Perencanaan Pengelolaan Sampah

1. Site Selection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qV0RPv8gJJo
2. Pengelolaan Leachate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3N2JDdclECM

Kursus Online Gratis :

https://www.coursera.org/learn/solid-waste-management/home/welcome
Video 1 Overview of the Course
Hello and welcome to this course on municipal solid waste management in developing countries.
My name is Chris Zurbrügg, I am a researcher at Eawag.
Eawag is the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology.

0:20
At Eawag, I work in the department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development, abbreviated by Sandec.
I have over 18 years of research and practical experience on various issues involving the topic of solid waste management in low-
income countries.
This course is the third in a series of e-learning initiatives jointly developed by Sandec at Eawag and EPFL.
0:49
The series covers the full range of Sandec research activities.
For more information on other courses, please visit our website.

0:58
We designed this course for quite a broad audience.
The main requirement for taking this course is that you are excited and passionate about this topic.
You might be a student or a practitioner working in an NGO or as a consultant or even in national or local government.

1:17
Our hope is that with this course, you, wherever you are and whatever you do, can make a change for the better.
This change is desperately needed.

1:28
Increasing population and urbanization results in increasing waste generation.
Most cities are finding it difficult not only to cope with the existing situation, but also to anticipate future trends and prepare and plan for
this.

1:44
No or unreliable waste collection results in waste accumulating in neighborhoods and endangers public health.
Deficient treatment or disposal severely pollutes the environment and contributes to global warming.

2:01
Before describing the program, let us first look at the learning objectives of this course.
We hope that, after this course, you understand the current situation and relevance of municipal solid waste management.
Remember, this course focuses on low- and middle-income countries and does not provide much information regarding waste
management in OECD countries.
Besides this overall understanding, at the end of the course, you should be able to comprehend the key issues of waste management,
which on one hand covers the physical elements, starting with waste generation, collection, transport, treatment and/or recycling, and
landfill disposal as well as the role of stakeholders, key management issues, as well asgovernance and financial aspects.

2:54
Besides understanding the challenges, you will learn about appropriate and already applied solutions through selected case studies.
So at the end of the course, you should also know what can be done and how to improve the situation.

3:10
The course will give a lot of space to organic waste treatment.
And after the various modules on organic waste treatment, you should know about the basic principles of each and have a good
understanding of the pros and cons of each option.
Finally, you should be able to understand some selected broader issues.
Now, I shall pass the word to Imanol Zabaleta to introduce you to the concepts that underlie the framework of this course.
Thanks Chris.
Hi, my name is Imanol Zabaleta.
I'm a researcher and a project coordinator at Eawag, working together with Chris at Sandec and also dealing with issues pertaining
to solid waste management in developing countries.
As Chris mentioned, waste management does not only involve the waste-related services and infrastructure.
It also involves people, their behaviors and interactions, money, laws and other aspects which are often overlooked or neglected.
Having a comprehensive and well-structured overview of all aspects involved in solid waste management and their interdependencies
is therefore of utmost importance.
This is what the integrated sustainable waste management framework is for - here shown behind me.
The most recent version of the framework, shown here, consists of two overlapping triangles that represent two sides of the solid waste
management system: the hardware of the system, the physical components,
4:46
and the software of the system, the governance aspects.

4:50
This framework is becoming the norm in discussion and assessment of solid waste management systems in different countries.
We adapted it into this animated figure.

5:02
In week 1, after discussing the relevance and importance of the course, we will focus on the physical elements in the municipal solid
waste management chain.
That covers generation, collection and treatment, triple R components, reduce, reuse and recycle as well as final disposal.

5:21
Week 2 will then focus on the governance aspects, covering various stakeholders involved, their roles and responsibilities, financial
mechanisms as well as institutional and policy aspects.

5:33
In week 3, we will learn about different options to treat organic waste, also referred to as biowaste.
5:42
In week 4, we will cover the basics on the management of several other waste fractions.

5:48
And finally, week 5 will conclude with modules on selected broader issues such as circular economy, and the link between waste and
climate change.
<i>[We estimate that we need about 75 percent...]
You will notice that in each week, we have included one or several bonus modules.

6:07
Our goal with this course is to get you really excited about the topic, so that you want to know much more about it.

6:14
That's why we will refer to key readings on specific subjects in the various video modules, which typically can be downloaded for free
from our website or other Internet databases.

