GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT

Engr. Laveet Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering 1
 GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT
• Gas turbine power plant has relatively low cost and
can be quickly put into commission. It requires less
space. This plant is of smaller capacity and is mainly
used for peak load service
• Gas turbine power plants are very promising for
regions where liquid or gaseous fuel is available in
large quantities. Gas turbine installations require only
a fraction of water used by their steam turbine
counterparts.
• Gas turbine has made rapid progress during the past
decade due mainly to the large amount of research.
The size of gas turbine plants used in a large System
varies normally from 10 to 50 MW.
• The thermal efficiency of gas turbine plant is about
22% to 25%. 2
 CLASSIFICATION OF GAS TURBINE PLANTS
Type of load:
(a) Peak load plants (b) Standby plants (c) Base load plants

Application:
(a) Aircraft (b) Locomotive (d) Transport (c) Marine

Cycle.
(a) Open cycle plants (b) Closed cycle plants.

Number of shafts:
(a) Single shaft b) Multi-shaft.

Fuel:
(a) Liquid ( (b) Solid (c) Gas. 3
GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT ELEMENTS

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 GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT
• The gas turbine obtains its power by utilizing the
energy of burnt gases and air, which is at high
temperature and pressure by expanding through the
several ring of fixed and moving blades.
• The quantity of the working fluid and speed required
are more, so, generally, a centrifugal or an axial
compressor is employed. The turbine drives the
compressor and so it is coupled to the turbine shaft.
• If after compression the working fluid were to be
expanded in a turbine, then assuming that there were
no losses in either component the power developed
by the turbine would be just equal to that absorbed by
the compressor and the work done would be zero.
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 GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT
• But increasing the volume of the working fluid at
constant pressure can increase the power
developed by the turbine
• To get a higher temperature of the working fluid a
combustion chamber is required where
combustion of air and fuel takes place giving
temperature rise to the working fluid.
Thus, a simple gas turbine cycle consists of
• Compressor,
• Combustion chamber and
• Turbine 6
 CLASSIFICATION
The gas turbine power plants which are used in
electric power industry are classified into two groups
as per the cycle of operation
• Open cycle gas turbine
• Closed cycle gas turbine

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OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT

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OPERATING PRINCIPLE OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT
• A simple open cycle gas turbine consists of a compressor,
combustion chamber and a turbine
• The compressor takes in ambient air and raises its pressure.
Heat is added to the air in combustion chamber by burning
the fuel and raises its temperature.
• The heated gases coming out of combustion chamber are
then passed to the turbine where it expands doing
mechanical work. Part of the power developed by the
turbine is utilized in driving the compressor and other
accessories and remaining is used for power generation
• Since ambient air enters into the compressor and gases
coming out of turbine are exhausted into the atmosphere,
the working medium must be replaced continuously. This
type of cycle is known as open cycle gas turbine
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CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT

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OPERATING PRINCIPLE CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWERPLANT

• In closed cycle gas turbine plant, the working fluid (air

or any other suitable gas) coming out from compressor
is heated in a heater by an external source at constant
pressure.
• The high temperature and high-pressure air coming
out from the external heater is passed through the gas
turbine. The fluid coming out from the turbine is
cooled to its original temperature in the cooler using
external cooling source before passing to the
compressor.
• The working fluid is continuously used in the system
without its change of phase and the required heat is
given to the working fluid in the heat exchanger.
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OPERATING CYCLE – BRAYTON CYCLE

