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4.Computer Organization
Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – The Input Unit
1. Which unit is responsible for converting the data received from the user into a
computer understandable format?
a) Memory Unit
b) Arithmetic & Logic Unit
c) Input Unit
d) Output Unit
Answer: c
Explanation: The Input Unit converts the data, which the user enters into a
language which the computer understands, i.e. it converts the data into binary
format. The Output Unit is responsible for giving the results in user-
understandable format. The Storage Unit is responsible for storing the data after
immediate results of processing whereas; the ALU is responsible for various
arithmetic and bitwise operations.

2. The only language which the computer understands is ______________

a) Assembly Language
b) Binary Language
c) BASIC
d) C Language

Answer: b

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Explanation: The Computer understands only binary language which is written in
the form of 0s & 1s. A computer can understand assembly language but an
assembler is required which converts the assembly language to binary language.
Similarly, for understanding high level languages, compilers/interpreters are
required.
3. The smallest unit of data in computer is ________________
a) Byte
b) Nibble
c) Bit
d) KB

Answer: c
Explanation: A bit is defined as the smallest unit of data in a computer system. It
is used as a short form of Binary Digit. A bit can have only two values 0 or 1. A
nibble comprises of 4 bits, a byte is a collection of 8 bits whereas KB (Kilobyte) is
equal to 1024 bytes.

4. One nibble is equivalent to how many bits?

a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 1

Answer: b
Explanation: A nibble is defined as a unit of data which comprises of 4 binary
digits or half of 8-bit byte. Therefore, 1 nibble = 4 bits. A bit is the smallest unit of
data in a computer system. A byte = 8 bits, therefore, half of a byte=4 bits=a
nibble.
5. Which of the following describes the correct format of an input instruction?
a) IN 82
b) INPUT 82
c) INP 82
d) 82 INP

Answer: a

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Explanation: The input/output instructions are used to transfer information
between external peripherals and the CPU. The correct format of an input
instruction is: IN 8-bit port address.
Here, IN 82 is the correct option, where 82 is the designated port address. All the
other options are invalid.
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6. The input machine which originated in the United States around 1880s is a
___________
a) Mouse
b) Joystick
c) Keyboard
d) Bar Code Reader

Answer: c
Explanation: A keyboard is an input device which originated in the 1880s and is
used to give instructions to the computer in the form of letters and numbers.
Mouse is used for the selection of various objects on the screen, joystick is mainly
used for gaming purpose and bar code readers are used for reading the bar-
codes.

7. What does the COMPUTER stand for?

a) Commonly Operated Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research
b) Commonly Occupied Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research
c) Commonly Operated Machines Used in Technical and Environmental Research
d) Commonly Oriented Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research

Answer: a
Explanation: The word COMPUTER is an abbreviation for the terms “Commonly
Operated Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research”. The word
COMPUTER also relates to the word COMPUTE which means to calculate. So,
initially it was thought that a computer is a device which is used to perform
calculations.

8. 1 yottabyte = ______________
a) 1024 TB

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b) 1024 EB
c) 1024 ZB
d) 1024 PB

Answer: c
Explanation: 1 yottabyte is equal to 1024 ZB, which stands for zettabyte. Further,
1 ZB=1024 EB (exabyte) and and 1 EB=1024PB (petabyte).

9. Which of the following is not a function of the Input Unit?

a) It reads instructions and data from the outside world
b) It converts the data into computer acceptable format
c) It makes the data into user understandable format
d) It supplies the data and instructions to the computer for further processing

Answer: c
Explanation: The input unit converts the data into computer understandable
format i.e. binary format and not the user understandable format. It is the duty of
the output unit to make the data into user understandable format.

10. Label the parts 1 and 2:

computer-fundamentals-questions-answers-input-unit-q10
a) 1.ALU 2. MU
b) 1.Output unit 2.Input Unit
c) 1.MU 2. ALU
d) 1.Input Unit 2.Output Unit

Answer: d
Explanation: The above diagram is a simple explanation which describes how the
instruction is given to the CPU, how it is processed, and then how the result is
obtained.
So here, the input unit is used to give instructions to the central processing unit
and the output unit is responsible for giving the result to the user.

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Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – The Output Unit
1. The process of producing useful information for the user is called ___________
a) Controlling
b) Outputting
c) Inputting
d) Processing
Answer: b
Explanation: The Output Unit is responsible for giving the results to the user in the
form of a printed report or visual display. The process is referred to as outputting.
Controlling is nothing but the manner and sequence in which the instructions are
being operated. Inputting means giving instructions to the system whereas,
processing means performing certain operations and calculations.

2. The output unit converts the data entered by the user into computer
understandable form.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The Output unit is responsible for converting the computer obtained
data into user understandable format. The Input Unit is responsible for converting
the data in computer understandable format.

3. VDU stands for __________

a) Virtual Display Unit
b) Visual Display Unit
c) Virtual Detection Unit
d) Visual Detection Unit
Answer: b
Explanation: A Visual Display unit is also referred to as the monitor who basically
is used to give the results or outputs to the user. It comprises of a cathode ray
tube internally.

4. What does SVGA stand for?

a) Standard Visual Graphics Array

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b) Super Visual Graphics Array
c) Standard Video Graphics Array
d) Super Video Graphics Array

Answer: d
Explanation: Super Video Graphics Array is a type of Visual Display Unit. It
supports 1024 by 768 pixels with 60,000 different colors.
5. The devices that used to give single or multiple colored images and drawings
are ____________
a) Monitors
b) Printers
c) Plotters
d) VDUs
Answer: c
Explanation: Plotters are the devices which are used to give colored images. They
use ink pens or ink jets for drawing. Pens of different colors and shades are used
for shading and styling.

6. A special request originated from some device to the CPU to acquire some of its
time is called ___________
a) Disturbance
b) Attenuation
c) Interrupt
d) Noise
Answer: c
Explanation: An interrupt is a kind of request which takes control of the system
bus for some time, then performs all the operations and gives back control to the
CPU. It is usually identified by some number and is handled by the interrupt
controller.

7. Line Printers that print one line at a time are _________

a) Laser Printers
b) Inkjet Printers
c) Drum Printers
d) Chain Printers

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Answer: c
Explanation: The drum printers have a solid cylindrical drum with characters
embossed on its surface in the form of circular bands. It can only print a
predefined set of characters.

8. A monitor looks like a television and are normally used with non-portable
computer systems.
a) CRT
b) LCD
c) LED
d) Flat Panel Monitors
Answer: a
Explanation: A CRT (or the Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor looks like a television
ideally. The flat panel monitors are thinner and lighter in comparison.

9. Which of the following is not a function of the Output Unit?

a) It produces results that can be easily understood by the user
b) It accepts the results produced by the computer
c) It supplies the data and instructions to the outside world
d) It supplies the data and instructions to the computer for further processing
Answer: d
Explanation: The output unit is responsible for giving the results to the user in the
form of a printed report or visual display. It is not responsible for giving the
instructions back to the CPU for processing.

10. PCI stands for _________

a) Peripheral Component Interconnect
b) Partial Component Interconnect
c) Peripheral Component Interaction
d) Partial Component Interaction

Answer: a
Explanation: PCI is a high-bandwidth bus that can function as a peripheral bus.
Compared with others, it delivers better system performance.

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Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – The Storage Unit
1. Components that provide internal storage to the CPU are ______
a) Registers
b) Program Counters
c) Controllers
d) Internal chip

Answer: a
Explanation: The Registers are the fast storage units. They are responsible for
storing intermediate computational results in the CPU. The registers can be user
accessible or inaccessible.

