point
without turbine torque
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Low forward power protection
Q
Operate
Line
 Set desired pickup (1 to 10%)
 Set time delay 5-30 s
Margin  Sequential tripping logic
P
 Blocked by external signal
when generator is not
loaded
Operating point
without turbine torque
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Reverse Power Protection (32R)
 Motor operation REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
 Protected object 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Turbine
D 50/51 3I>
 Consequences OC4 PTOC
<
 Excessive heating of turbine Y

Y
59N
ROV2 PTOV
3Uo>
blades (steam units) Y

<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Mechanical damages to thrust OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
ZMH PDIS
32 Pß
OEX PVPH
27 3U<
bearing (Francis turbines) U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
G ROTI PHIZ GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
Explosion risk for diesel units

87G 3Id/I
 U
LEX PDIS SA PTOF

64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Negative sequence overcurrent (46)
IR+
IR-
IS-
IT-
IT+ IS+
From asymmetric currents, a negative sequence current
component I2, is filtered out.
Negative sequence stator currents rotate in a opposite
direction from the rotor and consequently induce a
100Hz current component into the rotor. As a
consequence rotor ends can over-heat.
I- , I nsc
46
I22 x t = k
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Negative phase sequence (46)
Causes
 unbalanced loads
 untransposed transmission circuits
 unbalanced system faults
 series faults
 CB pole discrepancy
 open circuits
Features
 Characteristic adjustable to I22 t=k
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Broken stator winding
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Unsymmetrical currents EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Stator windings Y
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Rotor <
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
Y
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Rotor overheating U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
 Vibrations U
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF


64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Broken transformer winding

50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Unsymmetrical currents EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Stator windings Y
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Rotor <
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
Y
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Rotor overheating U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
U
 Vibrations + REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF


64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Pole slip / out of step protection (78)
 Asynchronous running of a synchronous
machine with the rest of the system but with
excitation intact
 Characterized by power
(P & Q) oscillation
 Manifests as impedance movement in R & X
plane
 Big mechanical impact on turbine and shaft
 Pole Slip typically caused by:
 Long fault clearance time (especially close
by 3Ph faults are critical)
 Inadvertent tripping of a transmission line
(increase of transmission impedance
between generator and load)
 Loss of large generator unit
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Pole slip / out of step protection (78)
 High stator current 87N
REF PDIF
IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF
50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
 Possible system blackout 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Protected object
Unit Trafo
 Y
D 50/51 3I>
 Rotor shaft and stator winding OC4 PTOC
<
 Consequences Y
Y
59N
ROV2 PTOV
3Uo>
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

<
 Mechanical damages to shaft Y
Y
SDD RFUF
51/67 3I->
SA PTUF
50AE U/I>
PSP PPAM
21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Asynchronous machine 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
operation (with field intact) G

U
U
64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE<
87G 3Id/I
37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
 Voltage and current variations 46 I2> 49 Ith

LEX PDIS
Meter.
SA PTOF

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Frequency protection (81U/O)
 Over-frequency 81O: protects in

case of turbine over-speed
 Under-frequency 81U:
protection of the steam turbine at the
"critical speed"
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Low network frequency (81U)

50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Under-frequency EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Transformer Y
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Steam turbine <
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
Y
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Over-excitation U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
U
 Steam turbine vibrations + REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF

64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
High Network Frequency (81O)

REF PDIF
IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF
50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
 Over-frequency 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
D 50/51 3I>
 Turbine OC4 PTOC
<
 Rotor Y
Y
59N
ROV2 PTOV
3Uo>
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
 Consequences Y
<
Y
SDD RFUF
51/67 3I->
SA PTUF
50AE U/I>
PSP PPAM
21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Mechanical stresses 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
U
 Turbine vibrations G
U
64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE<
87G 3Id/I
37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
Main Protection Function NS2 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
Reserve Protection Function VT 59N

ROV2 PTOV
UN> 59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Over-voltage protection, 59
 With faulty AVR overvoltage can

cause over excitation of the
generator-transformer block
 V can sharply increase after load
rejection followed by machine 3U>
runaway
AVR
Uinj
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Over-voltage protection (59)

50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Over-voltage EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Improper voltage regulation D 50/51

OC4 PTOC
3I>
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
 Electrical circuits <

ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

Y
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Increased risk for earth-faults U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
 Over-excitation U
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF


64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Over-fluxing (excessive V/Hz), 24
 Overfluxing protects generator and
transformer magnetic core against
overheating
 Specially critical during start-up and
shut-down
 Wide frequency operation of the
relay important for generator
protection
E U
F orB  const   const 
f f
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Incorrect turbine control (24, 81O/U)

 Endangering condition 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Under-frequency
D 50/51 3I>
 Protected object OC4 PTOC
<
 Transformer Y
Y
59N
ROV2 PTOV
3Uo>
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

<
 Consequences Y
Y
SDD RFUF
51/67 3I->
SA PTUF
50AE U/I>
PSP PPAM
21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Over-excitation 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
U
LEX PDIS SA PTOF

64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Thermal overload, 49
Temperature Increase
t
   F  (1  e )

0,63 Θ = Winding temperature increase

ΘF= final temperature with present current
T = Winding thermal time constant
Time
T
t= x ln 2
I2 - Ip2
I - ( k x I b )2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Stator thermal overload (49S)
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Endangering condition EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Stator overcurrent D 50/51

OC4 PTOC
3I>
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
 Electrical circuits <

ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

Y
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
*
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Stator overheating U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
U
LEX PDIS SA PTOF

64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
September
9, 2013
| Slide 92
* In case of severe overload (setting dependent)
Rotor thermal overload (49R)
 Rotor overcurrent
50/51 49R
 Rotor winding
 Consequences Excitation Transformer
 Rotor overheating
Excitation System
G Field Circuit Breaker

