Technical Supplement 14R Design and Use of Sheet Pile Walls in Stream Restoration and Stabilization Projects

Technical Design and Use of Sheet Pile Walls in
Supplement 14R Stream Restoration and Stabilization

Projects
(210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Technical Supplement 14R Design and Use of Sheet Pile Walls in Part 654
Stream Restoration and Stabilization National Engineering Handbook
Projects
Issued August 2007
Cover photo: Piles made of wood, steel, or concrete may be needed to

stabilize streambanks where bridges, roads, and property
boundaries are restrictive.
Advisory Note
Techniques and approaches contained in this handbook are not all-inclusive, nor universally applicable. Designing
stream restorations requires appropriate training and experience, especially to identify conditions where various
approaches, tools, and techniques are most applicable, as well as their limitations for design. Note also that prod-
uct names are included only to show type and availability and do not constitute endorsement for their specific use.
(210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

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Contents Purpose TS14R–1
Introduction TS14R–1
Applications TS14R–1
Types of sheet pile walls TS14R–2
Materials TS14R–2
Steel...................................................................................................................TS14R–2
Concrete...........................................................................................................TS14R–2
Wood.................................................................................................................TS14R–5
Vinyl...................................................................................................................TS14R–5
Fiber reinforced polymer ..............................................................................TS14R–5
Soil properties TS14R–5

Coarse-grain soils............................................................................................TS14R–5
Fine-grain soils.................................................................................................TS14R–6
Loads TS14R–8
Lateral earth pressure.....................................................................................TS14R–8
Water loads.......................................................................................................TS14R–9
Surcharge..........................................................................................................TS14R–9
Wall stability.....................................................................................................TS14R–9
Structural design TS14R–11

Sheet design...................................................................................................TS14R–13
Construction considerations TS14R–13
Conclusion TS14R–14
Tables Table TS14R–1 Estimated soil properties TS14R–6
Table TS14R–2 Description of coarse-grain soil density TS14R–7
Table TS14R–3 Description of fine-grain soil consistency TS14R–7
(210–VI–NEH, August 2007) TS14R–i

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Figures Figure TS14R–1 Toewall for scour protection cross section TS14R–1
Figure TS14R–2 Flanking and undermining protection profile TS14R–1
Figure TS14R–3 Streambed grade stabilization profile TS14R–2
Figure TS14R–4 Bank slope stability cross section TS14R–2
Figure TS14R–5 Bank retaining wall cross section TS14R–2
Figure TS14R–6 Sheet pile TS14R–3
Figure TS14R–7 Sheet pile sections TS14R–3
Figure TS14R–8 Concrete piles TS14R–4
Figure TS14R–9 Wood pile sheets TS14R–5
Figure TS14R–10 Empirical correlation between effective TS14R–7

phi angle and PI
Figure TS14R–11 Active and passive rotation TS14R–8
Figure TS14R–12 Differential water load TS14R–9
Figure TS14R–13 Surface surcharge loading TS14R–9
Figure TS14R–14 Deep-seated failure TS14R–10
Figure TS14R–15 Wall rotational failure TS14R–10
Figure TS14R–16 Overstressed pile TS14R–12
Figure TS14R–17 CWALSHT output file TS14R–28
TS14R–ii (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

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Purpose ing walls. While sheet pile can be combined with soil
bioengineering techniques, it does have some ecologic
and geomorphic disadvantages. Stream restoration
This technical supplement provides an introduction to and stabilization may require the use of structural
the use of sheet pile, types of walls, sheet pile materi- measures to provide lateral or vertical stability to the
als, classical method of design for wall stability, struc- stream. Structural measures include concrete retain-
tural design, specification, and installation of sheet ing walls, drop structures, and sheet pile walls. These
pile for stream restoration and stabilization projects. measures result in a statically stable stream within the
stabilized area and are useful in arresting unaccept-
This technical supplement describes typical applica- able lateral stream migration and local vertical insta-
tions for cantilever sheet pile wall in stream restora- bility. Structural measures may be used when vegeta-
tion and stabilization projects, types of sheet pile tion and other soil bioengineering practices are not
material, loads applied to the sheet pile, failure modes, stable under the stress or duration of the design event
design for cantilever wall stability, structural design or wherever the consequences of any movement of the
of the piles, and some construction considerations. It banks are unacceptable.
does not address stream stability; hydraulic analyses
of the streamflow; geotechnical analyses and slope sta-
bility of the stream slopes; or the ecological, aesthetic, Applications
or geomorphic consequences of the use of sheet pile.
Sheet pile walls may be used in a variety of applica-
tions for stream bank stabilization and restoration
Introduction projects such as:
• toewall for scour protection (fig. TS14R–1)
Sheet pile may be used in a variety of applications
for stream restoration and stabilization. It is typically • flanking and undermining protection (fig.
used to provide stability to a stream, stream slopes, TS14R–2)
or other constructed structures in high risk situations. • streambed grade stabilization (fig. TS14R–3)
Typical applications of sheet pile include toe walls,
• bank slope stability (fig. TS14R–4)
flanking and undermining protection, grade stabiliza-
tion structures, slope stabilization, and earth retain- • bank retaining walls (fig. TS14R–5)
Figure TS14R–1 Toewall for scour protection cross Figure TS14R–2 Flanking and undermining protection
section profile
Armored chute
Established rock or concrete block
Streambed
vegetation
Sheet pile Streambed Sheet pile

