CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, server overheating has become one of the most important concerns in large-

scale data centers. Due to the considerations such as real estate and integrated management,

data centres continue to increase their computing capabilities by deploying high-density

servers (e.g., blade servers). As a result, the increasingly high server and thus power

densities can lead to some serious problems. First, the reduced server space may result in

a greater probability of thermal failures for various components within the servers, such as

processors, hard disks, and memories. Such failures may cause undesired server shutdowns

and service disruption. Second, even though some components may not fail immediately,

their lifetimes may be significantly reduced due to overheating. It is reported in that the

lifetime of an electronic device decreases exponentially with the increase of the operating

temperature. Finally, the generated heat dissipation can also lead to negative environmental

implications. Therefore, it is important for each server component to run at a temperature

below its overheating threshold. However, in today’s data centres, how to precisely detect

whether any component in a server is overheating remains an open question. The current

practice of detecting and monitoring an over- heating server can be divided into two

categories. The first category is a coarse-grained approach that only uses the temperature

at a proxy component, e.g., CPU or at a fixed location, e.g., the server inlet, for server

overheating monitoring. This is in contrast to the fact that different components in a server
may have different overheating thresholds, which are closely related to their respective

thermal failure rates and expected lifetimes. Relying on a single.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Recently, the monitoring systems have been used significantly due to the benefits that

can provide. The monitoring of temperature became important in factories and laboratories

because high temperature can cause problems in machines that will lead to damage in this

machines which will result in financial losses, thus a device or a program to measure and

control the temperature of these machines is needed.

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this research is to design an embedded system in order to measure

and control the temperature of machine that is overheated in a factory, The system will lead

to avoid machine damage and decrease financial losses.

The detailed objectives are:

1- To achieve high accuracy.

2- To increase products of factories by avoiding machine damage.

3- To control machine overheat automatically by embedded system.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

To achieve the research objectives this research take simulation operation by using

Proteus as a simulator tool and micro c as a programming language .

1.5 Dissertation Layout

This research consists of five chapters, the description of each chapter can be summarized

as follows, chapter one presents the background of embedded systems, problem statement,

objectives and structure of the research, chapter two covers the literature review and

previous studies, chapter three addresses the methodology of the research in detailed,

chapter four explains the results and discussion, finally chapter five presents conclusion

and future works.

CHAPTER TWO

BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Thermistor Working Procedure with Applications:

A thermistor is a temperature sensor constructed of semiconductor material that exhibits a

large modification in resistance in proportion to a tiny low modification in temperature.

Thermistors are inexpensive, rugged, reliable and responds quickly. Because of these

qualities thermistors are used to measure simple temperature measurements, but not for

high temperatures.

Thermistor is easy to use, cheap, durable and respond predictably to a change in

temperature. Thermistors are mostly used in digital thermometers and home appliances

such as refrigerator, ovens, and so on.

Stability, sensitivity and time constant are the final properties of thermistor that create these

thermistors sturdy, portable, cost-efficient, sensitive and best to measure single-point

temperature.

Thermistors are available in different shapes like rod, disc, bead, washer, etcThis article

gives an overview of thermistor working principle and applications

2.2 What is Thermistor and How it Works?

A thermistor is an inexpensive and easily obtainable temperature sensitive resistor,

thermistor working principle is,it’s resistance is depends upon temperature. When

temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor changes in a predictable way. The

benefits of using a thermistor is accuracy and stability

Figure2.1: thermistor 10k

2.3 Requirements

The Model Guidance document defines minimum standards for temperature and humidity

monitoring and alarm systems and components, and for the operational management of

these systems.

2.4. Temperature monitoring systems

Air temperature monitoring systems and devices should be installed in all temperature

controlled

Rooms used to store TTSPPs. Sensors should be located in areas where the greatest

variability in temperature is expected to occur within the qualified storage volume and they

should be positioned so as to be minimally affected by transient events such as door

opening.

2.5 Alarm systems

Temperature, and where necessary, humidity alarm systems should be linked to the

monitoring system. When temperature & humidity going to changed sensor will give a

signal to alarm.

2.6 Temperature

Thermistor 10k analog temperature and humidity sensor is a composite Sensor contains a

calibrated digital signal output of the temperature and humidity. Application of a dedicated

digital modules collection technology and the temperature and humidity sensing

technology ,to ensure that the product has high reliability and excellent long-term stability.

The sensor includes a resistive sense of wet components and an NTC temperature

measurement devices ,and connected with a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller.