2. Saving data and instructions to make them readily available is the job of
__________
a) Storage Unit
b) Cache Unit
c) Input Unit
d) Output Unit
Answer: a
Explanation: The storage unit is responsible for storing the data. It makes the
instructions readily available for additional or initial processing whenever
required. The cache is a software component that stores data to serve the data
requests in future. It can contain the result of some earlier computations.

3. The two basic types of memory in a computer are ________

computer-fundamentals-questions-answers-arithmetic-logic-unit-q3
a) Primary and major
b) Primary and Secondary
c) Minor and Major
d) Main and virtual
Answer: b

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Explanation: There are two types of memories in a computer system: The Primary
Memory and the Secondary Memory.
The primary memory can be directly accessed by the CPU whereas the secondary
memory cannot be directly accessed.

4. Which of the following is used to hold running program instructions?

a) Primary Storage
b) Virtual Storage
c) Internal Storage
d) Minor Devices

Answer: a
Explanation: The primary storage is responsible for holding the data, intermediate
results and the results of ongoing processes or jobs. Virtual storage is the main
memory storage required for saving a large amount of data for future reference.
The other options are invalid.

5. Which of the following is non-volatile storage?

a) Backup
b) Secondary
c) Primary
d) Cache
Answer: b
Explanation: The secondary storage is the non-volatile storage unit because the
data is not lost when the power supply is dissipated. Primary memory is the
volatile memory.

6. Which of the following is used in main memory?

a) SRAM
b) DRAM
c) PRAM
d) DDR
Answer: b

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Explanation: DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory. It is denser than
SDRAM (Static) and therefore it is used in the main memory. They are in the form
of semiconductor RAMs.

7. Which of the following are types of ROMs?

a) SROM & DROM
b) PROM & EPROM
c) Only one type there is no further classification
d) PROM & EROM

Answer: b
Explanation: There are two types of Read Only Memories: PROM i.e.,
Programmable ROM & EPROM i.e., Erasable Programmable ROM. When only a
small number of ROMs with a particular memory content is needed, PROM is
used and in case of EPROM, all the contents of the storage cells must be erased
before the write operation.

8. RAID stands for __________

a) Redundant array of independent disks
b) Redundant array of individual disks
c) Reusable Array of independent disks
d) Reusable array of individual disks
Answer: a
Explanation: RAID is a multiple-disk database design which is viewed as a single
logical disk by the operating system. Data are distributed across the physical
drives of the array. It guarantees the recovery of data in case of data failure.

9. A non-erasable disk that stores digitized audio information is _____

a) CD
b) CD-ROM
c) DVD-R
d) DVD-RW
Answer: a

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Explanation: A compact disk stores digitized audio information. The standard
system uses 12 cm disks and can record more than 60 minutes of uninterrupted
playing game.

10. The first practical form of Random Access Memory was the __________
a) SSEM
b) Cathode Ray Tube
c) William’s Tube
d) Thomas’s Tube
Answer: c
Explanation: The first practical form of RAM was William’s Tube made in 1947. It
stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a Cathode Ray Tube.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – The Arithmetic & Logic Unit

1. The ‘heart’ of the processor which performs many different operations

_____________
a) Arithmetic and logic unit
b) Motherboard
c) Control Unit
d) Memory
Answer: a
Explanation: The Arithmetic and logic unit performs all the basic operations of the
computer system. It performs all the arithmetic(+,-,*,/,etc) as well as the logical
operations( AND, OR, NOT, etc.).

2. ALU is the place where the actual executions of instructions take place during
the processing operation.
a) True
b) False

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Answer: a
Explanation: ALU is a combinational electronic circuit which basically performs all
the logical or the bitwise operations and the arithmetic operations. Therefore, it is
the place where the actual executions of instructions take place.

3. Which of the following is not a bitwise operator?

a) |
b) ^
c) .
d) <<
Answer: c
Explanation: All except the dot(.) operator are bitwise operators.
| : Bitwise OR
^ : Bitwise XOR
<< : Shift Left

4. The sign magnitude representation of -1 is __________

a) 0001
b) 1110
c) 1000
d) 1001
Answer: d
Explanation: The first leftmost bit i.e. the most significant bit in the sign
magnitude represents if the number is positive or negative. If the MSB is 1, the
number is negative else if it is 0, the number is positive. Here, +1=0001 and for -
1=1001.

5. IEEE stands for ___________

a) Instantaneous Electrical Engineering
b) Institute of Emerging Electrical Engineers
c) Institute of Emerging Electronic Engineers
d) Institute of Electrical and electronics engineers
Answer: d

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Explanation: The IEEE is an organization of professionals in the field of electronics
and electrical engineering. IEEE has given certain standards of its own which are
followed in the field of computer science and electrical engineering.

6. The ALU gives the output of the operations and the output is stored in the
________
a) Memory Devices
b) Registers
c) Flags
d) Output Unit
Answer: b
Explanation: Any output generated by the ALU gets stored in the registers. The
registers are the temporary memory locations within the processor that are
connected by signal paths to the CPU.

7. The process of division on memory spaces is called ______________

a) Paging
b) Segmentation
c) Bifurcation
d) Dynamic Division
Answer: b
Explanation: The memory space is divided into segments of dynamic size. The
programmer is aware of the segmentation and can reallocate the segments
accordingly.

8. Number of bits in ALU is _________

a) 4
b) 8
c) 16
d) 2
Answer: c
Explanation: Arithmetic and Logic Unit consists of 16bits. They perform certain
Arithmetic and bitwise operations (add, subtract, AND, OR, XOR, Increment,
decrement, shift).

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9. Which flag indicates the number of 1 bit that results from an operation?
a) Zero
b) Parity
c) Auxiliary
d) Carry

Answer: b
Explanation: The parity flag indicates the number of 1 bit in any operation. The
resultant bit is called the parity bit. The main aim of the parity bit is to check for
errors.

10. The bitwise complement of 0 is ___________

a) 00000001
b) 10000000
c) 11111111
d) 11111110
Answer: c
Explanation: Bitwise complement is basically used to convert all the 0 digits to 1
and the 1s to 0s.
So, for 0 = 00000000(in 8-bits) ::: 11111111(1s complement). The bitwise
complement is often referred to as the 1s complement.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – The Control Unit

1. is the raw material used as input and_ is the processed data obtained as output
of data processing.
a) Data, Instructions
b) Instructions, Program
c) Data, Program
d) Program, Code
Answer: a
Explanation: Data can be assumed as a raw material which, in turns after
processing gives the desired output in the form of instructions. Further, a set of
ordered and meaningful instructions is known as a program.

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2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a computer?
a) Diligence
b) I.Q.
c) Accuracy
d) Versatility
Answer: b
Explanation: The Computer system has no I.Q. of its own. It does only what it is
programmed to do. It cannot take decisions of its own.
A computer is diligent because it can work continuously for hours without getting
any errors or without getting grumbled.
The accuracy of a computer is consistently high and its level of accuracy depends
on its design. A computer can perform any task if, it can be broken down into a
series of logical steps. Therefore, a computer is versatile.

3. Fill in the blank in the diagram.

computer-fundamentals-questions-answers-control-unit-q3
a) Input Unit
b) Memory Unit
c) Control Unit
d) I/O Unit
Answer: c
Explanation: The control unit manages and coordinates the operations of a
computer system. The ALU is responsible for performing all the arithmetic and
bitwise operations . Therefore, both these units combine to form the brain of the
computer ,which is the central processing unit.

4. The part of a processor which contains hardware necessary to perform all the
operations required by a computer:
a) Data path
b) Controller
c) Registers
d) Cache
Answer: a

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Explanation: A processor is a part of the computer which does all the data
manipulation and decision making. A processor comprises of:
A data path which contains the hardware necessary to perform all the operations.
A controller tells the data path what needs to be done.
The registers act as intermediate storage for the data.