Stream channel
Sheet pile
(210–VI–NEH, August 2007) TS14R–1

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Figure TS14R–3 Streambed grade stabilization profile Types of sheet pile walls
Streambed
Sheet pile walls may be cantilever or anchored walls.
Figure TS14R–6 illustrates both a cantilever sheet pile
wall and an anchored sheet pile wall. Cantilever walls
Streambed
derive support from adequate embedment below the
stream channel. Steel cantilever walls are limited to
wall heights of 15 to 20 feet, while vinyl cantilever
Sheet pile walls are limited to 6 to 10 feet. An anchored wall is
typically required when the wall height exceeds that
suitable for a cantilever wall. Anchored sheet pile
walls derive support from embedment in the soil and
the anchor force(s) applied to the piling wall.
Materials
Figure TS14R–4 Bank slope stability cross section

Steel
Steel sheet pile is available in various shapes (types),

Established sizes, weights, and steel grades. Z-type piles and Amer-
vegetation
ican Society for Testing and Materials International
(ASTM) A572, Grade 50 are the most common.
Sheet
Stream channel pile Sheet pile may be hot-rolled or cold-rolled piles (fig.
TS14R–7 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE),
Potential
slip surface 1994c). Hot-rolled piles are formed into the final shape
with the interlocks, while the steel is in the molten
state. Cold-rolled piles are fabricated into the final
shape from flat plate steel. The interlocks for hot-
rolled piles are stronger than cold-formed pile inter-
locks and may allow easier and straighter driving in
hard driving conditions and allow less soil migration
though the interlocks. Typically, less seepage and ma-
terial loss are allowed through hot-rolled interlocks.
Cold-rolled piles are usually acceptable for stream res-
Figure TS14R–5 Bank retaining wall cross section
toration and stabilization projects. Material specifica-
tions often allow either hot-rolled or cold-rolled piles.
Established
vegetation
Concrete
Concrete piles are precast and often prestressed, with

Stream channel
a wall thickness of 6 to 12 inches and widths of 30 to
Sheet 48 inches. The joints may be tongue-and-groove or
pile grouted (fig. TS14R–8 (USACE 1994c)).
TS14R–2 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Projects
Figure TS14R–6 Sheet pile
Anchor
Tie rod
Stream channel Stream channel
Sheet
pile
Sheet
pile
Cantilever wall Anchored wall
Figure TS14R–7 Sheet pile section
a. Hot-rolled Z-section b. Cold-rolled Z-section

Projects
Figure TS14R–8 Concrete piles
Grouted Tongue and groove

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Wood polymer resin matrix. The fiber reinforcement typi-

cally consists of glass reinforcing fibers. Because of
Wood piles may be either independent sheets or the method of manufacturing, the mechanical proper-
tongue-and-groove interlocking sheets (fig. TS14R–9 ties (strength, modulus of elasticity) may vary with
(USACE 1994c)). Wood piles are used on short wall orientation. Due to the potential strength of FRP sheet
heights and often anchored with wood walers and pile and its resistance to corrosion, FRP could be con-
vertical wood piles. All wood components should be sidered for applications requiring wall heights higher
treated to reduce rot or damage due to wood-destroy- than allowed for vinyl sheet pile or for areas with high
ing insects or water borers. corrosion potential for steel. The required strength,
modulus of elasticity, and anisotropic nature of the
material must be considered in the design.
Vinyl
Vinyl sheet pile is available in sections of similar shape

to Z-shaped steel sheet pile. Vinyl has lower strength Soil properties
and modulus of elasticity than steel and is, therefore,
limited to lower wall heights or anchored walls. Vinyl The shear strength of soils may vary depending on
sheet pile may be manufactured by monoextrusion of the rate that load is added to the soil, duration of the
all virgin material or coextrusion of recycled material, load, whether a previous load has been exerted on the
coextruded with a virgin material coating to provide soil (in particular for overconsolidated clays), and the
resistance to ultraviolet light. permeability of the soil. Shear strength parameters
are often characterized as undrained and drained
parameters. The terms undrained and drained are not
Fiber reinforced polymer a description of the water level in the soils, but rather
a description of the pore pressure condition in the soil
Sheet piling may also be manufactured of a synthetic
when it is loaded. An undrained condition (also called
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). This type of sheet pile
short-term, quick, total stress, or unconsolidated-und-
is also referred to as fiberglass or composite sheet pile.
rained) assumes that pore pressures will develop due
A FRP product consists of fiber reinforcement and a
to a change in load. The assumption is that the pore
pressures that develop are not known and must be
implicitly considered in the methods used to analyze
soils for this condition.
A drained condition (also called long term, slow, ef-

fective stress, or consolidated-drained) implies that
either no significant pore pressures are generated from
the applied load or that the load is applied so slowly
that the pressure dissipates during the slowly applied
Figure TS14R–9 Wood pile sheets loading.
Coarse-grain soils
Butt-ended
Coarse-grain soils include sands, gravels, and non-
plastic silts of high enough permeability that excess
pore pressures do not develop as a result of a change
in loading. Soils with a permeability of 1x10-4 centi-
Tongue and groove
meters per second or greater are often assumed to
have permeability rates high enough so that excess
pore pressures do not develop. The shear strength of
Splint fastened coarse-grain soils is estimated from a consolidated-

