International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056

Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

UTILIZATION OF POND ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

CONCRETE MIX
ADITYA VERMA1, ABHISHEK KUMAR2, ASHISH MISHRA3, ARJIT VERMA4
1M.tech Scholar (Structures), BBDU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
2Astt.
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, BBDU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
3Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
4M.tech, Dept. of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Abstract – This paper presents a review on utilization ash. The pond ash has a cementitious property as well as act
of pond ash as partial replacement of cement concrete as fine aggregate in concrete. The variation in particle size of
mix. These days coal based power plant are very popular, natural sand and pond ash are below-
which generates large amount of fly ash, bottom ash and
pond ash. The disposal of the fly ash is big challenge from
environmental point of view. This study combines the
work done in this area by various researchers and shows
the effect of addition of pond ash on different properties
of concrete.

Key Words: Fly ash, pond ash, bottom ash,

compressive strength, flexural strength. Fig 1.1 Particle size distribution of natural sand [10]
1. INTRODUCTION

In India the power stations are mostly coal based which

requires a huge amount of coal. As the combustion of coal it
produces a large amount of fly ash. Fly ash is the byproduct
of thermal power station which requires a large area,
suitable method for its disposal. Fly ash is collected by
mechanical or electrostatic precipitators from the flue gases Fig 1.2 Particle size distribution of pond ash [10]
of power plant whereas; bottom ash is collected from the
bottom of the boilers. When these two types of ash, mixed
together, are transported in the form of slurry and stored,
the deposit is called pond ash. The total production of fly ash
in India is over 100 million tones and the disposal is major
problem. For its disposal thermal power station adopts wet
method for its disposal. In wet method fly ash and bottom
ash are mixed with water and disposed in open lands. Pond
ash utilization helps to reuse the wastes from thermal power
stations as well as to solve the problems of disposal of pond
ash, as it contains chemical compounds such as SiO2, Al2O3
etc. which has cementitious property to form bond between
two adjacent particles.
After the combustion of coal the residues of ash is obtained
in all thermal power plants. This study is to investigate the
test result of concrete in which cement is replaced by pond
ash. The fly ash obtained from power station need suitable
method for its disposal. So the best suitable method which all
the power plant uses is wet disposal method. The fly ash,
Fig 1.3 Ash disposal system [12]
bottom ash and water are mixed until slurry is obtained and
then the slurry is disposed in open lands. After the drying of
that slurry clinkers are formed that can be collected as pond

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
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2. EFFECTS OF ADDITION OF POND ASH ON Remya raju et. al. (2014) investigate the effect of use of coal
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregates in
various percentages (0–30%), on concrete properties.
2.1 Compressive Strength Compressive strength reduced marginally on the inclusion of
bottom ash in concrete. No significant strength gain in
Abdulhameed Umar Abubakar et.al. (2012) The fly ash and concrete observed when percentage of micro silica is more
coal bottom ash samples were collected from the tanjung bin than 8%.
power plant from this study he concluded that for M35 grade Abhishek Sachdeva et al. (2015) carried out experimental
concrete has got a compressive strength of 30N/mm2 for a investigation to study the effect of use of coal bottom ash as a
curing period of 28 days. By increase in the curing period the partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. An
strength of this particular concrete gets increased. experimental program is planned in which controlled
S.A. Haldive et.al. (2013) studied the fly ash and pond ash are concrete of grade M40 is prepared. Fine aggregate is
obtained as the by product from the thermal power plants partially replaced with coal bottom ash by 10%, 20%, 30%
and got to the conclusion that this replaced concrete will and 40%. A marginal decrease was observed, in the
give higher compressive strength compared to the normal compressive strength up to 20% replacement level.
concrete with OPC of 53 grade. Therefore, 20% of fine aggregates may be replaced with coal
P. P. Bhangale et.al. (2013) studied the cost analysis and bottom ash and a concrete with good strength may be
came to conclusion that replacement of fine aggregate with produced with coal bottom ash in concrete.
pond ash is acceptable and variation of strength of pond ash Aparna K.A et. al (2015) performed partial replacement of
concrete in comparison to normal concrete lies within plus cement and sand using fly ash and pond ash. The grade of
or minus 10% up to 28days curing for various mixes. concrete is M40, cube and beam specimens are casted and
A. K. Dwivedi et. al (2013) studied experimental cured for 28 and 56 days. The 20%FA, 18%PA mix will give a
investigation on the effect of addition of pond ash partially high compressive strength of 47.52 N/mm2 for 56 days
replaced with cement and sand in the mortar. Pond ash of curing period. The 20%FA, 16%PA mix will give a low
0% to 40% (with increase of 5%) by weight to cement and
compressive strength of 33.77 N/mm2. The 20%FA, 18%PA
sand replacement respectively were used. The specimens
mix will give 8% of higher strength compared to normal
were casted and cured under standard curing conditions for
concrete. The 56 days cured concrete of 20%FA, 18%PA will
3, 7, 28 and 90 days. In case of pond ash mortar, the
compressive strength containing 30 % replacement is higher give 6% higher strength compared to 28 days cured concrete
than standards and mortar for 28 days curing period. The mixes.
strength development is quite slowly in case of all Shekhar Mahat et. al (2015) carried experimental studies on
replacement after 3 and 7 days. Incorporating the 40 % pond the use of Pond ash as Fine Aggregate (FA) in concrete. The
ash decreases compressive strength after 28 and 90 days. properties of Pond Ash were compared to the standard sand.
Compressive strength for other case (Cement Replacement), The pond ash added by weight is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%
which is also increasing with time, but it is observed that the and 60% respectively as replacement of FA in concrete. The
rate of strength gaining decreases with increased rate of compressive strength of the concrete with 10% Pond ash
replacement incorporating pond ash percentage. replacement as Fine aggregate has higher strength for 3,7
Jay Patel et. al (2013) replaced alccofine and fine fly ash and 28 days of curing but the strength is higher for 20%
partially with cement and pond fly ash as a replacement of replacement for 56 days of curing.
fine aggregate. In mix G1, G2, G3 we will replace cement with
2.2 Flexural Strength
alccofine 4% and fine fly ash 26% and pond fly ash varies
10%, 20%, and 30% as replacement of F.A. Similarly in mix
Jay Patel et al (2013) replaced alccofine and fine fly ash
G4,G5,G6 alccofine 6% and fine fly ash 24% and pond fly ash
partially with cement and pond fly ash as a replacement of
same as 10%,20%,30%. According to analysis highest
fine aggregate. According to analysis 4.84Mpa flexural
strength for using 6% alccofine as a cement replacement and
strength for 6% alccofine and 10%pond ash usage at 28
10% pond ash as a replacement in fine aggregate. Also 50.4
days. The Flexural strength of cylinder shows that tensile
MPa compressive strength at 7 days and 62.0 MPa
strength up to desired limits of 5.42 Mpa are not obtained.
compressive strength at 28 days for water curing samples
A. K. Dwivedi et al (2013) studied experimental investigation
and 67.7 MPa compressive strength at 28 days for self-curing
on the effect of addition of pond ash partially replaced with
samples for above mentioned usage.
cement and sand in the mortar. Flexural strength values for
pond ash replacement mortar in comparison with standard
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

