Jaydeep Wagh

Performance Based Design &
Provisions of Tall Building Code

IS16700:2017
(Geotechnical)
JAYDEEP WAGH
(B.E., M.S., P.E. (Geotechnical))
(Geocon International Pvt Ltd)
Clause 9.3 Geotechnical Investigations
Clause 9.3.1 - For Geotechnical Investigation, boreholes shall,
a) be spaced at 30m within the plan area of the building;

b) be a minimum of 3 boreholes per tower; and
c) have a depth of at least 1.5 times of estimated width of
foundation in soil and 30m in rock.
Clause 9.4- Depth of Foundation
• The embedded depth of the building shall be at least 1/15 of
height of building for raft foundation and 1/20 of the height of
building for pile and piled raft foundation (excluding pile
length).
But, this requirement may be relaxed,
a) When the foundation rests on hard rock; or
b) When there is no uplift under any portion of the raft in any
services load combination, and provided the minimum
competent founding strata requirement is fulfilled.
Clause 9.7 Modelling of Soil
• Clause 9.7.1 –
• While modelling raft foundations through spring constant or

modulus of sub-grade reaction, zoned spring constants or
zoned modulus of sub-grade reaction shall be utilized for
design, at least for the case of (dead load + live load)
condition.
Almost for all projects in India, a single K value is
erroneously used for design.
Actual Deformed shape of Raft
UDL = Q
Deformed Shape of Raft
With single K value

UDL = Q
K
ACTUAL RAFT SETTLEMENT UNDER A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
700mm
1146mm
RAFT SETTLEMENT SHOWN BY SAFE SOFTWARE
FOR A SINGLE SPRING CONSTANT AND UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Thus K value depends on
1) Width of footing (Few practioners have

erroneously used K values published in literature
which are for small plates.)
2) Variations in founding strata.
3) Rigidity of Raft & superstructure

SWASTIK METRO BUILDING,
BANGALORE
STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT:
STERLING ENGINEERING
BANGALORE
BANGALORE
K1 < K2 < K3
0.1m Thick Raft
3m Thick Raft
SETTLEMENTS ARE MUCH LOWER IN A 3M THICK RAFT FOUNDATION.

SETTLEMENT WITH VARYING THICKNESS
ANTICIPATED FUTURE DESIGN
PRACTICE (in next 5 years)
1. Spring constant approach and spring constant term
will disappear.
2. Raft deformed shape obtained from geotechnical

softwares will be directly used for structural design.
3. Building and raft rigidity will be accounted for in raft

design by softwares.
4. Confusion on who will do Raft design. OR jointly by

geotechnical and structural engineers as design of
excavation shoring piles is currently done.
• Clause 9.7.1 -
• For design of rafts for buildings taller than 150m, a soil-

structure interaction study shall be conducted, using actual
column loads and column locations to obtain the zoned spring
constants.
“PALAIS ROYALE”
CLIENT: SHREE RAM URBAN
3B + G + 75 FLOORS
CURRENTLY ONE OF THE TOP

THREE TALLEST BUILDINGS IN
INDIA
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION “PALAIS ROYALE”
CLIENT: SHREE RAM URBAN
3B + G + 75 FLOORS
MAX. SETTLMENT = 30mm
FIG 3: SETTLEMENT CONTOURS (3D VIEW)

ONLY LEFT HALF PORTION OF THE BUILDING IS ANALYZED DUE TO SYMMETRY
• Clause 9.7.2 – For Pile raft foundations designed with settlement
reducing piles, soil-structure interaction study shall be conducted
with actual column loads and column locations. This analysis shall
be conducted at a minimum for combinations of following loads:
a) Dead d) Wind in Y-direction

b) Live e) Seismic in X-direction
c) Wind in X-direction f) Seismic in Y-direction
“THE 42”, KOLKATA
G + 60 FLOORS
STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: JW CONSULTANTS
GROUND AT THIS SITE NOT CAPABLE OF

SUPPORTING BUILDING ON CONVENTIONALLY
DESIGNED FOUNDATIONS.
PILE SETTLEMENTS MUCH IN EXCESS OF IS

CODE 12mm PERMITTED TO SUPPORT
BUILDING.
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION CONDUCTED TO

VERIFY THAT ALL DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS
ARE WITHIN PERMISSIBLE LIMIT.
G + 60 FLOORS
STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: JW CONSULTANTS
1) SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION OF PILES AND