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drained (CD) or consolidated-undrained condition the load is maintained for a sufficient period of time,
with pore pressure measurements (CU´) shear tests. the soil will exhibit drained shear stress parameters.
The shear strength may also be estimated from in situ Analyses in fine-grain soils should consider both und-
tests such as standard penetration tests or cone pen- rained and drained conditions, with the most critical
etration tests. The drained shear strength applies to condition governing the design.
both short-term and long-term load conditions. Typical
soil properties for coarse-grain materials are shown in For overconsolidated clay soils that contain fissures
table TS14R–1. and slickensides, the design of a sheet pile wall should
consider the fully softened shear strength. If the wall
Fine-grain soils is being placed to stabilize a recent slide, the residual
shear strength should be considered. Typical soil
Fine-grain soils such as clays and plastic silts are more properties for fine-grain materials are shown in table
complex. They have a low permeability, and shear TS14R–1. Tables TS14R–2 and TS14R–3 provide the
strength of these materials varies with duration of description of coarse-grain soil density and fine-grain
load. They have the potential to develop excess pore soil consistency. Figure TS14R–10 illustrates the
pressure due to changes in loading. If a soil has low empirical correlation between effective phi angle and
permeability and experiences a fast change in load, it PI (USACE 1994c) A more detailed treatment of soil
will exhibit undrained shear strength parameters. If properties is provided in NEH654 TS14A.
Table TS14R–1 Estimated soil properties
Undrained shear strength Drained shear strength

properties properties
Moist unit Sat. unit Wall/soil
Soil type 1/ weight weight Angle of Angle of Angle of adhesion 3/
lb/ft3 lb/ft3 Cohesion internal Cohesion internal wall friction lb/ft2
lb/ft2 friction lb/ft2 friction (steel pile)
φ φ δ
Loose sand 95–125 120–130 0 28 0 28 0.5 × φ 0

Medium dense 110–130 125–135 0 32 0 32 0.5 × φ 0
sand
Dense sand 110–140 130–140 0 38 0 38 0.5 × φ 0
2/
Very soft clay 85–100 85–100 0–250 0 0 0.5 × φ 0–250
2/
Soft clay 100–120 100–120 250–500 0 0 0.5 × φ 250–500
2/
Medium clay 110–125 110–125 500–1,000 0 0 0.5 × φ 500–750
2/
Stiff clay 115–130 115–130 1,000–2,000 0 50–100 0.5 × φ 750–950
2/
Very stiff clay 120–140 120–140 2,000–4,000 0 100 0.5 × φ 950
2/
Hard clay >130 >130 >4,000 0 100 0.5 × φ 950
Compiled from USACE, EM 1110–2–2504, Design of Sheet Pile Walls; Pile Buck, Inc. Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual; and NAVFAC DM –7.2,
Foundations and Earth Structures
1/ See tables TS14R–2 and TS14R–3 for qualitative descriptions of soil types.
2/ See figure TS14R–10 (USACE 1994c).
3/ Wall/soil adhesion is typically 0 for drained (long-term) conditions.

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Table TS14R–2 Description of coarse-grain soil density Table TS14R–3 Description of fine-grain soil
consistency
Density description Evaluation/description Saturated consistency Evaluation/description

Very loose A 1/2-in rod can be pushed easily by Very soft Thumb will penetrate greater
hand into soil than 1 in. Soil is extruded
Loose Soil can be excavated with a spade. between fingers
A 2-in square wooden peg can easily Soft Thumb will penetrate about 1
be driven to a depth of 6 in in. Soil molded by light finger
Medium dense Soil is easily penetrated with a 1/2-in pressure
rod driven with a 5-lb hammer Medium Thumb will penetrate about
Dense Soil requires a pick for excavation 1/4 in. Soil molded by strong
A 2-in square wooden peg is hard to finger pressure
drive to a depth of 6 in Stiff Indented with thumb
Very dense Soil is penetrated only a few centi- Very stiff Indented by thumb nail
meters with a 1/2-in rod driven with Hard Thumbnail will not indent
a 5-lb hammer
Figure TS14R–10 Empirical correlation between effective phi angle and PI
50
Kenney (1959)
40 Bjerrum and Simons (1960)
Ladd et al. (1977)
φ′ at (σ1′/σ3′) max (degrees)
30
20
Average (Bjearrum and Simons 1960)
±1 Standard deviation (U.S. Navy 1971)

10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Plasticity index, Pl

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Loads driving force in sheet pile stability analysis. In general,

a lateral movement of approximately 1 inch is required
to fully mobilize the shear resistance for each 20 feet
of wall height.
Lateral earth pressure
Passive earth pressure develops when the pile moves
The lateral (horizontal) earth pressure is a function
or rotate towards the soil, tending to compress the
of the soil properties (cohesion, phi angle, and unit
soil laterally (horizontally) in the direction of the pile
weight), height of overburden, and the elevation of
movement (fig. TS14R–11). Passive earth pressure is
the water table. Earth pressures varies from an initial
the resisting force in sheet pile stability analysis. In
state referred to as at-rest, Ko, to a minimum limit state
general, a lateral movement of approximately 1 inch is
referred to as active, KA, to a maximum limit state re-
required to fully mobilize the shear resistance for each
ferred to as passive, KP. The classical method of sheet
2 feet of wall height.
pile design assumes development of active and passive
lateral earth pressures.
More rigorous analysis may be conducted, assuming
that the soil behaves as a spring, with the maximum
Active earth pressure develops when the pile moves or
resistance equal to the active or passive lateral earth
rotates away from the soil allowing the soil to expand
pressure, as appropriate.
laterally (horizontally) in the direction of the pile
movement (fig. TS14R–11). Active earth pressure is the
Figure TS14R–11 Active and passive rotation
Active state Passive state