cement mortar strength are observed to be increase in 5% 2.3 Splitting Tensile Strength
and 10% replacement. In the further increased percentage
replacement the flexural strength decreases. This is related Jay Patel et al (2013) replaced alccofine and fine fly ash
with decrease in cement content and increase in partially with cement and pond fly ash as a replacement of
water/binder ratio in the comparison of standard cement fine aggregate. According to analysis 3.98 Mpa splitting
mortar. tensile strength for 6% alccofine and 10 % pond ash usage at
Kadam et. al (2013) studied effects of coal bottom ash as fine 28 days. The split tensile strength of cylinder shows that
aggregates in place of sand on properties of concrete. The split tensile strength up to desired limits of 5.42 Mpa are not
natural sand was replaced with coal bottom ash by 0%, 10%, obtained.
20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% by Kadam et al (2013) studied effects of coal bottom ash as fine
weight. The flexural strength was increased for 10 %, 30 % aggregates in place of sand on properties of concrete. The
replacement and after that it was decreased. natural sand was replaced with coal bottom ash by 0%, 10%,
Kadam et. al (2013) studied effects of coal bottom ash as fine 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% by
aggregates in place of sand on properties of concrete. The weight. The split tensile strength was increased at 7, 28, 56
natural sand was replaced with coal bottom ash by 0%, 10%, and 112 days for 10% to 30% replacement and after that it
20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% by was decreased for remaining replacement.
weight. The compressive strength for 7, 28, 56 and 112 days Remya Raju et. al. (2014) investigate the effect of use of coal
was increased up to 20% replacement and after that bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregates in
compressive strengths were decreased from 30% to 100% various percentages (0–30%), on concrete properties.
replacement. Splitting tensile strength of concrete improved on use of coal
Remya raju et. al. (2014) investigate the effect of use of coal bottom ash as fine aggregate in partial replacement of sand
bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregates in and also when micro silica was added to the optimum mix.
various percentages (0–30%), on concrete properties. The
flexural strength of concrete almost linearly decreased as the 2.4 Workability
replacement level of bottom ash was increased. Abubakar et. al (2012) utilized Coal bottom ash (CBA) and
Abhishek Sachdeva et. al. (2015) carried out experimental fly ash in partial replacement for fine aggregates and cement
investigation to study the effect of use of coal bottom ash as a respectively in the range of 0, 5, 10, 15 & 20% (equal
partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. A percentages). The results at 7, 28, 56 & 90 days curing are
marginal decrease was observed in the Flexural strength presented. The workability of the fresh concrete measured in
terms of slump and compacting factor decreased as the
upto 20% replacement level. A decrease in strength of
percentage replacement increases.
concrete with the increase in levels of fine aggregate Jay Patel et al (2013) replaced alccofine and fine fly ash
replacement by coal bottom ash is due to the replacement of partially with cement and pond fly ash as a replacement of
the stronger material with the weaker material. fine aggregate. The workability of concrete decreased with
Aparna K.A et. al (2015) performed partial replacement of the increase in Pond fly ash content due to the increase in
cement and sand using fly ash and pond ash. The grade of water demand, which is incorporated by increasing the
concrete is M40, cube and beam specimens are casted and dosage of Super plasticizer.
Remya raju et. al. (2014) investigate the effect of use of coal
cured for 28 and 56 days. The 20%FA, 18%PA mix will give a
bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregates in
high flexural strength of 11.16 N/mm2 for a curing period of various percentages (0–30%), on concrete properties. The
56 days. The 20%FA, 18%PA mix will give 25% higher workability of bottom ash concrete decreased on use of coal
strength compared to normal concrete. The 56 days cured bottom ash in partial replacement of fine aggregate in
concrete will give 10% higher strength compared to 28 days concrete. When micro silica was added to bottom ash
cured concrete of other mixes. concrete workability again decreases.
Shekhar Mahat et. al (2015) carried experimental studies on Abhishek Sachdeva et al. (2015) carried out experimental
the use of Pond ash as Fine Aggregate (FA) in concrete. The investigation to study the effect of use of coal bottom ash as a
properties of Pond Ash were compared to the standard sand. partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete.
The pond ash added by weight is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% Workability decreases with the increase in levels of sand
and 60% respectively as replacement of FA in concrete. The replacement by coal bottom ash because bottom ash is more
porous; therefore absorb more water than sand.
Flexural strength of the Pond ash replaced concrete
decreases with increase in the percentage of replacement. Shekhar Mahat et al (2015) carried experimental studies on
the use of Pond ash as Fine Aggregate (FA) in concrete.
According to him Workability of concrete decreases with the