PILE CAP.
2) MINOR CONTRIBUTION OF MARINE CLAY AT
BASE OF PILE CAP ALSO UTILIZED.
3) FRICTION ALONG WALLS OF PILE CAP ALSO
UTILIZED.
4) WIND LOADS OBTAINED FROM WIND
TUNNEL .
5) BUILDING ELEVATION FEATURES MODIFIED
TO REDUCE FOUNDATION LOADS.
6) PILE NUMBERS, SPACING AND RAFT
THICKNESS MODIFIED TO REDISTRIBUTE LOADS
AND KEEP PILE LOADS WITHIN LIMITS
Fig 4: Pile Spring
Constants (x 1000 t/m)
SETTLEMENT REDUCING PILES
` ORB TOWERS, NOIDA
2B + G + 50
RCC CONSULTANT: VMS CONSULTANTS
ORB TOWERS, NOIDA
2B + G + 50
ONLY 41 PILES
85% of load taken by Raft

15% of load taken by Piles
Structural Consultant:
VMS Consultants
SUPERNOVA, NOIDA (U.P) STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: BURO HAPPOLD
3B + G + 85 FLOORS Iconic Tower

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FOR
SPIRA TOWER
• 24 pressuremeter tests.
• 4 static cone penetration tests.
• 2 static pile load tests.
• 1 instrumented Osterberg Load Cell test.

O CELL TESTING BY FUGRO
LOAD CELL
ICONIC TOWER (SUPERNOVA)
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
ICONIC TOWER
(SUPERNOVA)
1.2m DIA PILES.

LOAD ON PILES 1500 TONS UNDER STATIC LOADS
AND 1900 TONS UNDER WIND LOADS.
38mm
67mm
RAFT ZONED SPRING CONSTANTS

BRYS BUZZ, NOIDA
G + 81 FLOORS
BEST CONSULTING ENGINEERS, DUBAI
BRYS BUZZ, NOIDA
NOVA TOWER
MODELING OF WIND
+Y CONDITION
Structural Consultant: Buro Happold

SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION OF NOVA TOWER
INCORPORATING BUILDING RIGIDITY.
STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: BURO HAPPOLD

• SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION CAN ALSO RESULT IN
COST ECONOMY.
-Actual Foundation dimensions, load intensity,

loading patterns, raft rigidity can be utilized for design.
INDIA TOWER , MUMBAI
(6B+G+130 FLOORS)
CLIENT: DB REALTY
RCC CONSULTANT: MAHIMTURA / WSP
The highest allowable bearing capacity

utilized in India for shallow foundations
(500 t/m2)
Extensive geotechnical investigation

completed.
Soil structure interaction with finite

element analysis helped reduce raft
thickness from 6.5m to 5m.
INS National Workshop on Modern
3/28/2018 Methods in Civil Engineering 42
INDIA TOWER , MUMBAI
6 BASEMENTS 27m DEEP
CLIENT: DB REALTY
INS National Workshop on Modern

3/28/2018 Methods in Civil Engineering 43
WAVE CITY CENTER, NOIDA
RCC CONSULTANT: AECOM
3/28/2018 INS National Workshop on Modern Methods in 44

Civil Engineering
Clause 9.8 Settlements of Foundations
• Clause 9.8.1 – Maximum vertical settlement of raft or piles

raft foundations under gravity loads shall comply with
requirements of IS 1904 and IS 12070.
• The maximum vertical settlement may be relaxed to 125mm

in raft or raft-pile foundation subject to maximum angular
distortion or raft not exceeding 1/500, and 50 mm in rock.
OASIS TOWER
CLIENT: OBEROI REALTY
STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: LERA
3B + G + 85 FLOORS
FOOTING LOAD TEST IN PROGRESS
AT FOUNDING LEVEL (-13m).
OASIS TOWER, OBEROI REALTY

Clause 11.0 Recommendations for
Monitoring Deformations in Buildings
• Clause 11.3 - Foundation Settlement and Pressure