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Water loads Wall stability
A difference in water level on either side of the wall Both anchored and cantilever sheet pile must be
creates unbalanced hydrostatic pressure, adding to the analyzed against overturning. Wall penetration must
pressure forcing the wall outward (fig. TS14R–12). The be great enough to prevent deep-seated failure (fig.
difference in water level may be because of a ground TS14R–14 (USACE 1994c)) or rotational failure (fig.
water table, which is higher in the bank than in the TS14R–15 (USACE 1994c)). Deep-seated failure should
stream, a higher water level upstream of an inchannel be assessed by a slope stability analysis conducted by
sheet pile, or from a high streamflow which saturates a geotechnical engineer.
the bank, followed by rapid drawdown when the water
level in the stream drops faster than the water can The rotational stability of a cantilever wall or an an-
drain from the bank. chored wall may be evaluated using methods present-
ed in the Retaining Wall Design Guide (U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture Forest Service (USDA FS) 1994)
Surcharge or the Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual (Pile Buck,
Inc. 1987), with some simplifying assumptions, or the
Surface surcharge (fig. TS14R–13) also exerts lateral USACE computer program CWALSHT (USACE 1994b).
pressure on the wall, forcing the wall outward. Typical
surcharge loadings may be due to equipment (parked Penetration depths determined by the Retaining Wall
or traveling), storage areas, construction materials, Design Guide or Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual are
vehicles, and others. Surcharge loads are often esti- typically increased by 30 percent to provide a factor of
mated to be 100 to 200 pounds per square foot. Other safety against overturning. An example calculation is
surcharge loads include spoil, snow, or ice. provided later in this technical supplement.
Figure TS14R–12 Differential water load Figure TS14R–13 Surface surcharge loading
Active state

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Figure TS14R–14 Deep-seated failure
Ground surface Ground surface
Tie rod
Sheet pile Sheet pile Anchor

Slip
surface
Dredge line Dredge line
Slip
surface
a. Cantilever wall b. Anchored wall
Figure TS14R–15 Wall rotational failure
Ground surface
Ground surface
Sheet pile
Tie rod
Sheet pile
Anchor
Dredge line
Dredge line

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CWALSHT calculates the required depth of penetration • soil/pile properties

based on the acceptable factor of safety for passive
• angle of wall friction
soil pressures. Factors of safety are applied to both
active and passive pressures. A factory of safety for • wall/soil adhesion
active pressures may be applied; however, it is consid-
ered sufficient to use a value of 1.0 unless wall defor- An example using CWALSHT is provided at the end of
mations are restricted. The following factors of safety this technical supplement.
are recommended by the USACE for retaining walls:
• Usual loads—2.0 for undrained (short-term)
conditions and 1.5 for drained (long-term) con- Structural design
ditions
• Unusual loads—1.75 for undrained (short-term) Sheet pile failure may also be caused by overstressing
conditions and 1.25 for drained (long-term) the pile (fig. TS14R–16 (USACE 1994c)).
conditions
To avoid compounding factors of safety, the sheet pil-
• Extreme loads—1.5 for undrained (short-term) ing and wales are designed to resist forces produced
conditions and 1.10 for drained (long-term) by soil pressures calculated using a factor of safety
conditions of 1.0 for both active and passive pressures (USACE
1994c). Therefore, the design bending moment, shear,
Usual loads are considered to be loads frequently and associated deflection for the sheet pile are based
experienced by the system in performing its primary on a factor of safety of 1.0 for both active and passive
function such as retaining soil or a differential water soil pressures.
load at the design storm. Usual loads may be long term
or intermittent. Unusual loads may be construction Moment—The maximum moment may be evaluated
or operational loads of an infrequent and short-term using methods presented in the Retaining Wall Design
nature such as surcharge from construction equipment Guide or Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual. The mo-
adjacent to the wall. Extreme loads are worst case ment along the length of the pile may be evaluated
loads such as water loads above the design storm. The with CWALSHT.
system should be designed to withstand extreme loads
without failure. Shear—The shear along the length of the pile may be
evaluated with CWALSHT.
CWALSHT will compute both the active and passive
lateral earth pressures from the input listed below and Deflection—A scaled deflection is calculated in the
conduct a sheet pile design or analysis: CWALSHT design mode. An estimate of the actual
• wall height deflection may be determined by dividing the scaled
deflection by the modulus of elasticity, E, of the pile
• water table elevations material and the moment of inertia, I, of the pile sec-
• anchor location (if anchored wall) tion. The deflection along the length of a particular pile
section may be evaluated with the CWALSHT analysis
• soil properties mode.
• moist unit weight
No firm guidelines exist for acceptable deflection, and
• saturated unit weight values ranging from 1 to 5 inches are typically consid-
• undrained shear strength parameters (as appli- ered acceptable. It is recommended that the deflection
cable) be limited to 1 to 3 inches for stream restoration and
stabilization projects.
• drained shear strength parameters (as appli-
cable)

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Figure TS14R–16 Overstressed pile
Ground surface Ground surface
Sheet pile Sheet pile Tie rod
Plastic hinge Anchor
Dredge line Plastic hinge Dredge line

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Sheet design Construction considerations