2.7 How A Thermistor Works

Introduction:

A thermistor is a component that has a resistance that changes with temperature. There are

two types of thermistor, those with a resistance that increase with temperature (Positive

Temperature Coefficient – PTC) and those with a resistance that falls with temperature

(Negative Temperature Coefficient – NTC).

2.7.1 Temperature co-efficient:

The most common type of thermistors are those in which resistance decreases as the

temperature increases (NTC).

The amount by which the resistance decreases as the temperature increases is not constant,

it varies in a non linear way. A formula can be used to calculate the resistance of the
thermistor at any given temperature. Normally these are calculated for you and the

information can be found in the devices datasheet.

Thermistor Applications:

There are many applications for a thermistor, three of the most popular are listed below.

Temperature sensing:

The most obvious application for a thermistor is to measure temperature, they are used to

do this in a wide range of products such as thermostats.

In rush current limiting:

In this application the thermistor is used to initially oppose the flow of current (by having

a high resistance) into a circuit. Then as the thermistor warms up (due to the flow of

electricity through the device) its resistance drops letting current flow more easily.

Circuit protection:

In this application the thermistor is used to protect a circuit by limiting the amount of

current that can flow into it. If too much current starts to flow into a circuit through the

thermistor this causes the thermistor to warm up. This in turn increases the resistance of

the thermistor reducing the current that can flow into the circuit.

Example:
The circuit shown below shows a simple way of constructing a circuit that turns on when

it goes hot. The decrease in resistance of the thermistor in relation to the other resistor

which is fixed as the temperature rises will cause the transistor to turn on. The value of the

fixed resistor will depend on the thermistor used, the transistor used and the supply voltage.

2.7.2. Applications

HVAC, dehumidifier, testing and inspection equipment, consumer goods, automotive,

automatic control, data loggers, weather stations, home appliances, humidity regulator,

medical and other humidity measurement and control.

2.7.3. Features

Low cost, long-term stability, relative humidity and temperature measurement, excellent

quality, fast response, strong anti-interference ability, long distance signal transmission,

digital signal output, and precise calibration.

2.8 Microcontroller

A microcontroller is an integrated chip that is often part of an embedded system. The

microcontroller includes a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers like a standard

computer, but because they are designed to execute only a single specific task to control a

single system, they are much smaller and simplified so that they can include all the

functions required on a single chip.

A microcontroller differs from a microprocessor, which is a general-purpose chip that is

used to create a multi-function computer or device and requires multiple chips to handle

various tasks. A microcontroller is meant to be more self-contained and independent, and

functions as a tiny, dedicated computer.

The great advantage of microcontrollers, as opposed to using larger microprocessors, is

that the parts-count and design costs of the item being controlled can be kept to a minimum.

They are typically designed using CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor)

technology, an efficient fabrication technique that uses less power and is more immune to

power spikes than other techniques.

There are also multiple architectures used, but the predominant architecture is CISC

(Complex Instruction Set Computer), which allows the microcontroller to contain multiple
control instructions that can be executed with a single macro instruction. Some use a RISC

(Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture, which implements fewer instructions,

but delivers greater simplicity and lower power consumption.

Early controllers were typically built from logic components and were usually quite large.

Later, microprocessors were used, and controllers were able to fit onto a circuit board.

Microcontrollers now place all of the needed components onto a single chip. Because they

control a single function, some complex devices contain multiple microprocessors.

Microcontrollers have become common in many areas, and can be found in home

appliances, computer equipment, and instrumentation. They are often used in automobiles,

and have many industrial uses as well, and have become a central part of industrial robotics.

Because they are usually used to control a single process and execute simple instructions,

microcontrollers do not require significant processing power.

Embedded design

A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and

peripherals and can be used as an embedded system. The majority of microcontrollers in

use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances,

and peripherals for computer systems. These are called embedded systems. While some

embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory
and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input

and output devices include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small or custom LCD

displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light

level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other

recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer, and may lack human interaction devices

of any kind.

Interrupts

Microcontrollers must provide real time (predictable, though not necessarily fast) response

to events in the embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur, an

interrupt system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction

sequence and to begin an interrupt service routine (ISR, or "interrupt handler"). The ISR

will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt before returning

to the original instruction sequence. Possible interrupt sources are device dependent, and

often include events such as an internal timer overflow, completing an analog to digital

conversion, a logic level change on an input such as from a button being pressed, and data

received on a communication link. Since power consumption is important as in battery

operated devices, interrupts May also 20 wake a microcontroller from a low power sleep

state where the processor is halted until required to do something by a peripheral event.
2.8.1 Programs

Microcontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip program memory, since it would

be costly to provide a system with external, expandable, memory. Compilers and

assemblers are used to turn high-level language and assembler language codes into a

compact machine code for storage in the microcontroller's memory. Depending on the

device, the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that can only be

programmed at the factory, or program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable

read-only memory.