5. What does MAR stand for?

a) Main Address Register
b) Memory Access Register
c) Main Accessible Register
d) Memory Address Register
Answer: d
Explanation: MAR is a type of register which is responsible for the fetch operation.
MAR is connected to the address bus and it specifies the address for the read and
write operations.

6. If the control signals are generated by combinational logic, then they are
generated by a type of _______________ controlled unit.
a) Micro programmed
b) Software
c) Logic
d) Hardwired
Answer: d
Explanation: The main task of a control unit is to generate control signals. There
are two main types of control units:
A hardwired control unit generates control signals by using combinational logic
circuits and the Micro programmed control unit generates control signals by using
some softwares.

7. Which is the simplest method of implementing hardwired control unit?

a) State Table Method
b) Delay Element Method
c) Sequence Counter Method
d) Using Circuits
Answer: a

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Explanation: There are 3 ways of implementing hardwired control unit:
A state table is the simplest method in which a number of circuits are designed
based on the cells in the table.
A delay element method consists of a flowchart drawn for the circuit. A D-flip flop
is used as a delay element.
A sequence counter method used k-modulo counter as a replacement for k delay
elements.

8. A set of microinstructions for a single machine instruction is called

___________
a) Program
b) Command
c) Micro program
d) Micro command
Answer: c
Explanation: For every micro-operation, a set of microinstructions are written
which indicate the control signals to be activated. A set of microinstructions is a
micro program. The address of the next microinstruction is given by a Micro-
program counter.

9. Micro-program consists of a set of microinstructions which are strings of 0s and

1s.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The computer understands only binary language. So, the micro-
program should have instructions which are in the form of 0s and 1s. Each output
line of the micro-program corresponds to one control signal.

10. A decoder is required in case of a ______________

a) Vertical Microinstruction
b) Horizontal Microinstruction
c) Multilevel Microinstruction
d) All types of microinstructions
Answer: a
Explanation: There are two types of microinstructions: Horizontal and Vertical.

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In a horizontal microinstruction, each bit represents a signal to be activated
whereas, in case of vertical microinstruction bits are decoded and, the decoder
then produces signals.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Data Types

1. Which of the following is not a data type?
a) Symbolic Data
b) Alphanumeric Data
c) Numeric Data
d) Alphabetic Data

Answer: a
Explanation: Data types are of three basic types: Numeric, Alphabetic and
Alphanumeric. Numeric Data consists of only numbers.
Alphabetic Data consists of only letters and a blank character and alphanumeric
data consists of symbols.

2. *@Ac# is a type of ________________ data.

a) Symbolic
b) Alphanumeric
c) Alphabetic
d) Numeric
Answer: b
Explanation: Alphanumeric data consists of symbols. Alphanumeric data may be a
letter, either in uppercase or lowercase or some special symbols like #,^,*,(, etc.

3. Which of the following is not a valid representation in bits?

a) 8-bit
b) 24-bit
c) 32-bit
d) 64-bit

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Answer: b
Explanation: There are no criteria like the 24-bit representation of numbers.
Numbers can be written in 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit as per the IEEE format.

4. What are the entities whose values can be changed called?

a) Constants
b) Variables
c) Modules
d) Tokens
Answer: b
Explanation: Variables are the data entities whose values can be changed.
Constants have a fixed value. Tokens are the words which are easily identified by
the compiler.
5. Which of the following is not a basic data type in C language?
a) float
b) int
c) real
d) char
Answer: c
Explanation: There are 5 basic data types in C language: int, char, float, double,
void.
Int is for the representation of integers, char is for strings and characters, float
and double are for floating point numbers whereas void is a valueless special data
type.

6. BOOLEAN is a type of data type which basically gives a tautology or fallacy.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: A Boolean representation is for giving logical values. It returns either
true or false. If a result gives a truth value, it is called tautology whereas if it
returns a false term, it is referred to as fallacy.

7. What does FORTRAN stands for?

a) Formula Transfer

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b) Formula Transformation
c) Formula Translation
d) Format Transformation
Answer: c
Explanation: FORTRAN is a type of computer language. It was developed for
solving mathematical and scientific problems. It is very commonly used among
the scientific community.

8. The program written by the programmer in high level language is called

_____________
a) Object Program
b) Source Program
c) Assembled Program
d) Compiled Program
Answer: b
Explanation: The program written by the programmer is called a source program.
The program generated by the compiler after compilation is called an object
program. The object program is in machine language.

9. A standardized language used for commercial applications.

a) C
b) Java
c) COBOL
d) FORTRAN
Answer: c
Explanation: COBOL is a language used in business and commercial applications. It
stands for Common Business Oriented Language. It is imperative, procedural as
well as object oriented language.

10. ______________ define how the locations can be used.

a) Data types
b) Attributes
c) Links
d) Data Objects

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Answer: b
Explanation: Attributes can determine how any location can be used. Attributes
can be type, name, component, etc. Data objects are the variables and constants
in a program.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – BCD

1. A group of bits used to represent a symbol is called a ____________
a) byte
b) memory
c) nibble
d) code

Answer: a
Explanation: In binary coding, every symbol that appears in data is represented by
a group of bits, which are called bytes. Computer codes use binary coding
schemes.

2. BCD uses 6 bits to represent a symbol.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: In a Binary Coded Decimal format, 64 characters i.e. 26 different
characters can be represented. It is one of the early computer codes.

3. Which of the following is not a type of computer code?

a) EBCDIC
b) BCD
c) ASCII
d) EDIC
Answer: d

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Explanation: There is no coding scheme like EDIC. EBCDIC stands for Extended
Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal.
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for information interchange.

4. The BCD representation of (34)10 is _______________

a) 6
b) 7
c) 8
d) 5
Answer: b
Explanation: BCD numbers are represented as:
34 = (0011 0100)BCD.
Each digit is individually taken and an equivalent standard 4 bit term is written for
the respective digit.

5. Perform BCD addition of (23)BCD + (20)BCD .

a) 00110100
b) 01000011
c) 10011
d) 11100
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: To add any two BCD numbers :
Simply perform the addition : 23+20=43.
Then, write the equivalent BCD number = (0100 0011)BCD.

6. The weights used in Binary coded decimal code are:

a) 4,2,1
b) 8,4,2,1
c) 6,4,2,1
d) 2,1

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Answer: b
Explanation: BCD is a weighted code and it uses the weights 8,4,2,1 respectively.
It is often called the 8421 code. Since, it uses 4 bits for the representation
therefore the weights are assigned as : 23 = 8, 22 = 4, 21 = 2, 20 = 1.

7. Write the decimal equivalent for (110001)BCD.

a) 31
b) 13
c) C1
d) 1C
Answer: a
Explanation: To obtain the decimal equivalent :
We start from the rightmost bit and make groups of 4, then write the decimal
equivalent accordingly.
0011 0001 = (31)10.

8. The 9’s complement of 45 is _____________

a) 45
b) 54
c) 64
d) 46
Answer: b
Explanation: The 9’s complement of a number is obtained by subtracting each
digit from 9. Here, 99-45=54. Therefore, the 9’s complement is 54.

9. The 10’s complement of 455 is _________

a) 543
b) 544
c) 545
d) 546
Answer: c
Explanation: To obtain the 10’s complement, we first obtain the 9’s complement
and then add 1 to it.

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999-455=544 (9’s)
544+1=545(10’s).

10. The Excess-3 representation of (0100)BCD is __________

a) 0110
b) 1110
c) 0111
d) 1100
Answer: c
Explanation: The excess-3 code is obtained by adding 3 to the BCD code.
Here, 0100+0011=0111.
Also, 4+3=7.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Complements

1. What is the 1’s complement of 11010?
a) 11010
b) 11011
c) 00110
d) 00101
Answer: d
Explanation: The 1’s complement of a number is obtained by converting all the 0
bits to 1 and all 1’s to 0’s. Here, 11010 gets converted to 00101.