Steel—The minimum section modulus per foot of wall
is: Piling—Cold-rolled steel sheet pile sections have a
M weaker interlock than hot-rolled sections and may
S min = max (eq. TS14R–1) unlock while being driven in hard conditions, resulting
fb
in misalignment. A minimum pile thickness of a fourth
The minimum shear area per foot of wall is: inch is typically recommended for driveability. In
Vmax tough driving conditions, such as dense to very dense
A v ,min = (eq. TS14R–2) sands, very stiff to hard clay soils, or soils containing
fv
significant amounts of gravel, a thicker pile should be
The allowable stress, fb, for steel sheet piling is typi- considered. In areas where corrosion of the steel pile
cally: is a concern, a thicker pile than required structurally
should be considered to allow for corrosion through-
Bending and axial load: out the design life.
fb = 0.5 fy (usual loads) (eq. TS14R–3)
Equipment—Sheet pile is typically installed by driv-
fb = 0.5 fy × (1.33 ) (unusual loads) (eq. TS14R–4) ing, jetting, or trenching. Jetting is often not allowed
for walls designed to retain soil. Hammers for driving
fb = 0.5 fy × (1.75 ) (extreme loads) (eq. TS14R–5) may be steam, air, diesel-drop, single action, double
action, differential action, or vibratory. Vibratory ham-
Shear: mers work well in sand, silt, or softer clay soils. Hard-
fν = 0.33 fy (usual loads) (eq. TS14R–6) er driving conditions such as stiff clay may require an
impact hammer.
fν = 0.33 fy × (1.33 ) (unusual loads) (eq. TS14R–7)
Access for a crane is often required to operate the
fν = 0.33 fy × (1.75 ) (extreme loads) (eq. TS14R–8) hammer. Short piles or piles in easier driving condi-
tions may be installed with a backhoe or hammer
where: attached to a back/track hoe. A temporary guide
fy = yield strength of the pile material structure or template is recommended to ensure that
the piles are driven in the correct alignment. Use of a
Concrete—Reinforced concrete and prestressed con- protective cap is required with impact hammers. Pro-
crete piles should be designed in accordance with the tective shoes may be used on the tip of a pile in hard
appropriate ACI Code. driving conditions.
Wood—Wood piles should be designed in accordance When driving vinyl pile in stiff clays or dense sands, a
with the National Design Specification for Wood steel mandrel is often driven with the vinyl pile and ex-
Construction (NDS) (American Wood Council 2005). tracted upon completion of driving. The purpose of the
mandrel is to support the vinyl pile only during driving.
Vinyl and fiber reinforced polymer—The allow-
able stress should be limited to half the yield stress of Pile driving and installation—Piles should be
the material. driven with the proper size hammer for the size of pile,
depth of penetration, and soil conditions. When impact
Anchor design—Anchors may consist of concrete, hammers are used, the hammer should be appropri-
steel member, or sheet pile deadmen attached to the ately sized and a protective cap utilized to prevent
pile with tie rods, tiebacks with grouted anchors, or excessive damage to the pile. In some conditions, large
various configurations of steel or concrete piles at- impact hammers are not appropriate for driving small-
tached to the sheet pile by a wale or through a tie rod. er pile sections and have caused excessive damage to
Design of anchors and tie rods is described in Design the pile. A smaller impact hammer may work better in
of Sheet Pile Walls (USACE 1994c). these situations.

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Alignment—Piles should be maintained in alignment Conclusion

during driving. Sheet pile should not be driven more
than an eighth inch per foot out of plumb in the plane
of the wall or perpendicular to the plane of the wall. Sheet pile may be used in a variety of applications for
stream restoration and stabilization. Typical applica-
tions of sheet pile are in high risk situations where no
additional bank or bed movement is acceptable. Sheet
pile applications include toe walls, flanking and under-
mining protection, grade stabilization structures, slope
stabilization, and earth retaining walls. Sheet pile is
often combined with soil bioengineering techniques
to provide stability to a stream, stream slopes, or
other manmade structures. It is particularly useful in
open channel environments that are characterized by
high velocities and shear stresses. Its use has distinct
advantages because of accepted design techniques
established contracting and construction procedures.
However, the use of sheet pile does have certain cost,
aesthetic, ecologic and geomorphic drawbacks. It
is important to balance these potential drawbacks
against the need to provide static protection.

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Steel sheet pile wall example calculation
Given: A steel sheet pile will be installed to provide support to the lower streambank and prevent further erosion
of the bank toe.
EL. 97
1.0
2.5
EL. 89
Silty sand
γ=unit weight=115 lb/ft3
γ ′=submerged unit weight
=62.6 lb/ft3
φ=32° c=0 lb/ft2
EL. 79
Determine:
Required embedment depth
Design embedment depth
Minimum recommended steel sheet pile wall properties
Solution:
β=21.8°
A
A1
01
D
C
O
Z
E F A2 J
Net soil pressure

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Steel sheet pile wall example calculation—Continued
1
β = tan −1 = 21.8 o
2.5 (eq. TS14R–9)
Using Rankine equations for lateral earth pressure coefficients.
cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ (eq. TS14R–10)

K A = cos β
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ
cos 21.8 − cos 2 21.8 − cos 2 32
= cos 21.8 = 0.39
cos 21.8 + cos 2 21.8 − cos 2 32
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ

K P = cos β
cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ (eq. TS14R–11)
cos 21.8 + cos 21.8 − cos 32
2 2
= cos 21.8 = 2.2
cos 21.8 − cos 2 21.8 − cos 2 32
Less conservative methods of estimating KA and KP, such as Coulomb (1776) equations, are acceptable. These equa-
tions are described in the Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual (Pile Buck, Inc. 1987) and other foundation engineering
references.
Determine wall pressures:

PA1 = γHK a = 115 × 10 × 0.39 = 448.5 lb/ft 2
(eq. TS14R–12)
PA 2 = PA1 + γ ′DK A (eq. TS14R–13)

= 448.5 + ( 62.6 )D( 0.39 )
= 448.5 + 24.4 D
( )
PE = γ ′D K p − K A − PA1
= 62.6D( 2.2 − 0.39 ) − 448.5
= 113.3D − 448.5
PJ = γ ′D(K P − K A ) + γHK P
= 62.6D( 2.2 − 0.39 ) + 115 × 10 × 2.2 (eq. TS14R–14)
= 113.3D + 2, 530
To be stable, the sum of forces must be zero, and the sum of moments at any point must be zero.
∑ F = 0 by areas (eq. TS14R–15)
Area (BAA1 ) + Area ( AA1 A 2 F ) + Area (ECJ ) − Area (EA1 A 2 ) = 0 (eq. TS14R–16)
or

Projects
1 D Z D
HPA1 + (PA1 + PA 2 ) + ( PE + PJ ) − (PE + PA 2 ) = 0 (eq. TS14R–17)
2 2 2 2
Solve this equation for Z:
Z=
(PE − PA1 ) D − HPA1
(eq. TS14R–18)
PE + PJ
(eq. TS14R–19)
∑ M = 0 at point F
1  H D2 Z2 D2 D2
∑ MF =
HPA1  D +  + PA1 + ( PE + PJ ) − (PE + PA 2 ) + (PA 2 − PA1 ) = 0 (eq. TS14R–20)
2  3 2 6 6 6
These two equations may be solved by trial and error.

Assume a depth of penetration, D.
Solve for Z.
Substitute Z into the ΣMF. Continue adjusting D and Z until ΣMF =0.
Try D = 20 feet
PA1 = 448.5 lb/ft 2
(eq. TS14R–21)
PA 2 = 448.5 + ( 24.4 × 20 ) = 936
(eq. TS14R–22)
PE = 113.3 × 20 − 448.5 = 1, 817
(eq. TS14R–23)
PJ = 113.3 × 20 + 2, 530 = 4, 796
(eq. TS14R–24)
(P − PA 1 ) D − HPA 1 (1817 − 448 ) 20 − 10 × 448
Z= = = 3.46
E
(eq. TS14R–25)
PE + PJ 1, 817 + 4, 796
1  10  20 2 3.46 2 20 2 20 2
ΣM F = × 10 × 448  20 +  + 448 + (1, 817 + 4, 796 ) − (1, 817 + 936 ) + (936 − 448 )
2  3 2 6 6 6

(eq. TS14R–26)
∑M F = 4,185 (eq. TS14R–27)
Try D = 20.5 feet

PA1 = 448.5 lb/ft 2
(eq. TS14R–28)
PA 2 = 448.5 + ( 24.4 × 20.5 ) = 948
(eq. TS14R–29)
PE = 113.3 × 20.5 − 448.5 = 1, 874
(eq. TS14R–30)
PJ = 113.3 × 20.5 + 2530 = 4852
(eq. TS14R–31)

Projects
Z = 3.68 (eq. TS14R–32)
∑M F = 164 ft-lb
(eq. TS14R–33)
The required depth is 20.5 feet.
To determine the design embedment depth, increase D by 30 percent for a factor of safety.
D = 20.5 × 1.30 = 26.65 ft (eq. TS14R–34)
y 2
3
Zero shear
Net shear
The design embedment depth is 26.5 feet.
Locate the point of zero shear.

PA1 448.5
y= = = 3.96
γ ′ (K P − K A ) 62.6 ( 2.2 − 0.39 )
(eq. TS14R–35)
1 1
P1 = PA1 H = × 448 × 10 = 2, 240 lb/ft of wall (eq. TS14R–36)
2 2

Projects
1 1
P2 = PA1 y = × 448 × 3.96 = 887 lb/ft of wall
2 2 (eq. TS14R–37)
Solve for X
1
γ ′ (K P − K A ) x 2 = P1 + P2 (eq. TS14R–38)
2
2 (P1 + P2 ) 2 ( 2, 240 + 887 ) (eq. TS14R–39)
x2 = = = 55 ft
γ ′ (K P − K A ) 62.6 ( 2.2 − 0.39 )
x = 7.42 ft
(eq. TS14R–40)
Solve for the maximum moment (occurs at the point of zero shear)
1
P3 = γ ′ (K P − K A ) x 2 = P1 + P2 = 2, 240 + 887 = 3,127
2 (eq. TS14R–41)

M max = P1 l1 + P2 l 2 − P3 l 3
(eq. TS14R–42)
H 10
l1 = + y + x = + 3.96 + 7.42 = 14.71 (eq. TS14R–43)
3 3
2y 2 ( 3.96 )
l2 = +x= + 7.42 = 10.06 (eq. TS14R–44)
3 3
x 7.42
l3 = = = 2.47 (eq. TS14R–45)
3 3
M max = 2, 240 (14.71) + 887 (10.06 ) − 3,127 ( 2.47 ) (eq. TS14R–46)
= 34,149 ft-lb
The minimum section modulus of 50 kilopounds per square inch steel per foot of wall is:
M max (eq. TS14R–47)
S min =
fb
fb = 0.5 fy = 0.5 × 50, 000 = 25, 000 lb/in 2 (eq. TS14R–48)

34,149 ft-lbs × 12 in/ft
S min = = 16.39 in 3 /ft of wall (eq. TS14R–49)
25, 000 lb/in 2

Projects
Steel sheet pile wall CWALSHT program
The steel sheet pile should be Grade 50 steel with a minimum section modulus of 16.4 cubic inches per foot of wall.
Given: The steel sheet pile is described in the previous example.
Determine:
Design embedment depth
Maximum moment and shear in the pile
Minimum recommended steel sheet pile wall properties
Estimate the deflection of the top of the pile
Solution:
Using CWALSHT, enter the data for the analysis.