6:25
You will also find references to key readings on the Coursera landing page and on our department's website under the section
"eLearning".

6:34
And remember that learning can be really fun!
And when sharing with others, then the added value of learning and the fun factor significantly increase.
In that sense, we really welcome you to join and exchange on the forum.
In the forum, you can share your ideas, opinions, pictures, experiences from your hometown or from your travels, and discuss these
issues with other learners enrolled in the course.
In this course, in addition to graded quizzes, you will encounter ungraded quiz questions within the videos as well as homework tasks.
Broaden and strengthen your knowledge by completing them.
We look forward to working with you in this course.
Video 1.2 Why this course important?

0:02
Why is this course important?
Let's see if I can convince you.
Provision of good solid waste management is a tremendous challenge all over the world, but specially
in developing countries.
Our society needs knowledge in solid waste management since we need solutions in the coming
decades.
Some of you might still be doubting whether to follow this course or not.

0:28
If you worry about the following facts,
or if you think that they deserve some attention, then join us.
It is time to bring solid waste management
to the attention of the general public.
Did you know that there are two billion people
whose waste is not collected from their homes and neighborhoods?
Or that three billion people lack access to controlled disposal facilities?
Many communities, city dwellers, living organisms and ecosystems
are direct victims of environmental and health impacts of this situation.
1:01
Let me point out two sad stories.
The first one is about the city of Surat in India.
In 1994, the city of Surat suffered an outbreak of plague
like disease caused by major flooding,
as a consequence of uncollected waste blocking the drains.
The outbreak resulted in 56 deaths,
0.3 million people migrated in two days,
and the country suffered as much as two billion US dollars
in economic losses.
The good side of the story is that they learned from their mistake.
In the next 18 months,
the city administration transformed the city
into one of the cleanest in the region
winning the Best City Award
in the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems in 2013.
1:48
The second story is about the municipal dumpsite in Quezon City,
in the Phillippines.
In July of 2000,
after ten consecutive days of heavy rain,
a slope of the dumpsite collapsed on a slum community.
The landslide killed nearly 300 people
and left hundreds of families homeless and without a source of livelihood.
The slope failure was the result of a bad management of the dumpsite.
No daily cover, no compaction,
too steep slopes, no [leach] collection, etc.
Can we do it better?
We must!
Currently, it is estimated that we generate
around seven to 10 billion tons of urban waste per year.
Can you imagine?
And predictions do not forecast a much better future.
By the end of the century,
global population is predicted to rise up to nine to 11 billion people.
90% of this growth will take place in Africa,
and 83% of the world population
will be concentrated in Asia and Africa alone.
Right where most of the developing countries we're targeting are located.
Of course, more people automatically implies more waste.
Besides, it is also interesting to mention that waste generation
is significantly greater in urban than in rural areas.
And how the urbanization trends look like?
Let's have a look.
Have a look at this map.
See how the percentage of people living in cities grows
almost in every country of the world.
The darker the color, the higher the percentage of people
living in urban areas or cities.
At the same time, the size of cities is also rapidly growing.
In 1970, there were only three mega cities,
cities with more than ten million inhabitants.
All of them in the north, in Japan and the United States.
By now, there are 28,
and by 2030, the number will have rised to 40.
32 of these will be in the global south.
3:49
And of course, this will have serious implications
on resource consumption and waste generation.
3:56
Now that we mention resources, look.
Have a quick glance to this infographic.
Check first the diagram in the center.
It shows the number of years we have left of different resources
considering the global current consumption rate,
and half of the consumption rate of an average US citizen.
On the right side,
we see the proportion of consumption
that is met by recycled materials in percentage.
The infographic shows some astonishing predictions.
Did you know that, if consumption rates keep equal,
we will soon run out of indium, required for LCD screens?
And almost not recycled nowadays.
Or that phosphorus reserves are predicted to deplete in a few centuries?
These might sound quite a lot,
but notice that our agriculture production
depends heavily on phosphorus subtracted from mines.
No phosphorus means lower food production,
and who knows what problems we will then face.
Silver is left for nine to 29 years, tin 17 to 40 years,
copper 38 to 61 years,
and not high recycling rates for these resources
are achieved currently.
Much of them are just being dumped.
We might want to start doing something about this.
The world is in need of well-prepared waste managers.
Unfortunately many waste-related decisions are taken without much thought.
Obsolete, abandoned, non-functional and mismanaged technologies,
such as this drum composter in Kathmandu, Nepal
are common place in many low and middle income countries.
In this particular case, the installation was too technical.
It had a rotating drum, conveyor belts, etc.
and all of them broke down and needed replacements.
Besides, as usual, there was no market or demand for compost.
So in the end, the whole activity was too expensive
to maintain and operate
and now it is used to store motorbikes.
There are infinite reasons why these technologies fail.
And many of them could be avoided by having a proper assessment
of the characteristics and needs of each location.
This course intends to bring some light to these issues.
Do you also think that we need to start looking for solutions
to the previous issues?
We need everybody to take part in this.
We need as many people as possible who are not only dedicated
and motivated to solve the waste problem,
but who also understand the complexity of the system,
and have the tools to improve it.
Tell your friends, colleagues, or anybody who's interested
or involved in solid waste management to join the course.
Understanding solid waste management systems
is definitely a preliminary pre-condition
and hopefully this course will contribute to cover that gap.
Downloads
Lecture Videomp4