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AIR COMPRESSORS

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 ROTODYNAMIC MACHINERY
• A Rotodynamic Machinery is one in which fluid flows
freely through an impeller or rotor ; the transfer of energy
between the fluid and rotor is continuous and change of
angular momentum of the fluid causes, or is a result of
torque on th rotor.
• When the energy is transferred from Fluid to the Rotor,
the machine is known as TURBINE.
• When the energy is transferred from Rotor to the Fluid,
the machine is known as Fan, Pump and COMPRESSOR.
• Note that Rotary Machines i.e Vane Type are defined as
Positive Displacement Compressors (Reciprocating
Compressors) rather than Rotodynamic because fluid
does not flow freely through rotating parts but is displaced
from sealed spaces. 15
 CENTRIFUGAL AIR COMPRESSOR
• The centrifugal air compressor is
a dynamic compressor which depends on transfer
of energy from a rotating impeller to the air
• Centrifugal compressors produce high-pressure
discharge by converting angular momentum
imparted by the rotating impeller (dynamic
displacement).
• In order to do this efficiently, centrifugal
compressors rotate at higher speeds than the
other types of compressors.
• These types of compressors are also designed for
higher capacity because flow through the
compressor is continuous. 16
 CENTRIFUGAL AIR COMPRESSOR
• Adjusting the inlet guide vanes is the most
common method to control capacity of a
centrifugal compressor. By closing the guide vanes,
volumetric flows and capacity are reduced.
• The centrifugal air compressor is an oil free
compressor by design. The oil lubricated running
gear is separated from the air by shaft seals and
atmospheric vents.

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CENTRIFUGAL AIR COMPRESSOR

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CENTRIFUGAL AIR COMPRESSOR

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CENTRIFUGAL AIR COMPRESSOR

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 RECIPROACTING AIR COMPRESSOR
• Reciprocating air compressors are positive
displacement machines, meaning that they increase
the pressure of the air by reducing its volume.
• This means they are taking in successive volumes of air
which is confined within a closed space and elevating
this air to a higher pressure.
• The reciprocating air compressor accomplishes this by
a piston within a cylinder as the compressing and
displacing element.
• Single-stage and Two-stage reciprocating compressors
are commercially available.
• Single-stage compressors are generally used for
pressures in the range of 70 psig to 100 psig.
• Two-stage compressors are generally used for higher
pressures in the range of 100 psig to 250 psig. 21
 RECIPROACTING AIR COMPRESSOR
• The reciprocating air compressor is single
acting when the compressing is accomplished using
only one side of the piston. A compressor using both
sides of the piston is considered double acting.
• Load reduction is achieved by unloading individual
cylinders. Typically this is accomplished by throttling
the suction pressure to the cylinder or bypassing air
either within or outside the compressor. Capacity
control is achieved by varying speed in engine-driven
units through fuel flow control.
• Reciprocating air compressors are available either as
air-cooled or water-cooled in lubricated and non-
lubricated configurations and provide a wide range of
pressure and capacity selections. 22
SINGLE ACTING RECIPROACTING AIR COMPRESSOR

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SINGLE ACTING RECIPROACTING AIR COMPRESSOR

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DOUBLE ACTING RECIPROACTING AIR COMPRESSOR

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COMBUSTION CHAMBER

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 COMBUSTION CHAMBER
• In the combustion chamber, combustion of fuel takes
place. The combustion process taking place inside the
combustion chamber is quite important because it is
in this process that energy, which is later converted
into work by the turbine, is supplied.
• Therefore, the combustion chamber should provide
thorough mixing of fuel and air as well as combustion
products and air so that complete combustion and
uniform temperature distribution in the combustion
gases may be achieved.
• Combustion should take place at high efficiency,
because losses incurred in the combustion process
have a direct effect on the thermal efficiency of the
gas turbine cycle. 28
COMBUSTION CHAMBER

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 COMBUSTION CHAMBER
• Initially the temperature developed in combustion
chamber is too high. The difficulty is avoided by
adding a satisfactory amount of air to maintain
stable combustion conditions and then the
products of combustion are cooled to a
temperature suitable for use in gas turbine by
introducing secondary air.
• The sum of primary and secondary air supplied is
total air needed for combustion.