2.9 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electro-optical amplitude modulator realized as a thin,

flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front

of a light source or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-powered electronic devices

because it uses very small amounts of electric power.

LCDs have become very popular over recent years for information display in many

„smart‟ appliances. They are usually controlled by micro controllers. They make

complicated equipment easier to operate.

LCDs come in many shapes and sizes but the most common is the 16character x 2 lines

display. It requires only 11 connections –eight bits for data (which can be reduced to four
if necessary) and three control lines. It runs with a supply voltage of 5v DC and only needs

1mA of current .the display contrast can be varied by changing the voltage into pin of the

display, usually with a trim pot.

In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs. This is due to following

reasons:

1.The declining prices of LCDs

2.The ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,

which are limited to numbers and a few characters.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter gives an explanation on the method and step used in designing the humidity

and temperature control system. It includes the description of the design flow, design

architecture and detail explanations for the software development as well as hardware

development.

3.1.1 Microcontroller chip

Figure 3.1 : Pic16F72

12

PIC microcontrollers are a family of specialized microcontroller chips produced by

Microchip Technology in Chandler, Arizona. The acronym PIC stands for "peripheral

interface controller," although that term is rarely used nowadays. A microcontroller is a

compact microcomputer designed to govern the operation of embedded systems in motor

vehicles, robots, office machines, medical devices, mobile radios, vending machines, home

appliances, and various other devices. A typical microcontroller includes a processor,

memory, and peripherals.

The PIC microcontrollers appeal to hobbyists and experimenters, especially in the fields of

electronics and robotics. Key features include wide availability, low cost, ease of

reprogramming with built-in EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only

memory), an extensive collection of free application notes, abundant development tools,

and a great deal of information available on the Internet. The PIC microcontrollers often

appear under the brand name PIC micro.

Every PIC microcontroller has a set of registers that also function as RAM (random access

memory). Special purpose control registers for on-chip hardware resources are also

mapped into the data space. Every PIC has a stack that 12 saves return addresses. The stack

was not software-accessible on the earlier versions of the PIC, but this limitation was

removed in later devices. To make wearable obstacle detection system for visually

impaired people respond faster, it should be equipped with advanced microcontroller to

decrease computational complexity. PIC 16F877A was chosen to detect any switch

triggered and generate the audio sounds and vibrations.

The PIC does not have an operating system and simply runs the program in its memory

when it is turned on. PIC microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit

which stores a set of instructions. It consists of a processor core, memory, and

programmable input/output peripherals. PIC is an important component in the proposed

system which deals with a Micro C programming code which was installed in it.

The system is featured by its small size and low cost when it is compared with other

systems that use separate microprocessor, input/output devices, and memory. Mixed signal

microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non digital

electronic systems.

13
PIC microcontroller operates at +5 V which can be regulated using the voltage regulator

(L7805) which conserves voltage at +5 V if the input voltage for it exceeds +5 V.

Also PIC cannot run without using its crystal oscillator which is used to execute the

programming code. The PIC is used as a real-time processing element; therefore, a high

frequency oscillator is used

3.1.2 Overview

The PIC16F72 belongs to the Mid-Range family of the PIC devices. A block diagram of

the device is shown in Figure 1-1. The program memory contains 2K words, which

translate to 2048 instructions, since each 14-bit program memory word is the same width

as each device instruction. The data memory (RAM) contains 128 bytes. There are 22 I/O

pins that are user configurable on a pin-to-pin basis. Some pins are multiplexed with other

device functions. These functions include:

• External interrupt

• Change on PORTB interrupts

• Timer0 clock input

• Timer1 clock/oscillator

• Capture/Compare/PWM

• A/D converter
• SPI/I2C Table 1-1 details the pin out of the device with descriptions and details for each

pin.

3.2 PIC16F72 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure3.2 Pin Descriptions

3.3 Memory Organization

There are two memory blocks in the PIC16F72 device. These are the program memory and

the data memory. Each block has separate buses so that concurrent access can occur.

Program memory and data memory are explained in this section. Program memory can be

read internally by the user code (see Section 7.0). The data memory can further be broken

down into the general purpose RAM and the Special Function Registers (SFRs). The

operation of the SFRs that control the “core” are described here. The SFRs used to control

the peripheral modules are described in the section discussing each individual peripheral

module.