Subtitles (English)WebVTT

Transcript (English)txt

Would you like to help us translate the transcript and subtitles into additional
Video 1.3 Municipal waste generation and characterization

0:04
Hi! Welcome to this module on the waste generation and characterization.
0:09
This is the outline of the module on the things I would like to share with you.
0:14
First of all we'll discuss why do we need this data and what do we do with it?
0:20
Then we'll look at a waste generation in different countries across the globe.
0:25
Then we'll also look at key properties of waste, especially composition, then we'll look at moisture,
density and also calorific value.
Finally we'll conclude by thinking about how can we measure these parameters and what are the
important things to consider.
0:46
So first, we need to ask the question: what do we want to know about waste and why?
You might remember this graph from previous modules.
That shows the different physical elements of the waste management stream.
Now, if our question is: what measures do we want to introduce for waste prevention and reduction?
It is, of course, important to know what's is generated in the household,
1:16
and what can be achieved with such measures.
1:20
If it's important to know what the capacity and the number of collection vehicles that are necessary,
then it's also important to know what waste is generated in the household which needs to be removed
and collected by vehicles.
However, we want to assess feasibility, and the scale of a treatment option.
Then it's rather important to know what's entering the treatment station at this point in the waste
management stream, and what needs to be processed.
1:54
If our interest is in identifying recycling opportunities, then of course we need to know the
composition and the value of the waste generated.
Finally, if we want to estimate the life span of the landfill, then it's important to measure waste
amounts that are reaching the landfill.
2:15
On waste generation, let's look at this graph from the global waste management outlook.
What we see here is waste generation per capita, per year, and on the x axis we see gross national
income per capita.
2:35
What is clearly visible is that, with increasing income,
2:41
we have increasing waste generation rates. Poor countries generate less waste, rich countries generate
more waste.
2:54
Another way of showing this is on the global map,
2:58
shown with different colors, low waste generation and high waste generation in a darker blue.
What you clearly see is the African sub-continent,
which generally has low waste generation rates per person.
Also, South Asia has quite low generation rates per person.
3:24
So what influences generation rates?
3:28
The evidence is not so clear, but what is certain is that it's lifestyle,
degree of urbanization, and what we have just seen previously, income level.
Let me give you an example of lifestyle.
People that tend to not eat at home, and eat outside of their home,
they tend to generate less waste at their house.
That's a typical phenomenon of lifestyle.
More information on city generation rates is available in this document:
"What a waste a global review of solid waste management",
which can be found on the internet
and can be downloaded free of charge.
4:12
What's exciting in this graph is a projection for 2025
4:18
in categories of low income, middle income,
and higher income countries.
4:24
What you can see clearly here is that the increase
will be mostly pronounced in the lower middle income countries.
This is mainly due to a large population increase
projected for 2025 in these countries.
4:46
Now, let's look at municipal solid waste composition.
These pie charts show the different fractions in municipal solid waste.
4:56
What we are showing are 4 different pie charts,
for 4 different income groups:
low income countries, lower middle income countries,
upper middle income countries, and high income countries.
What we need to highlight is that in low income countries,
the organic fraction, is significantly higher
than the organic fraction in high income countries.
On the other hand,
5:25
packaging waste, paper and plastic in high income countries
is much higher than it is in low income countries.
5:36
Remember that waste composition may vary quite significantly,
depending on the location.
You see here the same pie chart from the lower and middle income countries,
and on the right hand side,
you see the composition from Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania.
5:54
What is astonishing is that in Nouakchott,
only 5% of waste is organic.
6:04
And typically in the lower middle income countries, it's 53%.
So, why is this?
In Nouakchott in Mauritania, many households have goats
or they have friends that have goats.
And most of the organic material, kitchen scraps from the households
are fed to these goats.