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 COMBUSTION CHAMBER
• The requirements of a combustion chamber are as
follows:
(i) Low pressure loss
(ii) High combustion efficiency
(iii) Good flame stability
(iv) Low weight
(v) Thorough mixing of cold air and hot products of
combustion to generate uniform temperature
(vi) Reliability
(vii) Low carbon deposit in turbine, and combustion
chamber. 31
REGENERATION , REHEATING
And
COMBINED CYCLE

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THE BRAYTON CYCLE WITH INTERCOOLING,
REHEATING, AND REGENERATION

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 REGENERATION

The extent to which a regenerator approaches an ideal regenerator is called the

effectiveness and is defined as
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 REGENERATION

In regeneration, the heat energy from the exhaust gases is

transferred to the compressed air before it enters the combustion
chamber. Therefore, by this process there will be a saving in fuel
used in the combustion chamber if the same final temperature of
the combustion gases is to be attained and also there will be a
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reduction of waste heat
 REGENERATION

• In the heat exchanger, the temperature of air is increased from T2

to T3, and the temperature of the exhaust gases is reduced from
T5 to T6.
• If the regeneration is perfect, the air would be heated to the
temperature of the exhaust gases entering the Heat exchanger
the effectiveness of the regeneration is defined as:

ε = effectiveness = Rise in air temperature / Max. possible rise 38

 REHEATING

• In reheat cycle, the combustion gases are not expanded in one

turbine only but in two turbines.
• The exhaust of the high-pressure turbine is reheated in a reheater
and then expanded in a low-pressure turbine.
• By reheating, the power output of the turbine is increased but the
cost of additional fuel may be heavy unless a heat exchanger is
also used. 39
COMBINED CYCLE

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 COMBINED CYCLE
• It has been found that a considerable amount of
heat energy goes as a waste with the exhaust of
the gas turbine. This energy must be utilized. The
complete use of the energy available to a system is
called the total energy approach.
• The objective of this approach is to use all of the
heat energy in a power system at the different
temperature levels at which it becomes available to
produce work, or steam, or the heating of air or
water, thereby rejecting a minimum of energy
waste. The best approach is the use of combined
cycles.
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 COMBINED CYCLE
• The exhaust of gas turbine is used as the inlet gas
to the steam generator where the combustion of
additional fuel takes place. This combination allows
nearer equality between the power outputs of the
two units than is obtained with the simple
recuperative heat exchanger.
• In other words, the combination cycles exhibit
higher efficiency

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ADVANTAGES , DISADVANTAGES,
APPLICATIONS & SITE-SELECTION

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 ADVANTAGES
• It is smaller in size and weight as compared to an
equivalent steam power plant. If size and weight
are the main consideration such as in ships, aircraft
engines and locomotives, gas turbines are more
suitable.
• The initial cost and operating cost of the plant is
lower than an equivalent steam power plant.
• The plant requires less water as compared to a
condensing steam power plant
• The plant can be started quickly, and can be put on
load in a very short time. 44
 ADVANTAGES
• The maintenance of the plant is easier and
maintenance cost is low.
• The lubrication of the plant is easy. In this plant
lubrication is needed mainly in compressor, turbine
main bearing and bearings of auxiliary equipment.
• There is great simplification of the plant over a
steam plant due to the absence of boilers with
their feed water evaporator and condensing
system.

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• Advantages of Gas Turbine Over Steam Turbine ??

• Advantages of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Over

Open Cycle Gas Turbine ??

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 DISADVANTAGES
• Part of the work developed in the turbine is used to
derive the compressor. Therefore, network output
of the plant is low.
• Since the temperature of the products of
combustion becomes too high so maintenance
conditions become complicated even at moderate
pressures.

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 APPLICATIONS
• Gas turbine plants are used as standby plants for
the other power plants.
• Gas turbine power plants may be used as peak
loads plant and standby plants for smaller power
units.
• Gas turbines are used in jet aircrafts and ships.

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 SITE-SELECTION FACTORS
• The plant should be located near the load
centre to avoid transmission costs and
losses.
• The site should be away from business
centre due to noisy operations.
• Cheap and good quality fuel should be easily
available.
• Availability of labour.
• Availability of means of transportation. 49
NUMERICALS

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 NUMERICALS

Page No. 518 ( Cengel)

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 Problem Statement (Page No. 522) (Book : G.R Nagpal)
In a gas turbine power plant working on Joule
cycle, air is compressed from 1 kg/cm^2 and 17’C
through a pressure ratio of 6. It is then heated in
the combustion chamber to 700’C and expanded
back to a pressure of 1 kg /cm^2.
Calculate the following:
(a) Cycle efficiency
(b) Work ratio
(c) Specific work output of the plant.

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THANKYOU

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