Physics Project: Logic Gates - and Gate

PHYSICS
PROJECT
LOGIC GATES – AND
GATE
PROJECT PREPARED BY:

Namandeep Singh
XII
Session : 2019-2020
LUCKNOW PUBLIC SCHOOL, SECTOR-I
CONTENTS
 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Introduction
 Basic Terminology
 Basic Gates
 AND Gate
 Working Of AND Gate
 Bibliography
Certificate
This is hereby to certify that, the original and
genuine investigation work has been carried out to
investigate about the subject matter and the
related data collection and investigation has been
completely solely, sincerely and satisfactorily done
by, Namandeep Singh, a student of class XII for
the academic session 2019/20,
Regarding the investigatory project entitled
“LOGIC GATE – AND GATE”.
For Physics Department under direct supervision
of the undersigned as per the requirement for
Board Examination.
Date: Board Roll No.:
Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner
_______________ _________ _______________

Acknowledgement
The successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the names of
those persons who helped to make it possible. I
take this opportunity to express my gratitude in
few words and respect to all those who helped
me in the completion of this project. It is my
humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep
senses of gratitude to my Physics teacher for his
valuable support, constant help and guidance at
each and every stage, without which this project
would not have come forth. I also register my
sense of gratitude to our principal, Ms. Rashmi
Pathak, for her immense encouragement that
has made this project successful. I would also
like to thank my friends and family for
encouraging me during the course of this
project. Last, but not the least, I would like to
thank CBSE for giving us the opportunity to
undertake this project.
Introduction
A logic gate can be defined as digital circuit

which either allows a signal to pass through
or stops it. These gates are related to
Boolean Algebra. These gates allow signals
to pass through them only when some logic
is satisfied.
A semiconductor diode (P-N junction) acts
as a closed switch when it is forward biased,
i.e., it allows current when it is reversed
biased, i.e., it allows very little or no current
to pass through it.
This unique property of diode is employed in
the design of logic gates and the circuits.
Basic Terminology
 Signal
Information converted in electrical form
and suitable for transmission is called a
signal. There are two types of signals:
i. Analog Signal
ii. Digital Signal
 Analog Signal
Analog signals are continuous variation
of voltage or current. They are
essentially single-valued function of
time. Sine wave is fundamental analog
signal.
 Digital Signal
Digital signal are those which can take
only discrete step wise values. Binary
system that is extensively used in digital
electronics employs just two levels of a
signal. ‘0’ corresponds to low level and
‘1’ corresponds to high level of voltage
or current.
 Digital Circuit
The electrical circuit which uses only
digital signals is called digital circuit.
 Logic Gate
A digital circuit which allows a signal to
pass through it or stops is called a gate.
When such gate allows the signal to pass
through only when some logical condition
is satisfied, they are called logic gates.
Each logic gate follows certain logical
relationship between input and output
voltage. It is used in calculators, etc.
Basic Gates
There are three basic logic gates. They are
combined together to form several other logic
gate. These logic gates are the building block of
digital circuit.
The basic logic gates are:
1. OR GATE
2. AND GATE
3. NOT GATE
The logic gates are represented with specific
symbols in digital circuit.
 Truth Table
It is a table that shows all possible input
combinations and the corresponding
output combination for a logic gate.
1. OR GATE
The symbolic diagram of ‘OR GATE’
with two inputs and the truth table is
shown:
2. NOT GATE
The symbolic diagram of ‘NOT GATE’
with one input and the truth table is
shown:
3. AND GATE
The symbolic diagram of ‘AND GATE’ with
two inputs and the truth table is shown:
The Boolean expression for AND
GATE is Y = (A.B). The gate only
gives output when both the
switches A and B are closed.
The simplified AND gate shown

above has two inputs, switch A
and B. the bulb Q will only light if
both switches are closed. This
will allow current to flow through
the bulb, illuminating the
filament.
AND GATE
AIM:
To design and stimulate the gate circuit.
COMPONENTS:
Breadboard, torch bulb, switches,
connecting wires, battery.
THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:
An AND gate can be realize by the electronic
circuit, making use of two switches A and B
as shown in the figure.
i. If both switches A and B are open (A=0,
B=0) then lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
ii. If switch A closed and B open (A=1, B=0)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y =0.
iii. If switch A open and B closed (A=0, B=1)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
iv. If switch A and B both closed (A=1, B=1)
then Lamp will glow, hence Y =1.
Bibliography
I would like to acknowledge the

following sources through which I
obtained vital information which
contributed in the completion of this
project:
i. slideshare.com
ii. wikipedia.org
iii. icbse.co.in
iv. scribd.com
v. google.co.in

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PHYSICS

PROJECT PREPARED BY:

___________ _ ___________

A logic gate can be defined as digital circuit

The simplified AND gate shown

I would like to acknowledge the

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