3.3.1 Program Memory Organization

PIC16F72 devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing a 8K x 14 program

memory space. The address range for this program memory is 0000h - 07FFh. Accessing

a location above the physically implemented address will cause a wraparound. The RESET

Vector is at 0000h and the Interrupt Vector is at 0004h.

3.4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light

modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly. LCDs

therefore need a light source and are classified as "passive" displays. Some types can use

ambient light such as sunlight or room lighting. There are many types of LCDs that are
designed for both special and general uses.

Enable (E) This line allows access to the display

through R/W and RS lines. When this

line is low, the LCD is disabled and

ignores signals from R/W and RS.

When (E) line is high, the LCD checks

the state of the two control lines and

responds accordingly.

Read/Write (R/W) This line determines the direction of

data between the LCD and

microcontroller. When it is low, data

is written to the LCD. When it is high,

data is read from the LCD

Register select (RS) With the help of this line, the LCD

interprets the type of data on data

lines. When it is low, an instruction is

being written to the LCD. When it is

high, a character is being written to the

LCD.

They can be optimized for static text, detailed still images, or dynamic, fast-changing,

video content. They are used in a wide range of applications including: computer monitors,
television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in

consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and

telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications.

They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, and lower cost.

They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and other flat panel displays.

There are two types of data bus a user can choose which are 8 bit and 4 bit data bus. For

an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus 11 I/O lines. For a 4-bit data bus

it only requires the supply lines plus seven extra lines. The LCD also requires 3 control

lines from the microcontroller. In this system, 8 bit data bus is used as this mode is much

simpler to set up than 4 bit data bus.

3.4.1 LCD Control Pins

LCDs are more energy efficient, and offer safer disposal, than CRTs. Its low electrical

power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an

electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid

crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in

color or monochrome.
Figure3.3 LCD Display

3.5 L7805CV Linear Voltage Regulator

Figure 3.4 Voltage Regulator

Figure: 3.5L7805CV Pin Diagram

3.5.1 L7805CV OPERATION

L78 Series of fixed output voltage regulators are useful in a wide range of applications

within the electronics Industry. The three terminal positive linear voltage regulators can

remove problems that are related with single point regulation by providing local on-card

regulation.

The ST Regulator IC can deliver up to 1.5A at the fixed output voltage, which can range

from 5 V to 24 V. The voltage regulator offers safe area protection with the addition of

internal thermal shutdown and current limiting.

3.6 Transformer

Every electrical and electronic device that we use in our day-to-day life will require

a power supply. In general, we use an AC supply of 220V 50Hz, but this power has to be

changed into the required form with required values or voltage range for providing power

supply to different types of devices.

There are various types of power electronic converters such as step-down converter, step-

up converter, voltage stabilizer, AC to DC converter, DC to DC converter, DC to AC

converter, and so on. For example, consider the microcontrollers that are used frequently

for developing many embedded system based project and kits used in real-time

applications. These microcontrollers require a 5V DC supply, so the AC 220V needs to be

onverted into 5V DC using the step-down converter in their power supply circuit.

Figure3.6: Transformer
3.7 Voltage regulator:

A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of changes to its input voltage or load

conditions. The voltage regulator must be stable with its condition. Here we use IC 7805

voltage Regulator. IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to

5V and draws 5V regulated power supply. The voltage source in a circuit may have

fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC

maintains the output voltage at a constant value.

Figure3.7 : Voltage regulator

IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws 5V

regulated power supply. It comes with provision to add heat sink. The maximum value for

input to the voltage regulator is 35V. It can provide a fixed steady voltage flow of 5V for

higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35V. If the voltage is near to 7.5V then it

does not produce any heat and hence no need for heat sink. If the voltage input is more,
then excess electricity is liberated as heat from 7805.It regulates a steady output of 5V if

the input voltage is in rage of 7.2V to 35V. Hence to avoid power loss try to maintain the

input to 7.2V. In some circuitry voltage fluctuation is fatal (for e.g. Microcontroller), for

such situation to ensure constant voltage IC 7805 Voltage Regulator is used. IC 7805 is a

series of 78XX voltage regulators. The name the last two digits 05 denotes the amount of

voltage that it regulates. Hence a 7805 would regulate 5v and 7806 would regulate 6V and

so on. The schematic given below shows how to use a 7805 IC, there are 3 pins in IC 7805,

pin 1 takes the input voltage, GND of both input and out are given to pin 2, pin 3 produces

the output voltage.