Projects
A factor of safety of 1.5 on the passive soil pressure is recommended for this usual load condition. Since the soils
are silty sand with a moderate permeability, they will exhibit drained (long-term, effective) behavior.

Projects
Enter the surface data for both the left side and right side. CWALSHT requires the pile to be loaded from the right
side.

Projects
Enter the soils data for both the left and right side. The level 1 factors of safety input previously will apply to the
soils data unless level 2 factors are input to override level 1.

Projects

Projects
Enter the water elevation data.

Projects
The data input for this problem is complete. The problem may be solved with the sweep search, fixed wedge
method, or both may be run separately.

Projects
The fixed surface method will be used and the solution continued and completed. The output may be viewed to
determine the required depth of the pile (fig. TS14R–17).

Projects
Figure TS14R–17 CWALSHT output file
II.--SUMMARY
RIGHTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY FIXED SURFACE WEDGE METHOD.
LEFTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY COULOMB COEFFICIENTS
AND THEORY OF ELASTICITY EQUATIONS FOR SURCHARGE LOADS.
WALL BOTTOM ELEV. (FT) : 61.47
PENETRATION (FT) : 17.53
MAX. BEND. MOMENT (LB-FT) : 2.5262E+04
AT ELEVATION (FT) : 69.22
MAX. SCALED DEFL. (LB-IN3) : 9.6124E+09
NOTE: DIVIDE SCALED DEFLECTION MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY IN PSI TIMES PILE MOMENT
OF INERTIA IN IN4 TO OBTAIN DEFLECTION
IN INCHES.
So the design embedment depth using a factor of safety on passive soil pressure is 17.53 feet.
The maximum moment and shear should be determined using a factor of safety of 1.0 in the CWALSHT
program. The results are:
II.--SUMMARY
RIGHTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY FIXED SURFACE WEDGE METHOD.
LEFTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY COULOMB COEFFICIENTS
AND THEORY OF ELASTICITY EQUATIONS FOR SURCHARGE LOADS.
WALL BOTTOM ELEV. (FT) : 65.72
PENETRATION (FT) : 13.28
MAX. BEND. MOMENT (LB-FT) : 1.9080E+04
MAX. SCALED DEFL. (LB-IN3) : 5.1147E+09
OF INERTIA IN IN^4 TO OBTAIN DEFLECTION
IN INCHES.
PROGRAM CWALSHT-DESIGN/ANALYSIS OF ANCHORED OR CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS

BY CLASSICAL METHODS
DATE: 14-DECEMBER–2004 TIME: 14:08:44
****************************
* COMPLETE OF RESULTS FOR *
* CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN *
****************************
I.--HEADING
‚STREAMBANK GUIDE
‚EXAMPLE
‚CANTILEVER Pile

Projects
Figure TS14R–17 CWALSHT output file—Continued
II.--RESULTS
BENDING SCALED NET

ELEVATION MOMENT SHEAR DEFLECTION PRESSURE
(FT) (LB-FT) (LB) (LB-IN^3) (LB/FT2)
89.00 0.0000E+00 0. 5.1147E+09 0.00
88.00 6.4623E+00 19. 4.7876E+09 38.77
87.00 5.1698E+01 78. 4.4606E+09 77.55
86.00 1.7448E+02 174. 4.1336E+09 116.32
85.00 4.1358E+02 310. 3.8070E+09 155.09
84.00 8.0778E+02 485. 3.4811E+09 193.87
83.00 1.3958E+03 698. 3.1567E+09 232.64
82.00 2.2166E+03 950. 2.8347E+09 271.41
81.00 3.3087E+03 1241. 2.5165E+09 310.26
80.00 4.7111E+03 1570. 2.2041E+09 348.96
79.00 6.4616E+03 1936. 1.8999E+09 383.19
78.00 8.5600E+03 2231. 1.6069E+09 205.14
77.00 1.0863E+04 2345. 1.3288E+09 22.60
76.88 1.1153E+04 2346. 1.2956E+09 0.00
76.00 1.3188E+04 2276. 1.0694E+09 -160.07
75.00 1.5353E+04 2024. 8.3278E+08 -342.67
74.00 1.7176E+04 1590. 6.2264E+08 -525.27
73.00 1.8473E+04 974. 4.4211E+08 -707.87
72.00 1.9063E+04 175. 2.9340E+08 -890.47
71.00 1.8762E+04 -807. 1.7750E+08 -1073.07
70.00 1.7388E+04 -1971. 9.3872E+07 -1255.67
69.00 1.4758E+04 -3318. 4.0106E+07 -1438.27
68.00 1.0690E+04 -4848. 1.1635E+07 -1620.87
67.36 7.2451E+03 -5923. 3.5387E+06 -1737.81
67.00 5.0536E+03 -6126. 1.4035E+06 612.96
66.00 3.2402E+02 -2244. 3.7195E+03 7150.96
65.72 0.0000E+00 0. 0.0000E+00 8970.81

OF INERTIA IN IN^4 TO OBTAIN DEFLECTION
IN INCHES.