2. 2’s complement is obtained by adding 1 to 1’s complement of a number.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The statement is true. Let us take an example: Consider the number
110000.

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1’s complement of the number is 001111. 2’s complement=001111+1=010000.

3. The 10’s complement of 562 is __________

a) 4
b) 3
c) 7
d) 8
Answer: b
Explanation: 10’s complement is obtained by adding 1 to the 9’s complement of a
number.
Here, 9’s complement=999-562=436.
Therefore, 10’s complement=436+1=437.

4. The 9’s complement of 6578 is ___________

a) 1234
b) 3421
c) 3124
d) 3420
Answer: b
Explanation: 9’s complement is obtained by subtracting 9 from each bit of the
number.
Here, 9999-6578=3421.
Therefore, the 9’s complement is 3421.

5. >> operator is used to denote _________

a) left shift
b) right shift
c) greater than
d) less than
Answer: b
Explanation: >> operator denotes the right shift in binary arithmetic.
E.g. If we say, >>110 by 2-bits, the value obtained will be 001.

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Similarly, << denotes the right shift operator.

6. The subtraction using 1’s complement of 110 – 100 will give the result
___________
a) -011
b) 011
c) 010
d) -010
Answer: c
Explanation: To subtract using 1’s complement: Take the 1’s complement of the
2nd number (here, 011) and add it to the first number. (110+011=1,001).
If the carry is generated, it is added to the result (001+1=010).
If a carry is not generated then it is converted to its 1’s complement form.

7. The result obtained on subtraction using 2’s complement of 1111-0010 will be

_________
a) 11101
b) 11011
c) 1101
d) 1011
Answer: c
Explanation: Firstly, the 2’s complement of the 2nd number is obtained.
Then, if carry is generated, it is discarded and the number is positive.
Otherwise, 2’s complement of the result is obtained and the answer is negative.
Here, 1111+1110=1, 1101. Since carry is generated, it is discarded and the answer
is positive.

8. The 1’s complement of 1111111110.101 is _______________

a) 1.010
b) 0000000000.010
c) 1111111110.101
d) 1.101
Answer: a

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Explanation: The 1’s complement of a number is obtained by reversing the bits
with value 1 to 0 and the bits with value 0 to 1. Here, 11111111110.101 gets
converted to 000000001.010 in its 1’s complement format.

9. 7’s complement of 432 is _________________

a) 432
b) 543
c) 345
d) 777
Answer: c
Explanation: To find the 7’s complement of any number, we simply subtract 7
from each of the bits.
Here, 777-432=345. So, the 7’s complement is 345.

10. The 16’s complement of 74E will be __________

a) 8B2
b) F8B2
c) 2B8
d) 8C2
Answer: b
Explanation: The 16’s complement is obtained by subtracting 16 from each of the
bits of that number.
Here, 16’s complement of 074E will be F8B2.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – CPU & Control Unit

1. Brain of computer is ____________
a) Control unit
b) Arithmetic and Logic unit
c) Central Processing Unit
d) Memory
Answer: c
Explanation: The CPU is referred to as the brain of a computer.It consists of a
control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit. It is responsible for performing all
the processes and operations.

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2. Control Unit acts as the central nervous system of the computer.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The control unit is referred to as the central nervous system because
it selects and interprets the instructions and coordinates execution.
3. What does MBR stand for?
a) Main Buffer Register
b) Memory Buffer Routine
c) Main Buffer Routine
d) Memory Buffer Register
Answer: d
Explanation: The binary subtraction 0 – 1 gives the result 1.
A borrow of 1 is although generated and is removed from the next higher column.

4. In the instruction ADD A, B, the answer gets stored in ___________

a) B
b) A
c) Buffer
d) C
Answer: b
Explanation: In any instruction of the form ADD A, B; the answer gets stored in
the A register. The format is: ADD Destination, Source.

5. What does PC stand for?

a) Program Changer
b) Program Counter
c) Performance Counter
d) Performance Changer
Answer: b

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Explanation: The Program counter contains the address of the next instruction
which is to be fetched by the control unit.
All other options are invalid.

6. Which of the following holds the last instruction fetched?

a) PC
b) MAR
c) MBR
d) IR
Answer: d
Explanation: The IR which stands for the instruction register contains the last
instruction fetched.
All the others options are registers which are used for the fetch operation.

7. The portion of the processor which contains the hardware required to fetch the
operations is _______
a) Datapath
b) Processor
c) Control
d) Output unit
Answer: a
Explanation: The datapath contains the hardware required to fetch the
operations. The control tells the data path what needs to be done.

8. Causing the CPU to step through a series of micro operations is called

_________
a) Execution
b) Runtime
c) Sequencing
d) Pipelining
Answer: c
Explanation: Sequencing is the process of causing the CPU to step through a series
of micro operations. Execution causes the performance of each micro operation.

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9. The functions of execution and sequencing are performed by using
______________
a) Input Signals
b) Output Signals
c) Control Signals
d) CPU
Answer: c
Explanation: Sequencing followed by the process of execution is performed by the
Control signals. Sequencing is traversing each and every operation whereas
execution causes the performance of each operation.

10. What does D in the D-flip flop stand for?

a) Digital
b) Direct
c) Delay
d) Durable
Answer: c
Explanation: In the hardwired control unit, the delay element method uses D-flip
flop which causes a delay. Since, in the delay element method, there must be a
finite time gap between the 2 steps.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Cache Memory

1. What is the high speed memory between the main memory and the CPU
called?
a) Register Memory
b) Cache Memory
c) Storage Memory
d) Virtual Memory
Answer: b
Explanation: It is called the Cache Memory. The cache memory is the high speed
memory between the main memory and the CPU.

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2. Cache Memory is implemented using the DRAM chips.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The Cache memory is implemented using the SRAM chips and not
the DRAM chips. SRAM stands for Static RAM. It is faster and is expensive.

3. Whenever the data is found in the cache memory it is called as _________

a) HIT
b) MISS
c) FOUND
d) ERROR
Answer: a
Explanation: Whenever the data is found in the cache memory, it is called as
Cache HIT. CPU first checks in the cache memory since it is closest to the CPU.

4. LRU stands for ___________

a) Low Rate Usage
b) Least Rate Usage
c) Least Recently Used
d) Low Required Usage
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: LRU stands for Least Recently Used. LRU is a type of replacement
policy used by the cache memory.

5. When the data at a location in cache is different from the data located in the
main memory, the cache is called _____________
a) Unique
b) Inconsistent
c) Variable
d) Fault

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View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The cache is said to be inconsistent. Inconsistency must be avoided
as it leads to serious data bugs.
advertisement

6. Which of the following is not a write policy to avoid Cache Coherence?

a) Write through
b) Write within
c) Write back
d) Buffered write
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: There is no policy which is called as the write within policy. The other
three options are the write policies which are used to avoid cache coherence.

7. Which of the following is an efficient method of cache updating?

a) Snoopy writes
b) Write through
c) Write within
d) Buffered write
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Snoopy writes is the efficient method for updating the cache. In this
case, the cache controller snoops or monitors the operations of other bus
masters.

8. In ____________ mapping, the data can be mapped anywhere in the Cache

Memory.
a) Associative

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b) Direct
c) Set Associative
d) Indirect
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: This happens in the associative mapping. In this case, a block of data
from the main memory can be mapped anywhere in the cache memory.