Measurement
• Clause 11.3.1 - Permanent settlement (at corners and center)

should be provided at raft top level and referenced to a
permanent benchmark. Records of settlement should be
maintained till completion of the building and preferably even
after completion.
OASIS TOWER
CLIENT: OBEROI REALTY
STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: LERA
3B + G + 85 FLOORS
OASIS TOWER, OBEROI REALTY
CURRENTLY 35 OF THE 85 FLOORS

COMPLETED.
7mm
14mm
6mm
Clause 11.0 Recommendations for
Monitoring Deformations in Buildings
• Clause 11.3 - Foundation Settlement and Pressure
Measurement
• Clause 11.3.2 – Raft or Piled-raft shall be instrumented for

monitoring long-term pressure imposed by soil on the raft, at
appropriate number (at least 5) of pressure pads below the
raft. Alternatively, piles can be instrumented with strain
gauges at their top to measure the load on them.
NATHANI HEIGHTS, MUMBAI
2 B + G + 70 FLOORS
STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: THORNTUN TOMASETTI
ONE OF THE MOST SLENDER BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD

WITH SLENDERNESS RATIO OF 1:11.
PROBABLY THE HIGHEST PILE CAPACITY UITILIZED IN

INDIA (1700 TONS ON A 1.2m DIA PILE)
PILE LOAD TEST CONDUCTED UP TO A TEST LOAD OF

2500TONS.
INATHANI HEIGHTS BUILDING PILES INSTRUMENTED
WITH STRAIN GAUGES AND
EXTENSOMETERS .
PILES MONITORED WEEKLY FOR

PRESSURE AND SETTLEMENTS.
Strain Gauges
Extensometer
THANK YOU

Jaydeep Wagh

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Performance Based Design &

Provisions of Tall Building Code

Clause 9.3.1 - For Geotechnical Investigation, boreholes shall,

a) be spaced at 30m within the plan area of the building;

• While modelling raft foundations through spring constant or

Actual Deformed shape of Raft

Deformed Shape of Raft

With single K value

1) Width of footing (Few practioners have

2) Variations in founding strata.

3) Rigidity of Raft & superstructure

SETTLEMENTS ARE MUCH LOWER IN A 3M THICK RAFT FOUNDATION.

2. Raft deformed shape obtained from geotechnical

3. Building and raft rigidity will be accounted for in raft

4. Confusion on who will do Raft design. OR jointly by

• For design of rafts for buildings taller than 150m, a soil-

CURRENTLY ONE OF THE TOP

FIG 3: SETTLEMENT CONTOURS (3D VIEW)

a) Dead d) Wind in Y-direction

STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: JW CONSULTANTS

GROUND AT THIS SITE NOT CAPABLE OF

PILE SETTLEMENTS MUCH IN EXCESS OF IS

SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION CONDUCTED TO

STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: JW CONSULTANTS

1) SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION OF PILES AND

85% of load taken by Raft

3B + G + 85 FLOORS Iconic Tower

• 4 static cone penetration tests.

• 2 static pile load tests.

• 1 instrumented Osterberg Load Cell test.

SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

1.2m DIA PILES.

ICONIC TOWER (SUPERNOVA)

Structural Consultant: Buro Happold

STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: BURO HAPPOLD

-Actual Foundation dimensions, load intensity,

RCC CONSULTANT: MAHIMTURA / WSP

The highest allowable bearing capacity

Extensive geotechnical investigation

Soil structure interaction with finite

6 BASEMENTS 27m DEEP

INS National Workshop on Modern

RCC CONSULTANT: AECOM

3/28/2018 INS National Workshop on Modern Methods in 44

• Clause 9.8.1 – Maximum vertical settlement of raft or piles

• The maximum vertical settlement may be relaxed to 125mm

CLIENT: OBEROI REALTY

STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: LERA

OASIS TOWER, OBEROI REALTY

• Clause 11.3 - Foundation Settlement and Pressure

• Clause 11.3.1 - Permanent settlement (at corners and center)

CLIENT: OBEROI REALTY

STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: LERA

CURRENTLY 35 OF THE 85 FLOORS

• Clause 11.3.2 – Raft or Piled-raft shall be instrumented for

STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: THORNTUN TOMASETTI

ONE OF THE MOST SLENDER BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD

PROBABLY THE HIGHEST PILE CAPACITY UITILIZED IN

PILE LOAD TEST CONDUCTED UP TO A TEST LOAD OF