3.7.1 Pin Description:

Pin no. Function Name

1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input

2 Ground (0V) Ground

3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output

3.8 Resistor (1Kohm)

1k ohm Resistors are used for regulating current and they resist the current flow and 1k

ohm the extent to which they do this is measured in ohms (Ω).

Figure: 3.81k ohm

3.9Resistor (560kohm)

560k ohm resistor work at display backlight, always control the backlight.

Figure:3.9 560k ohm

3.10 Resistor (3K3 ohm)

3k3 ohm resistor work the contrast control, 3k3 ohm are control the contrast.
Fig3.10 resistor 3k3 ohm

3.11 Diode 1N4007

DIODE 1N4007- Convert to ac to dc and control of the ac to dc system.

Figure3.11 Diode 1N4007-T

3.131000 uF/25V Electrolytic Decoupling Capacitor:

Capacitor is an essential component of our project. We can use the capacitor in different

many applications. Using capacitor in a microcontroller its must because of the

microcontroller is a digital device with fast switching edges which uses a large amount of

current for a very short period of time at each transition. The capacitors supply the large

amount of current needed so that the power supply doesn't sag during that time creating

noise. The main function of a capacitor is storing electric charge. A charged capacitor could

be used as a voltage source. It is always best to use a variety of capacitors on the power

supply pins of the microcontroller to provide a low impedance wideband supply. In our

work we used Electrolytic decoupling capacitors 1000uF/25V. These capacitors are great

transient/surge suppressors and work well in high-voltage and audio applications. High

quality radial electrolytic capacitors. Capacitors are used for several purposes like timing,

smoothing power supply, coupling, filtering, tuning for radio system, storing energy etc.
Figure3.12: 1000 uF/25V Electrolytic Decoupling Capacitor

3.12 7Amps 250V AC or 10Amps 28V DC Relay

This is a Single pole double throw (SPDT) type relay with 5 pins in a cube type package

and rated to work at 12VDC.

Load Current Max.: 7Amps 250V AC or 10Amps 28V DC.

Coil Resistance: 360-440 Ohms.

Figure: 3.13 Relay

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result and discussion

The use of monitoring system became very important now a day, temperature monitoring

is needed specially in factories and laboratories .At the past measuring temperature was

done manually by thermometers but the result is not accurate ,machine overheat control

system has been designed to give accurate results, program code was written by micro c

language and simulate the system by Proteus ,the operating system was windows seven

Microcontroller represent the important part of the system ,the program stored on its

memory. In program if the temperature of machine exceeds thirty degree then the system

alarm the user and operate fan automatically. The results were listed in Table (4.1)

Table (4.1) Result Of Machine Overheat Control

Degree of temperature (x) The action

X>30 Alarm the user by red LED Operate fan for cooling

20<X<30 Alarm the user by green LED Operate fan

X<20 Operate yellow LED

The sensor take the temperature from external environment . The sensor lm35 was

connected to the microcontroller , then microcontroller convert the temperature by analog

to digital convertor to digital result and compare it by the degree in program and take action

according to the program ,the degree in program range from thirty to less than twenty .All

the operations are controlled by the pic 16f877A to produce the output, the PIC is as a

brain of the circuit, the LCD, fans and LED are the output ,the LCD is used to display and

show the changes of temperature value. the fan used for cooling.

Figure (4-1 ) The Result Of Temperature More Than Thirty Degree

Figure (4-2 ) The Result Of Temperature Between Twenty and Thirty Degree

Figure (4-3 ) The Result Of Temperature less Than Twenty Degree

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION

The monitoring of temperature is important because temperature may affect many things

like machines. Machines affected by high temperature during its operation. Machine

overheat control system was designed to measure and control the machines temperature as

well as avoiding the effect of high temperature on these machines. This is done by cooling

the machine when it exceeds the maximum allowable degree using a fan, which operates

automatically. The fan is triggered by the application program in a microcontroller

according that is connected with a sensor to sense the temperature of the machines.

The program code has been written by micro c language and the simulation by Proteus.

The first hardware components of simulation are microcontroller which act as computer ,it

contain read only memory that the program will be stored on it , input output units ,and

random access memory for storing the data . The second hardware components is sensor

lm35 it receive information from environment and send it to microcontroller ,the third

components is LCD which connected to microcontroller according to the program also

have LED and fan .

The program monitoring the temperature of machine if it exceed thirty degree alarm the

user by red LED and operate fan for cooling .if the temperature between thirty and twenty
alarm the user by green LED and operate fan ,if the temperature less than twenty operate

yellow LED. The system give accurate result and avoid machine damage.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Use sensor more accurate and not effective with noisy like platinum sensor .

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