9. The number of sign bits in a 32-bit IEEE format is ____

a) 1
b) 11
c) 9
d) 23
Answer: a
Explanation: There is only 1 sign bit in all the standards. In a 32-bit format, there is
1 sign bit, 8 bits for the exponent and 23 bits for the mantissa.

10. The transfer between CPU and Cache is ______________

a) Block transfer
b) Word transfer
c) Set transfer
d) Associative transfer
Answer: b
Explanation: The transfer is a word transfer. In the memory subsystem, word is
transferred over the memory data bus and it typically has a width of a word or
half-word.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Main Memory Organisation

1. Any electronic holding place where data can be stored and retrieved later
whenever required is ____________
a) memory

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b) drive
c) disk
d) circuit
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Memory is the place where data can be stored and later retrieved.
Memory can be of classified into register, cache, main memory, etc.

2. Cache memory is the onboard storage.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Cache Memory is the memory closest to the CPU. Registers, Cache
and the main memory are the means of onboard storage in the computer system.

3. Which of the following is the fastest means of memory access for CPU?
a) Registers
b) Cache
c) Main memory
d) Virtual Memory
Answer: a
Explanation: Registers are the fastest means of access for CPU. Registers are the
small memory locations which are present closest to the CPU.

4. The memory implemented using the semiconductor chips is _________

a) Cache
b) Main
c) Secondary
d) Registers
Answer: b
Explanation: The main memory is implemented using semiconductor chips. Main
memory is located on the motherboard. It mainly consists of RAM and small
amount of ROM.

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5. Size of the ________ memory mainly depends on the size of the address bus.
a) Main
b) Virtual
c) Secondary
d) Cache
Answer: a
Explanation: The size of the main memory depends on the size of the address bus
of the CPU. The main memory mainly consists of RAM and ROM, where RAM
contains the current data and programs and ROM contains permanent programs
like BIOS.

6. Which of the following is independent of the address bus?

a) Secondary memory
b) Main memory
c) Onboard memory
d) Cache memory
Answer: a
Explanation: The secondary memory is independent of the address bus. It
increases the storage space. It is implemented in the form of magnetic storage
devices.

7.storage is a system where a robotic arm will connect or disconnect off-line mass
storage media according to the computer operating system demands.
a) Secondary
b) Virtual
c) Tertiary
d) Magnetic
Answer: c
Explanation: The tertiary storage is the correct option. It is used in the realms of
enterprise storage and scientific computing on large computer systems and
business computer networks and is something a typical personal computer never
sees firsthand.

8. What is the location of the internal registers of CPU?

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a) Internal
b) On-chip
c) External
d) Motherboard
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The internal registers are present on-chip. They are therefore
present inside the CPU. L1 cache is also present on-chip inside the CPU.

9. MAR stands for ___________

a) Memory address register
b) Main address register
c) Main accessible register
d) Memory accessible register
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The MAR stands for memory address register. It holds the address of
the active memory location.

10. If M denotes the number of memory locations and N denotes the word size,
then an expression that denotes the storage capacity is ______________
a) M*N
b) M+N
c) 2M+N
d) 2M-N

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Memory Storage Devices

1. Winchester disks are a type of _______
a) optical disks

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b) magnetic disks
c) compact disks
d) magnetic drives
Answer: b
Explanation: The regularly spaced electric pulses per second are referred to as the
clock cycles. All the jobs performed by the processor are on the basis of clock
cycles.

2. Bernoulli disks are a type of magnetic floppy disks.

a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Bernoulli disks are a type of magnetic hard disks and not floppy
disks. They are also called as zip disks. It uses a single hard disk platter encased in
a plastic cartidge.

3. A plug and play storage device that simply plugs in the port of a computer is
__________
a) Flash drive
b) Compact disk
c) Hard disk
d) CD
Answer: a
Explanation: A flash drive often called as a pen drive enables easy transport of
data from one computer to another. It comes in various shapes and sizes and may
have different added features.

4. What does USB stand for?

a) Universal Signal Board
b) Universal Signal Bus
c) Universal Serial Bus
d) Universal Serial Board

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Answer: c
Explanation: USB stands for universal serial bus. A flash drive simply plugs in the
USB port of a computer.

5. A device similar to a flash drive ______________

a) Memory card
b) Compact drive
c) Compact disk
d) Memory disk
Answer: a
Explanation: Memory card serves a similar purpose as that of a flash drive. It is in
the shape of a card. Useful in electronic devices like Camera, music player, etc.

6. What does RAID stand for?

a) Redundant array of independent disks
b) Redundant array of inexpensive disks
c) Redundant array of intermediate disks
d) Redundant array of improper disks
Answer: a
Explanation: RAID is Redundant array of independent disks. It is an array of disks
which can store data bits.

7. A set of hard disk drives with a controller mounted in a single box, forming a
single large storage unit is ____________
a) Disk array
b) Drives
c) Compact drives
d) Multi-cores
Answer: a
Explanation: The answer is disk array. It is commonly known as RAID. As a
secondary storage device, provides enhanced performance, enhanced storage
capacity and reliability.

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8. The process in which a file is partitioned into smaller parts and different parts
are stored in different disks is ____________
a) RAID
b) Mirroring
c) Stripping
d) RAID classification
Answer: c
Explanation: Enhanced reliability is achieved by using techniques like mirroring
and stripping in case of disk arrays. Stripping is the division of a large file into
smaller parts and then storing them on different disks.

9. Which of the following uses multiple hard disk platters mounted on a single
central shift?
a) Disk drives
b) Hard disks
c) Disk packs
d) Compact disks
Answer: c
Explanation: Disk packs use a number of hard disk platters. Also, they are
mounted on a single central shaft.

10. Which of the following is not a magnetic disk?

a) Floppy
b) Winchester
c) Zip
d) FLASH
Answer: d
Explanation: Flash drives are a type of memory storage devices. It is a relatively
newer type of secondary storage device which enables easy transfer of data from
one computer to another.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Input Devices

1. These devices provide a means of communication between a computer and
outer world.
a) I/O

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b) Storage
c) Compact
d) Drivers
Answer: a
Explanation: The I/O i.e. the input/output devices provide a means of
communication between the computer and the outer world. They are often
referred to as the peripheral devices sometimes.

2. The I/O devices are sometimes called the peripheral devices because they
surround the CPU and memory of the computer system.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The statement is true. The input devices are used to enter data from
the outside world into primary storage. The output devices supply results of
processing from primary storage to users.
3. Identify the blank space in the diagram.
computer-fundamentals-questions-answers-input-devices-q3
a) Processor
b) Memory
c) CPU
d) Storage
Answer: c
Explanation: Firstly, the input is given to the input device, then the data in coded
in internal form and is sent to the CPU. Further, the processed data is sent to the
output device and the result is obtained.

4. What does GUI stand for?

a) Graphical User Instruction
b) Ground User Interface
c) General User Instruction
d) Graphical User Interface
Answer: d

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Explanation: GUI stands for a graphical user interface. Graphical user interface
basically provides a set of graphical elements on the screen to the users.
Commonly used for point-and-draw devices.

5. Which of the following is not a point-and-draw device?

a) Keypad
b) Trackball
c) Touch screen
d) Mouse
Answer: a
Explanation: All except the keypad are point-and-draw devices. They are used to
rapidly point to and select a graphic icon or menu item from multiple options
displayed on the GUI of a screen.

6. A device used for video games, flight simulators, training simulators and for
controlling industrial robots.
a) Mouse
b) Light pen
c) Joystick
d) Keyboard
Answer: c
Explanation: Joystick is the device used for the same. It is a point-and-draw
device. It has a click button, a stick, a ball, a socket as well as a light indicator.