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increase in Pond ash hence the super- plasticizer Glenium- can be used in increasing dose as percentage of pond ash is
3030 is used in increasing dosage as the Pond ash increased.
percentage replacement increases. The densities of hardened concrete linearly decreased as the
replacement ratio of ash was increased from 10% to 100%
2.5 Density of concrete
as compared to standard concrete.
Abubakar et. al (2012) utilized Coal bottom ash (CBA) and
fly ash in partial replacement for fine aggregates and cement References
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Kadam et. al (2013) studied effects of coal bottom ash as fine Fine Aggregate in Cement Concrete "- Case Study,
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different w/c ratio” International Journal of Advanced
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compressive strengths were decreased for further more
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[10] Shekhar Mahat, Manikanta K V “Studies On Strength Mr. Ashish Mishra was born in
Characteristics Of Pond Ash Replaced Pavement Quality 1993 in Lucknow city. He received
Concrete” International Journal of Computational Science, his Bachelor of Technology degree
Mathematics and Engineeringm Volume2 , Issue7, July in Civil Engineering from Babu
2015 ISSN 2349-8439 Copyright-IJCSME. Banarasi Das National Institute of
[11] Abhishek Sachdeva, Gobind Khurana “Strength Evaluation Technology and Management,
Lucknow in 2013. In 2015 he
of Cement Concrete Using Bottom Ash as a Partial
received his Master’s degree in
Replacement of Fine Aggregates” International Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering from
Science, Engineering and Technology, 2015, Volume 3 MNNIT, Allahabad. He is right now
Issue 6 ISSN (Online): 2348-4098, ISSN (Print): 2395- a Research Scholar at MNNIT
4752. Allahabad.
[12] Md. Ghazali, Prof. O.P. Kaushal., “Characteristics of fly ash E-mail:ashmishra100@gmail.com
from thermal power plants and its management along with
settling pond design” IJOER Vol. 1,Issue-4, July-2015. Mr. Arjit Verma was born in 1991
in Faizabad city. He received his
Bachelor of Technology degree in
BIOGRAPHIES Civil Engineering from IEC college
Mr. Aditya verma was born in 1992 of Engineering and Technology in
in Lucknow city. He received his 2012. In 2015 he received his
Bachelor of Technology degree in Master’s degree in Geotechnical
Civil Engineering from Babu Engineering from MNNIT,
Banarasi Das National Institute of Allahabad.
Technology and Management, E-mail:arjit0808@gmail.com
Lucknow in 2013. He is right now
pursuing her Master of Technology
in Structural Engineering from
School of Engineering (Babu
Banarasi Das University) Lucknow.
E-mail: aditya91verma@gmail.com

Mr. Abhishek Kumar was born in

1986 in Patna city. He received his
Bachelor of Technology degree in
Civil Engineering from School of
Engineering (Cochin University of
Science and Technology) Kochi,
Kerala in 2009. In 2011 he
received his Master’s degree in
Structural Engineering from
MNNIT, Allahbad. He joined Babu
Banarasi Das Engineering College,
Lucknow in 2011 as a faculty. He
was Head of the Department in
Babu Banarasi Das University,
Lucknow and is now working as an
Assistant Professor in Babu
Banarasi Das University, Lucknow
(Department of Civil Engineering)
with a total of 5 years of
experience.
E-mail: rajaabhis@gmail.com

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