Reserve Protection Function
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Accidental energizing, 50AE
 Operates when generator is

energized by a mistake
 In principle voltage controlled OC
function
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Accidental energizing (50AE)
 Stator overcurrent or REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
unsymmetrical currents 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
D 50/51 3I>
 Bearings OC4 PTOC
 Rotor Y
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences Y
<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Bearing damages due to low OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC * ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
oil pressure U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
 Rotor overheating U
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF
 Stator overheating 46
NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
VT
Main Protection Function 59N
ROV2 PTOV
UN> 59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
Reserve Protection Function

+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
September
9, 2013
* 3Z< is a delayed reserve protection
| Slide 95
Breaker-failure protection (50BF)
 Issues a back-up trip of adjacent breaker in case of failure of the circuit

breaker of the protected object to open (i.e. to interrupt the primary
circuit)
 Its operation in most cases trips only local breakers
 Commonly uses the bus bar protection disconnector replica logic to
route its tripping command to adjacent breakers
 Re-trip (t1), Backup trip / bus-strip (t2), Second back-up trip timer
(t3)
 Short reset time (15ms)
 Known CB faulty (bypass t2)
 Operating mode
 Current / Contact / Current & Contact
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Breaker fails to open the circuit (50BF)
 Stator overcurrent or REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
unsymmetrical currents 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Protected object
Unit Trafo
 Y
D
 Electrical circuits 50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Rotor Y
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences Y
<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Rotor overheating OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
ZMH PDIS
32 Pß
OEX PVPH
27 3U<
 Stator overheating G
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
ROTI PHIZ 87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
U
 Prolonged damages caused by + REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<

LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF
the fault current 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
Main Protection Function ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
+ REX060

REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Destroyed bearing insulation (38)
Shaft current transformer Slip-ring shaft grounding for

 Endangering condition turbo or Pelton turbines
Bearing
 Shaft (bearing)
current
 Protected object Rotor Turbine
 Bearing
 Consequences
Insulation
 Bearing damages
I>
 Stator/rotor damages
Relay type: RARIC (setting range 0.5-2.0 mA)
Shaft CT type: ILDD
Damage to the bearings occurs if the current through
the shaft exceeds 1 A
The induced EMF is about: 0.5 - 1 V for turbo-
© ABB Group machines; 10 - 30 V for hydro-machines
9, 2013
Conclusion
 Stator earth faults

 Rotor earth faults
 Stator short circuits
 Stator/rotor interturn faults
 External faults
 Abnormal operation
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Thank you for your participation
Shortly, you will receive a link to an archive of this presentation.
To view a schedule of remaining webinars in this series, or for more
information on ABB’s protection and control solutions, visit:
www.abb.com/relion
© ABB Group
9, 2013
Disclaimer
ABB is pleased to provide you with technical information regarding protective
relays. The material included is not intended to be a complete presentation of
all potential problems and solutions related to this topic. The content is
generic and may not be applicable for circumstances or equipment at any
specific facility. By participating in ABB's web-based Protective Relay School,
you agree that ABB is providing this information to you on an informational
basis only and makes no warranties, representations or guarantees as to the
efficacy or commercial utility of the information for any specific application or
purpose, and ABB is not responsible for any action taken in reliance on the
information contained herein. ABB consultants and service representatives
are available to study specific operations and make recommendations on
improving safety, efficiency and profitability. Contact an ABB sales
representative for further information.
© ABB Group
9, 2013
© ABB Group
9, 2013

Generator Protection Fundamentals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Generator Protection Fundamentals

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Generator Protection Fundamentals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

This webinar brought to you by The Relion® Product Family

Next Generation Protection and Control IEDs from ABB

Generator Protection Fundamentals

Mike is a Senior Engineer, Product Specialist for the Relion

 Power Generation fundamentals

TURBINE GENERATOR UNIT

Main Transformer Auxiliary Transformer

 Practically all unit

 Stator Earth Faults

 Older type of design:

Gen Diff + Back-up 12AI

51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

46 I2> 49 Ith Meter.

52PD PD 51/67 3I> 51V I>/U 87CT I2d/I 64R RRE<

Gen HiZ Diff + Back- up 12AI

Meter. 78 Ucos  Fast and sensitive

Overall Diff + Back-up 12AI

50/51 3I> 50BF 3I> BF

87O 3Id/I 32 Pß 27 3U<

46 I2> 49 Ith 50AE U/I> Meter.

59N UN> 59THD U3d/N

 Generator M1 & M2 protection

 Complete Unit Protection for Smaller

51N IN> 87N IdN/I 87T 3Id/I

< 59N 3Uo>

51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

46 I2> 49 Ith Meter.

< 60FL 59 3U> Meter.

87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith

50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos 81 f>

50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

52PD PD 51/67 3I> 51V I>/U 87CT I2d/I 64R RRE<

 Consequence of stator short circuit

 Endangering condition 87N

 Overcurrent 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>

 Smelted stator core U

46 I2> 49 Ith Meter.

Main Protection Function VT 59N UN> 59THD U3d/N

Reserve Protection Function ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

 Unstabilized differential protection level

End of End of Ibias

 Identical to transformer differential protection

 Vector group compensation

 Transformer ratio compensation

 Unstabilized differential protection

 Stabilized differential protection

87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith Meter.

 Endangering condition REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU

 Protected object D 50/51

51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

 Smelted trafo core 46

Main Protection Function VT 59N

Reserve Protection Function 64S RSE<

87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith Meter.

 Endangering condition 50N/51N