7. The unattended interactive information systems such as automatic teller

machine or ATM is called as _________
a) Kiosks
b) Sioks
c) Cianto
d) Kiaks
Answer: a
Explanation: The term information kiosks are used for the same. Touch screens
are used the most preferred human-computer interface used in information
kiosks.

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8. Which are the input devices that enable direct data entry into a computer
system from source documents?
a) Data Scanning devices
b) Data retrieving devices
c) Data acquiring devices
d) System Access devices
Answer: a
Explanation: They are referred to as data scanning devices. They eliminate the
need to key in text data into the computer. It demands the high quality of input
documents.

9. Which of the following is a type of image scanner?

a) Flat-held
b) Hand-led
c) Flat-bed
d) Compact
Answer: c
Explanation: Image scanners are the input devices that translate the paper
documents into an electronic format for storage in a computer. Stored image can
be altered or manipulated with image-processing software.

10. Which of the following is capable of recognizing a pre-specified type of mark

by pencil or pen?
a) OMR
b) Winchester
c) Bar code reader
d) Image Scanner
Answer: a
Explanation: OMR stands for optical mark reader. These are very useful for
grading tests with objective type questions or for any input data that is of choice
or selection nature.

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 Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Output Devices

1. Input Devices that use a special ink that contains magnetizable particles of iron
oxide are ____
a) Optical disks
b) Magnetic disks
c) MICR
d) Magnetic drives
Answer: c
Explanation: MICR reads data on cheques and sorts them for distribution to other
banks or for further processing. MICR stands for Magnetic-Ink-Character
Recognition.
2. MICR character set consists of only 2 digits 0 and 1.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The statement is false. It consists of numerals from 0 to 9 and 4
special characters. It supports only 14 symbols.

3. A printer that prints one line at a time and has a predefined set of characters is
called _______
a) Laser
b) Drum
c) Inkjet
d) Impact
Answer: b
Explanation: The drum printers print one line at a time. They have a cylindrical
drum with characters embossed on its surface in the form of circular bands.

4. Which of the following is a name of plotter as well as a printer?

a) Flatbed
b) Laser
c) Drum

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d) Impact
Answer: c
Explanation: Drum is the name of a plotter as well as a printer. Drum printers
have a predefined set of characters and print one line at a time. Drum plotters is
an ideal device for architects and others who need to generate high-precision
hard copy graphics output of widely varying sizes.

5. Name the device that converts text information into spoken sentences.
a) Speech Sensors
b) Compact convertors
c) Speech Synthesizers
d) Voice systems
Answer: c
Explanation: A speech synthesizer converts text information into spoken
sentences. It is used for reading out text information to blind people. Allowing
people to communicate effectively.

6. Which of the following is not a part of a digitizer?

a) Digitizing tablet
b) Cursor
c) Stick
d) Stylus
Answer: c
Explanation: A digitizer consists of a digitizing tablet, a stylus in the form of a
cross-hair cursor. A digitizer is used in the areas of GIS.

7. Which is the device used for converting maps, pictures and drawings into digital
form for storage in computers?
a) Digitizer
b) Scanner
c) Image Scanner
d) MICR
Answer: a

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Explanation: A digitizer serves the purpose given in the question. Digitizers are
generally used in the area of Computer Aided Design by architects and engineers
to design cars, buildings, etc.

8. The process in which a file is partitioned into smaller parts and different parts
are stored in different disks is called _________
a) RAID
b) Mirroring
c) Stripping
d) RAID classification
Answer: c
Explanation: Enhanced reliability is achieved by using techniques like mirroring
and stripping in case of disk arrays. Stripping is the division of a large file into
smaller parts and then storing them on different disks.

9. Which of the following Printers have a speed in the range of 40-300 characters
per second?
a) Inkjet
b) Laser
c) Dot matrix
d) Drum
Answer: a
Explanation: The inkjet printers are non-impact printers. Hence, they cannot
produce multiple copies of a document in a single printing. Can be both
monochrome and color.

10. Which of the following is a temporary output?

a) Hard copy
b) Soft copy
c) Duplicate copy
d) On paper
View Answer

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – System Softwares

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1. The physical devices of a computer :
a) Software
b) Package
c) Hardware
d) System Software
Answer: c
Explanation: Hardware refers to the physical devices of a computer system.
Software refers to a collection of programs. A program is a sequence of
instructions.

2. Software Package is a group of programs that solve multiple problems.

a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The statement is false. The software package is a group of programs
that solve a specific problem or perform a specific type of job.

3. ____________ refer to renewing or changing components like increasing the

main memory, or hard disk capacities, or adding speakers, or modems, etc.
a) Grades
b) Prosody
c) Synthesis
d) Upgrades
Answer: d
Explanation: Upgrades is the right term to be used. Upgrades are installed to
renew or implement a new feature. Except for upgrades, hardware is normally
one-time expense.

4. Which of the following is designed to control the operations of a computer?

a) Application Software
b) System Software
c) Utility Software

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d) User
Answer: b
Explanation: Software is basically classified into two: System and application.
System Software is designed to control the operations and extend the processing
capability of a computer system.

5. Which of the following is not an example of system software?

a) Language Translator
b) Utility Software
c) Communication Software
d) Word Processors
Answer: d
Explanation: A system software is responsible for controlling the operations of a
computer system. Word Processor is an application software since it is specific to
its purpose.

6. A person who designs the programs in a software package is called :

a) User
b) Software Manager
c) System Developer
d) System Programmer
Answer: d
Explanation: The programs included in a system software package are called
system programs. The programmers who design them and prepare them are
called system programmers.

7. ___________________ is designed to solve a specific problem or to do a

specific task.
a) Application Software
b) System Software
c) Utility Software
d) User
Answer: a
Explanation: An application software is specific to solving a specific problem.
System software is designed for controlling the operations of a computer system.

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8. Assembler is used as a translator for?
a) Low level language
b) High Level Language
c) COBOL
d) C
Answer: a
Explanation: Assembler is used in case of low level languages. It is generally used
to make the binary code into an understandable format. Interpreter is used with
the high level languages similarly.

9. What do you call a program in execution?

a) Command
b) Process
c) Task
d) Instruction
Answer: b

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – System Softwares

1. The physical devices of a computer :

a) Software
b) Package
c) Hardware
d) System Software
Answer: c
Explanation: Hardware refers to the physical devices of a computer system.
Software refers to a collection of programs. A program is a sequence of
instructions.

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2. Software Package is a group of programs that solve multiple problems.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The statement is false. The software package is a group of programs
that solve a specific problem or perform a specific type of job.

3. ____________ refer to renewing or changing components like increasing the

main memory, or hard disk capacities, or adding speakers, or modems, etc.
a) Grades
b) Prosody
c) Synthesis
d) Upgrades

Answer: d
Explanation: Upgrades is the right term to be used. Upgrades are installed to
renew or implement a new feature. Except for upgrades, hardware is normally
one-time expense.

4. Which of the following is designed to control the operations of a computer?

a) Application Software
b) System Software
c) Utility Software
d) User
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Software is basically classified into two: System and application.
System Software is designed to control the operations and extend the processing
capability of a computer system.

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5. Which of the following is not an example of system software?
a) Language Translator
b) Utility Software
c) Communication Software
d) Word Processors
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A system software is responsible for controlling the operations of a
computer system. Word Processor is an application software since it is specific to
its purpose.

6. A person who designs the programs in a software package is called :

a) User
b) Software Manager
c) System Developer
d) System Programmer
Answer: d
Explanation: The programs included in a system software package are called
system programs. The programmers who design them and prepare them are
called system programmers.

7. ___________________ is designed to solve a specific problem or to do a

specific task.
a) Application Software
b) System Software
c) Utility Software
d) User
Answer: a
Explanation: An application software is specific to solving a specific problem.
System software is designed for controlling the operations of a computer system.