Projects
The maximum moment estimated by the CWALSHT program is 19,080 feet-pounds and maximum shear of 6,126
pounds at elevation 77.
The difference in the analysis completed by hand calculations, and the CWALSHT analysis is due to the method of
estimating the active and passive earth pressure.
The minimum section modulus of 50 kilopounds per square inch steel per foot of wall is:
M max
S min = (eq. TS14R–50)
fb
fb = 0.5 fy = 0.5 × 50, 000 = 25, 000 lb/in 2

(eq. TS14R–51)
19, 080 ft-lb/ft of wall × 12 in/ft
S min = = 9.15 in 3 /ft of wall (eq. TS14R–52)
25, 000 lb/in 2
A CZ–67 pile will provide a section modulus of 10.69 cubic inches per foot of wall. The thickness of a CZ–67 is 0.217
inches. A minimum thickness of 0.25 inches is recommended. A CZ–84 provides a thickness of 0.276 inches and
section modulus of 13.62 cubic inches per foot of wall.
The minimum shear area per foot of wall is:
Vmax (eq. TS14R–53)

A v ,min =
fν
fv = 0.33 fy = 0.33 × 50, 000 = 16, 500 lb/in 2

(eq. TS14R–54)
6,126 lb/ft of wall

A v ,min = = 0.37 in 2 /ft of wall (eq. TS14R–55)
16, 500 lb/in 2
h
A v of Z − shaped piles = t w ×
w
h
A v of u − shaped piles = 2 t w ×
w
h
A v of CZ − 84 = t w ×
w (eq. TS14R–56)
7.88
= 0.276 ×
 21.65 
 12 
= 1.2 in 2 / foot of wall > 0.37
The steel sheet pile should be Grade 50 steel with a minimum section modulus of 13.6 cubic inches per foot of wall.

Projects
The deflection of the top of the pile may be determined by using the analysis mode of CWALSHT and inputting the
actual pile properties or by dividing the scaled deflection provided by the design mode by the modulus of elasticity
of the steel and the moment of inertia per foot of pile.
Scaled deflection
Deflection =
(E × I )
9
= 5.1147 E + (eq. TS14R–57)
(29,000,000 × 53.63)
= 3.28 in

Technical Supplement 14R Design and Use of Sheet Pile Walls in Stream Restoration and Stabilization Projects

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Technical Supplement 14R Design and Use of Sheet Pile Walls in Stream Restoration and Stabilization Projects

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What are sheet pile walls used for in stream restoration and stabilization projects?

What are sheet pile walls used for in stream restoration and stabilization projects?

What are some common materials used for sheet pile walls?

What are some common materials used for sheet pile walls?

Technical Design and Use of Sheet Pile Walls in

Supplement 14R Stream Restoration and Stabilization

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Issued August 2007

Cover photo: Piles made of wood, steel, or concrete may be needed to

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Contents Purpose TS14R–1

Types of sheet pile walls TS14R–2

Soil properties TS14R–5

Structural design TS14R–11

Construction considerations TS14R–13

Tables Table TS14R–1 Estimated soil properties TS14R–6

Table TS14R–2 Description of coarse-grain soil density TS14R–7

Table TS14R–3 Description of fine-grain soil consistency TS14R–7

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007) TS14R–i

Figure TS14R–2 Flanking and undermining protection profile TS14R–1

Figure TS14R–3 Streambed grade stabilization profile TS14R–2

Figure TS14R–4 Bank slope stability cross section TS14R–2

Figure TS14R–5 Bank retaining wall cross section TS14R–2

Figure TS14R–6 Sheet pile TS14R–3

Figure TS14R–7 Sheet pile sections TS14R–3

Figure TS14R–8 Concrete piles TS14R–4

Figure TS14R–9 Wood pile sheets TS14R–5

Figure TS14R–10 Empirical correlation between effective TS14R–7

Figure TS14R–11 Active and passive rotation TS14R–8

Figure TS14R–12 Differential water load TS14R–9

Figure TS14R–13 Surface surcharge loading TS14R–9

Figure TS14R–14 Deep-seated failure TS14R–10

Figure TS14R–15 Wall rotational failure TS14R–10

Figure TS14R–16 Overstressed pile TS14R–12

Figure TS14R–17 CWALSHT output file TS14R–28

TS14R–ii (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Sheet pile Streambed Sheet pile

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007) TS14R–1

Figure TS14R–4 Bank slope stability cross section

Steel sheet pile is available in various shapes (types),

Concrete piles are precast and often prestressed, with

TS14R–2 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Figure TS14R–6 Sheet pile

Stream channel Stream channel

Cantilever wall Anchored wall

Figure TS14R–7 Sheet pile section

a. Hot-rolled Z-section b. Cold-rolled Z-section

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007) TS14R–3

Figure TS14R–8 Concrete piles

Grouted Tongue and groove

TS14R–4 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Wood polymer resin matrix. The fiber reinforcement typi-

Vinyl sheet pile is available in sections of similar shape

A drained condition (also called long term, slow, ef-

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007) TS14R–5

Table TS14R–1 Estimated soil properties

Undrained shear strength Drained shear strength

Loose sand 95–125 120–130 0 28 0 28 0.5 × φ 0