List of assignments

Power System Operation and Control

Assignment 1:
1. How to improve load factor.
2. DC transmission systems.
3. Layout of typical substations (33 kV, 400kV).
4. Load models.
5. What is PMU
6. Prepare graph/bar chart to show all information regarding
(i) Installed Capacity of Electric Power Stations on Jun 30, 2019

(ii) Power Generation Overview on July 30, 2019.

Assignment 2:

1. Write short notes on International and national Blackouts.

Assignments 3:

1. Write electricity act 2003 in detail

Assignment 4

Q1. The cost characteristics of three units in a power plant are given by
C1 = 0.5 P12 + 220 P1 + 1800 Rs / hour
C2 = 0.6 P22 + 160 P2 + 1000 Rs / hour
C3 = 1.0 P32 + 100 P3 + 2000 Rs / hour
where , P1, P2 and P3 are generating powers in MW. Maximum and minimum loads on
each unit are 125 MW and 20 MW respectively.
Obtain the economic dispatch when the total load is 260 MW. What will be the loss per
hour if the units are operated with equal loading?

Q2. The incremental costs of two units in a power station are:

11dPdC = 0.3 P1 + 70 Rs / hour
22dPdC = 0.4 P2 + 50 Rs / hour
a) Assuming continuous running with a load of 150 MW,
Calculate the saving per hour obtained by using most economical division of
load between the units as compared to loading each equally. The maximum
and minimum operational loadings of both the units are 125 and 20 MW
respectively.
b. What will be the saving if the operating limits are 80 and 20 MW?

Q3. A power plant has two units with the following cost characteristics:
C1 = 0.6 P12 + 200 P1 + 2000 Rs / hour
C2 = 1.2 P22 + 150 P2 + 2500 Rs / hour
Where. P1 and P2 are the generating powers in MW.
The daily load cycle is as follows:
6:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. 150 MW
6:00 P.M. to 6:00 A.M. 50 MW
The cost of taking either unit off the line and returning to service after 12
hours is Rs 5000. Considering 24 hour period from 6:00 A.M. one morning
to 6:00 A.M. the next morning
a. Would it be economical to keep both units in service for this 24 hour
period or remove one unit from service for 12 hour period from 6:00 P.M.
one evening to 6:00 A.M. the next morning?
b. Compute the economic schedule for the peak load and off peak load
conditions.
c. Calculate the optimum operating cost per day.
d. If operating one unit during off peak load is decided, up to what cost of
taking one unit off and returning to service after 12 hours, this decision is
acceptable?

Assignment 5
1. Primary ALFC loop parameters for a control area are: Total rated
capacity Pr = 2000 MW Normal operating load P0D = 1000 MW Inertia
constant H = 5.0 sec. Regulation = 2.0 Hz / p.u. Assume that the load-
frequency dependency is linear, meaning that the load would increase one
percent for one percent frequency increase.
Obtain the power system transfer function and Find the static
frequency drop for load increase of 1% of system rating.
2. Determine Laplace inverse of following transfer function for step load M
,i.e., ΔPD(s) = M and give time response Δf(t).
s
GP
f ( s)   PD ( s )
K 1
1  I GHT GP  GHT GP
s R
3. Determine Laplace inverse of following equationand give time response
Δf(t)

KP M
f ( s )  
TP R  KP K K
s2  s I P
RT P TP
 Assignment 6

1. Two uncontrolled areas 1 and 2 are connected by a tie-line. System parameters are:

Area 1 Rated capacity 5000 MW, R = 2.5 Hz / p.u., D = 0.02 p.u. / Hz

Area 2 Rated capacity 2000 MW, R = 2 Hz / p.u., D = 0.05 p.u. / Hz
Taking 5000 MW as the base, find the steady state frequency change and the change in
tie-line power flow from area 1 to 2 when
i) 20 MW load increase takes place in area 1.
ii) 20 MW load increase takes place in area 2.
iii) 10 MW load increase takes place in areas 1 and 2.
iv) 20 MW load decease takes place in area 1.

2. Develop the block diagram of Load frequency control in three area system

3. Give the concept of wide-area control of power system

Assignment-7
1. Static error in AVR deceases with increased loop gain. Justify this. Find the minimum
value of open loop gain K, for the static error to be less than i) 1% ii) 2% and iii) 3% of
reference input.
2. Consider the block diagram of the AVR loop without stability compensator. The values
of the time constants are: TA = 0.05 s; Te = 0.5 s and TF = 3.0 s. We would like the static
error not to exceed 1% of reference input.
a) Construct the required root locus diagram and prove that the static accuracy
requirement conflicts with the requirement of stability.
b) Specifically, compute the closed loop poles if K is set at 99.
c) Reduce K by 50% and repeat part b.

Assignment-8
1. A 132 kV line is fed through 11 / 132 kV transformer from a constant 11 kV supply. At
the load end of the line, the voltage is reduced by another transformer of nominal ratio
132 / 11 kV. The total impedance of the line and transformers at 132 kV is (20 + j 53) Ω.
 Both the transformers are equipped with tap changing facilities which are so arranged
that the product of the two off-nominal settings is unity. If the load on the system is 40
MW at 0.9 p.f. lagging, calculate the settings of the tap changers required to maintain the
voltages at the both ends at 11 kV.

2. A 400 kV line is fed through 132 / 400 kV transformer from a constant 132 kV supply.
At the load end of the line, the voltage is reduced by another transformer of nominal ratio
400 / 132 kV. The total impedance of the line and transformers at 400 kV is (50 + j 100)
Ω. Both the transformers are equipped with tap changing facilities which are so arranged
that the product of the two off-nominal settings is unity. If the load on the system is 200
MW at 0.8 p.f. lagging, calculate the settings of the tap changers required to maintain the
voltages at the both ends at 132 kV.

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