8. Assembler is used as a translator for?

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a) Low level language
b) High Level Language
c) COBOL
d) C
Answer: a
Explanation: Assembler is used in case of low level languages. It is generally used
to make the binary code into an understandable format. Interpreter is used with
the high level languages similarly.

9. What do you call a program in execution?

a) Command
b) Process
c) Task
d) Instruction
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Option Process is correct. A program is a set of instructions. A
program in execution is called a process.

10. Which of the following is not a process state?

a) Terminated
b) Running
c) Blocked
d) Execution
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: There is no blocked state in a process model. The different states are
ready, running, executing, waiting and terminated.

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Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Memory Management

1. A task carried out by the OS and hardware to accommodate multiple processes

in main memory.
a) Memory control
b) Memory management
c) Memory sharing
d) Memory usage
Answer: b
Explanation: Memory management is carried out by the OS and hardware to
accommodate multiple processes in main memory.
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2. An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The statement is true. HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup
Language. It is a text file containing small markup tags.

3. Secondary memory is the long term store for programs and data while main
memory holds program and data currently in use. What kind of an organization is
this?
a) Physical
b) Logical
c) Structural
d) Simple
Answer: a
Explanation: The secondary memory is the long term store for programs and data
while main memory holds program and data currently in use. This is a physical
organization.

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4. Memory organization in which users write programs in modules with different
characteristics.
a) Physical
b) Logical
c) Structural
d) Simple
Answer: b
Explanation: The answer is Logical. To handle user programs properly, the
operating system and the hardware should support a basic form of module to
provide protection and sharing.

5. An executing process must be loaded entirely in main memory. What kind of a

memory organization is this?
a) Physical
b) Logical
c) Structural
d) Simple
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: This is simple memory organisation. An executing process must be
loaded entirely in main memory (if overlays are not used).
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6. FTP stands for?

a) File Text Protocol
b) File Transfer Protocol
c) Firm Transfer Protocol
d) File Transplant Protocol
View Answer

Answer: b

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Explanation: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is a type of internet service
use for the transmission of files.

7. A set of overlapping divisions in the main memory are called _______

a) Partitions
b) Divisions
c) Blocks
d) Modules
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Partition main memory into a set of non overlapping regions called
partitions. Partitions can be of equal or unequal sizes.

8. Any program, no matter how small, occupies an entire partition. This is called
____________
a) fragmentation
b) prior fragmentation
c) internal fragmentation
d) external fragmentation
Answer: c
Explanation: It is called as internal fragmentation. Main memory use is inefficient.
Any program, no matter how small, occupies an entire partition. This is called
internal fragmentation.

9. __________ is used to shift processes so they are contiguous and all free
memory is in one block.
a) Fragmentation
b) Compaction
c) External Fragmentation
d) Division
Answer: b
Explanation: Use compaction to shift processes so they are contiguous and all free
memory is in one block.

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10. _______ searches for smallest block. The fragment left behind is small as
possible.
a) best fit
b) first fit
c) next fit
d) last fit
Answer: a
Explanation: Best fit searches for the smallest block. The fragment left behind is
as small as possible.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Sign Magnitude

1. __________________ is a straightforward method of representing positive and

negative numbers.
a) Radix
b) Complement
c) Sign Magnitude
d) Encode
Answer: c
Explanation: Sign Magnitude is used for the representation of positive and
negative numbers. If the leftmost digit is 0, the number is positive. If the leftmost
digit is 1, the number is negative.

2. The additive inverse of a number is the number which when added to the
original number gives 1 as a result.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b

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Explanation: Additive Inverse of a number is the number which gives 0 and not 1
when added to the original number. e.g. number=45, additive inverse =-45, after
addition they give 0.

3. The 1’s complement of 1 in 4 bits is __________

a) 0001
b) 0
c) 1001
d) 1110
Answer: d
Explanation: 1’s complement is obtained by reversing the bits from 0 to 1 and
vice-versa. Binary of 1 is : 0001 and 1’s complement is : 1110.

4. The binary number 111 in its 2’s complement form is ____________

a) 010
b) 001
c) 000
d) 111
Answer: b
Explanation: 2’s complement is obtained by adding 1 to the 1’s complement. 1’s
complement of 111: 000 and 2’s complement:001.

5. The sign magnitude representation of -9 is ___________

a) 00001001
b) 11111001
c) 10001001
d) 11001
Answer: c
Explanation: In case of a negative number, the leftmost digit is 1 if the number is
negative. Therefore, +9=00001001 and -9=10001001. Similarly for all other
negative numbers.

6. If you are given a word of size n bits, the range of 2’s complement of binary
numbers is ________

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a) -2n+1 to +2n+1
b) -2n-1 to +2n-1
c) -2n-1 to +2n+1
d) -2n-1 to +2n-1-1
Answer: d
Explanation: 2’s complement is obtained by adding 1 to the 1’s complement. For
e.g. 5 :0101 and 1’s complement=1010 and 2’s complement=1011.

7. In both signed magnitude and 2’s complement , positive and negative numbers
are separated using ______________
a) LSB
b) MSB
c) 0
d) 1
Answer: b
Explanation: The positive and negative numbers are separated using the MSB.
MSB is the Most Significant Bit. MSB is the leftmost bit. e.g. If 1000 is the number
then 1 is the most significant bit.

8. Single Precision format comprises of _________ bits.

a) 4
b) 8
c) 16
d) 32
Answer: d
Explanation: The single precision format comprises of 32-bits. It has 1 sign bit, 8
bits for exponent and 23 for the mantissa.

9. If m is the 2’s complement and n is the binary number, then ______________

a) m=n’
b) m=n’+1
c) m=n’-1

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d) m=n
Answer: b
Explanation: 2’s complement is simply obtained by addition of 1. So if n is the
number and we take the 2’s complement, add 1 to it, we get the 2’s complement.
Therefore, m=n’+1.

10. The possible number of bit patterns with 8 bits ________________

a) 128
b) 8
c) 24
d) 256
Answer: d
Explanation: The total number of patterns that can be formed using n-bits are 2n.
Here, possible patterns are: 28=256.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Booth’s Algorithm

1. Which of the following is used for binary multiplication?

a) Restoring Multiplication
b) Booth’s Algorithm
c) Pascal’s Rule
d) Digit-by-digit multiplication
Answer: b
Explanation: The Booth’s Algorithm is used for the multiplication of binary
numbers. It is basically used for the multiplication of 2 signed numbers. This is a
very important algorithm in binary arithmetic.

2. One extra bit is added on the left of a binary number, in case of Binary
Multiplication using Booth’s Algorithm.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a

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Explanation: The statement is true as an extra bit is added when we multiply 2
binary numbers by using Booth’s.
Let us take an example if we multiply 2 * – 3.
The first step is to obtain the binary equivalents.
Hence, 2=10 and -3=01.
Now after adding the extra bit 2=010 and -3=101.
We add 0 in case of positive numbers whereas 1 in negative numbers.

3. The binary number obtained after applying RSC on 11010 will be ___________
a) 11101
b) 10100
c) 01101
d) 01000
Answer: c
Explanation: RSC stands for Right-Shift Circulant. So, whenever the numbers are
shifted to the right an extra 0 bit is added to the left. Here, after the right shift of
11010, the number obtained will be 01101.

4. The result of >> of 11001 by 3-bits will be ______________

a) 01000
b) 01111
c) 00011
d) 11111
Answer: a
Explanation: >> is the bitwise left shift operator in binary arithmetic.
Applying >>(left-shift) by 3-bits on the number 11001 will result in 3 zeroes on the
right, i.e., 01000.