That's why the organic fraction in the residue waste for collection is only 5%.
On the other hand, there is a significant amount of "others",
which is mostly sand and stones given the desert area of Mauritania.
6:49
Another example is this one from China,
where we differentiate between households using gas,
and households using coal.
7:00
And you see, the difference is predominantly in the fraction of "others",
which is mainly ash from using coal,
which then, ends up in the waste stream.
7:16
This example shows how waste composition affects collection.
This is an example from Indonesia where waste at the household
has quite a large fraction of sand and stones.
Here the waste collection vehicle was adapted by applying these mesh walls,
which act as a sieve during transport,
to let the sand fall out of the waste collection cart.
7:49
Now, let's look at other properties of municipal waste, again,
by low, middle, and high income country.
What you see clearly is the moisture content,
so the amount of water in waste
which is significantly higher in low income countries
than in high income countries.
Also, the density of waste which is due to the moisture
is significantly higher in low income countries than in high income countries.
8:24
Finally the lower calorific value is lower in low income countries,
and much higher in high income countries.
8:34
So why is this important?
Let's focus on density.
8:39
If we use such compactor trucks as is shown here,
8:44
these compactor trucks compact the waste
up to a specification of 500 kilograms per cubic meter.
8:55
Now using such a truck, under such conditions,
does not really fulfill any purpose.
Because the waste is already so dense.
This truck however is very useful in high income country conditions,
where the waste is very bulky and needs to be compacted
to efficiently transport the waste.
9:23
Finally let's look at another property of municipal solid waste,
the lower calorific value.
9:30
This is a very rough formula
to estimate the lower calorific value of your waste
based on the composition of your waste.
9:42
What's important is that the result gives us an indication
if the waste will burn or not.
So for incineration without adding fuel,
we require a lower calorific value of at least 1000 kilocalories per kilogram.
10:01
If we want to incinerate and recover energy,
then we will require a lower calorific value
of at least 1500 kilocalories per kilogram.
10:14
In this formula, you see how the different composition of wastes equate.
10:22
Plastic equates quite strongly in raising the calorific value,
while the moisture content, the water content,
of course will negatively influence the calorific value.
10:39
As an example, now let's plug in the numbers for a low income country.
10:46
We have 6% paper, 2% textiles,
and 53% biowaste,
which would be the sum of wooden leaves and food waste.
11:05
Then we compute 90 times the 7% of plastic minus 46 times 60% moisture,
which is a typical moisture content of such waste.
11:23
If you calculate this, the result is a 310 kilocalories per kilogram.
This tells us that this kind of waste here would not burn,
and we would have to add additional fuel
if we would want to incinerate it.
Or, another option would be to significantly dry it
and lower the moisture content in the waste.
11:52
Before concluding, now let's think of where and how to measure.
In this module I won't give you the necessary information
for a measurement campaign.
However I do want to highlight a few main issues.
First of all, you need to think.
If you want to divide into sub-areas,
that's important if you want to understand
how the different income groups affect waste generation.
12:23
What you will also need to decide is on properties
that you want to measure.
What is always important, is to ensure random sampling.
12:34
To get the variation of waste generation,
we need to sample over at least a week,
and if possible, we should also ensure multi seasonal sampling,
to capture the seasonal variation.
12:54
So let's summarize what we've heard about in this module.
12:58
We discussed the importance of understanding what your questions are,
before developing a measurement campaign.
13:08
Then we looked at waste generation,
and showed how it varies by country, by city,
13:15
and how it correlates to income and lifestyle.
13:19
We also looked at composition.
13:23
And the general rule is that low income will have high organics,
high moisture, and high density, and low calorific value.
13:34
And finally, we looked at some key issues
in the measurement of waste characterization and generation,
which is capturing the variation in the week and in the season,
and ensuring random sampling.
So thanks for listening.
Downloads
Lecture Videomp4

Subtitles (English)WebVTT

Transcript (English)txt

Would you like to help us translate the transcript and subtitles into additional