5. Booth’s Algorithm is applied on _____________

a) decimal numbers
b) binary numbers
c) hexadecimal numbers
d) octal Numbers

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Answer: b
Explanation: Booth’s Algorithm is applied only on signed and unsigned binary
numbers.
Although, the values of other number systems can be converted to binary, and
then the multiplication could be performed.

6. If Booth’s Multiplication is performed on the numbers 22*3, then what is 3

referred to as __________
a) accumulator
b) multiplicand
c) quotient
d) multiplier
Answer: d
Explanation: It is referred to as the multiplier. Multiplier is denoted by Q in
booth’s algorithm. 22 is called the multiplicand. These numbers are first
converted to their binary equivalents and further the multiplication is performed.

7. What is the default value of accumulator in booth’s multiplication of two 4-bit

binary numbers?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 0000
d) 00000
Answer: d
Explanation: The correct answer is d because in case of Booth’s algorithm an extra
bit is always added to the binary numbers. The 4-bit binary numbers become 5-bit
numbers after adding the extra bit. Accumulator is always assigned 0 bits of the
order of the binary numbers whose multiplication is to be performed.

8. What is the value of n in multiplication of 110* 1000?

a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 0
Answer: c

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Explanation: In Booth’s, n denotes the number of bits that the higher binary
number has when multiplication is performed. Here, since there are 4 bits in
1000, the answer is n=4.

9. What will be the value obtained after multiplication of (-2) * (-3) using Booth’s
Algorithm?
a) 6
b) -6
c) -2
d) -3
Answer: a
Explanation: After applying the procedure of Booth’s Algorithm, the value
obtained will be 6. Even though the result is obtained in its 2’s complement for
but then it is reconverted to its normalized form. Also, the value obtained after
decimal multiplication is the same as the value obtained after binary
multiplication.

10. What does the data transfer instruction STA stand for?
a) Store Accumulator
b) Send Accumulator
c) Send Action
d) Store Action
Answer: a
Explanation: STA is a data transfer instruction given whenever a value is to be
copied on the accumulator. It is used for the fetch operation.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Complements

1. What is the 1’s complement of 11010?

a) 11010
b) 11011
c) 00110
d) 00101
Answer: d

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Explanation: The 1’s complement of a number is obtained by converting all the 0
bits to 1 and all 1’s to 0’s. Here, 11010 gets converted to 00101.

2. 2’s complement is obtained by adding 1 to 1’s complement of a number.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The statement is true. Let us take an example: Consider the number
110000.
1’s complement of the number is 001111. 2’s complement=001111+1=010000.
3. The 10’s complement of 562 is __________
a) 4
b) 3
c) 7
d) 8
Answer: b
Explanation: 10’s complement is obtained by adding 1 to the 9’s complement of a
number.
Here, 9’s complement=999-562=436.
Therefore, 10’s complement=436+1=437.

4. The 9’s complement of 6578 is ___________

a) 1234
b) 3421
c) 3124
d) 3420
Answer: b
Explanation: 9’s complement is obtained by subtracting 9 from each bit of the
number.
Here, 9999-6578=3421.
Therefore, the 9’s complement is 3421.

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5. >> operator is used to denote _________
a) left shift
b) right shift
c) greater than
d) less than
Answer: b
Explanation: >> operator denotes the right shift in binary arithmetic.
E.g. If we say, >>110 by 2-bits, the value obtained will be 001.
Similarly, << denotes the right shift operator.
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6. The subtraction using 1’s complement of 110 – 100 will give the result
___________
a) -011
b) 011
c) 010
d) -010
Answer: c
Explanation: To subtract using 1’s complement: Take the 1’s complement of the
2nd number (here, 011) and add it to the first number. (110+011=1,001).
If the carry is generated, it is added to the result (001+1=010).
If a carry is not generated then it is converted to its 1’s complement form.

7. The result obtained on subtraction using 2’s complement of 1111-0010 will be

_________
a) 11101
b) 11011
c) 1101
d) 1011
Answer: c
Explanation: Firstly, the 2’s complement of the 2nd number is obtained.
Then, if carry is generated, it is discarded and the number is positive.

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Otherwise, 2’s complement of the result is obtained and the answer is negative.
Here, 1111+1110=1, 1101. Since carry is generated, it is discarded and the answer
is positive.

8. The 1’s complement of 1111111110.101 is _______________

a) 1.010
b) 0000000000.010
c) 1111111110.101
d) 1.101
Answer: a
Explanation: The 1’s complement of a number is obtained by reversing the bits
with value 1 to 0 and the bits with value 0 to 1. Here, 11111111110.101 gets
converted to 000000001.010 in its 1’s complement format.

9. 7’s complement of 432 is _________________

a) 432
b) 543
c) 345
d) 777
Answer: c
Explanation: To find the 7’s complement of any number, we simply subtract 7
from each of the bits.
Here, 777-432=345. So, the 7’s complement is 345.

Computer Fundamentals Questions and Answers – Binary Multiplication &

Division

1. Perform binary addition of 1101 + 0010 is ________

a) 1110
b) 1111
c) 0111
d) 1,1101

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Answer: b
Explanation: The addition is performed as :
1101
+ 0010
_______
1111
Therefore, the result is 1111.
2. The addition 1+1 gives 0 as a result.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The two result obtained is 0 with a carry of 1. This carry is
transferred to the next higher column.
3. The result of 0*1 in binary is ____________
a) 0
b) 1
c) invalid
d) 10
Answer: a
Explanation: The binary multiplication of any number with 0 will give the result 0
itself. Any binary number when multiplied by 0 gives 0 only. e.g. 1101 * 0000 =
0000.

4. The multiplication of 110 * 111 is performed. What is a general term used for
111?
a) Dividend
b) Quotient
c) Multiplicand
d) Multiplier
Answer: d
Explanation: 111 is called the multiplier.
Whenever a multiplication is performed the second term is called the multiplier
whereas the first term is called the multiplicand.

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5. The result obtained on binary multiplication of 1010 * 1100 is _____________
a) 0001111
b) 0011111
c) 1111100
d) 1111000
Answer: d
Explanation: The solution is as follows :

1010
* 1100
________
0000
0000
1010
1010
_______
1111000

6. Which of the following is often called the double precision format?

a) 64-bit
b) 8-bit
c) 32-bit
d) 128-bit
Answer: a
Explanation: The 64-bit format is referred to as the double precision format. It has
1 sign bit, 8 exponent bits and 23 bits for the mantissa.

7. What do you call the intermediate terms in binary multiplication?

a) Multipliers

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b) Mid terms
c) Partial Products
d) Multiplicands
Answer: c
Explanation: The intermediate terms are called partial terms. The mid terms
obtained in the binary multiplications are the partial ones whereas the answer
obtained is called the final product.

8. The result that is smaller than the smallest number obtained is referred to as
___________
a) NaN
b) Underflow
c) Smallest
d) Mantissa
Answer: b
Explanation: It is referred to as underflow. Nan stands for not a number. Mantissa
is the part after the decimal.

9. The number of sign bits in a 32-bit IEEE format is _______

a) 1
b) 11
c) 9
d) 23
Answer: a
Explanation: There is only 1 sign bit in all the standards. In a 32-bit format, there is
1 sign bit, 8 bits for the exponent and 23 bits for the mantissa.

10. Express the decimal format of the signed binary number (101010)2 .
a) 10
b) 12
c) -12
d) -10
Answer: d

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Explanation: The first bit is the sign bit whereas the rest of the bits are magnitude
bits. So the number is: 01010 =23 * 1 + 21 * 1 =8+2 =10.
But , the sign bit is 1,
Therefore the answer is : (-2)10.

..............................................THE END....................................................

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