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ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM - II (2160908)
ASSIGNMENT
CHAPTER-1 CURRENT & VOLTAGE RELATIONS ON A
TRANSMISSION LINE
Descriptive Questions (7 Marks)
1. Derive long transmission equivalent π model.
2. Draw & explain receiving end power circle diagram.
3. Derive the ABCD constants for medium transmission line using Nominal
Π representation. Also write the expressions for voltage regulation and
efficiency for the same line.
4. Deriving the expression of voltage and current of the long transmission line
considering the fact that line parameters are distributed uniformly through
the line, explain SIL and Wavelength of the transmission line.
OR
Derive expressions for Vs and Is in case of Long Transmission line
(Rigorous Solution).
5. Briefly explain the importance of power circle diagrams. Draw and explain
the receiving end circle diagram for a transmission line.
6. Prove that the active and reactive powers transmitted to load over a long
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉2
line are given by PR = 𝑆𝑋 𝑅 Sin δ and QR = 𝑆𝑋 𝑅 cos𝛿 − 𝑋𝑅 .

(3 & 4 Marks)

1. Define V.R. of a transmission line. List out methods for line compensation
based on value of V.R.
2. What is receiving end power circle diagram? Write down steps to draw
It.
3. Explain types of transmission Line.
4. Explain the importance of Power Circle Diagram.
5. How the Impedance Drop, Voltage Drop & Voltage Regulation do in
connection with transmission line differs?

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Numericals:-
1) Determine the voltage, current and power factor at the sending end of a 3
phase, 50 Hz, Overhead transmission line 160 km long delivering a load of 100
MVA at 0.8 pf lagging and 132 KV to a balanced load. Resistance per km is
0.16Ω, inductance per km is 1.2 mH and capacitance per km conductor is
0.0082μF. Use nominal π method. (Winter 2016)

2) A 3-phase. 50-Hz overhead transmission line 100 km long has the following
constants.
Resistance/km/phase = 0.1 Ώ
Inductive reactance/km/phase = 0.2 Ώ
Capacitive susceptance/km/phase = 0.04 × 10 -4 Siemen
Determine (i) the sending end current (ii) sending end voltage (iii) sending
end power factor and (iv) Transmission efficiency when supplying a balance load
of 10,000 kW at 66 kV p.f. 0.8 lagging. Use nominal T method. (Winter 2018
2016)
3) Using the nominal π method, find the sending end voltage and voltage
regulation of a 250km, 3-Φ, 50Hz transmission line delivering 25 MVA at 0.8
power factor (lagging) to a balanced load at 132 kV. The line conductors are
spaced equilaterally 3m apart. The conductor resistance is 0.11 Ω/km and its
effective diameter is 1.6 cm. Neglect leakages. (May/June 2012)

4) A single circuit 60Hz transmission line 370km long. The load on the line is
125MW at 215 kV with 100% power factor. Find the voltage, current and power
at sending end and the voltage regulation of the line. (Given: z=0.5239/_ 79.02º
Ω/km and y = 3.17 x 10-6 /_ 90º mho/km). (Nov/Dec 2011)

5) A 275kV transmission line has the following line constants A= 0.85 /_5º, B =
/_ 75º.1) Determine the power at unity power factor that can be received if the
voltage profile at each end is maintained at 275kV. 2) What type and rating of
compensation equipment would be required if the load is 150MW at unity power
factor with the same voltage profile as in part (1). (Summer 2014)

6) A three phase 50 Hz transmission line is 100km long delivers 20 MW at 220kV

at 0.9 p.f. lagging and 110V.The resistance and reactance of the line per conductor
per km are 0.2ohms and 0.4.ohms respectively. While the capacitance admittance
is 2.5 x 10-6 mho/km/phase. Calculate i) the current and voltage at sending end ii)
Efficiency of transmission line. Use Nominal T method. (Summer 2017)

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7) A 60 Hz short transmission line having R= 0.62 ohms per phase and L = 93.24
mH per phase, supplies a three phase, wye-connected 100MW load of 0.9lagging
power factor at 21kV line to line voltage. Calculate the sending end voltage per
phase. (Winter 2017)

8) A 200km long three phase overhead line has a resistance of 48.7 ohms per
phase, inductive reactance of 80.2 ohms per phase and capacitance (line to
neutral) 8.42nF per km. It supplies a load of 13.5MW at a voltage of 88 kV at 0.9
lagging power factor. Using nominal T circuit, find sending end voltage , sending
end current , voltage regulation and power angle of given line. (Summer 2018)
9) A 50Hz transmission Line 300km long has a total series impedance of (40 +j
125) ohms and a total shunt admittance of 10-3 mho. The receiving end load is
50MW at 220kV with 0.8 lagging power factor. Find sending end voltage and
current using exact method. (Winter 2015)

10) A three phase 50 Hz transmission line is 150 Km long and delivers 25 MW

at 220KV at 0.8 p.f. lagging. The resistance and reactance of the line per
conductor per km are 0.3 Ω and 0.9 Ω respectively. The line charging admittance
is 0.3×10-6 ʊ/km/phase. Compute the voltage regulation and transmission
efficiency by applying nominal π (pi) method. (Winter 2014)

11) A 3-phase overhead transmission line delivers a load of 80 MW at 0.8 pf

lagging and 220 kV between the lines. Its total series impedance per phase and
shunt admittance per phase is 200/_ 800 ohms and 0.0013/_900 mho per phase
respectively. Using nominal T method determine (i) A,B,C,D constants of the line
(ii) Sending end voltage (iii) Sending end current (iv) Sending end power factor
(v) Transmission efficiency of the line. (Summer 2014)

12) A three phase, 60 Hz, completely transposed 345 kV, 200 km line has z=
0.032+ j0.35 Ω /km and y= j4.2 x 10-6 S/km. Full load at the receiving end is 700
MW at 0.99 p.f. leading and at 95% of rated voltage. Assuming a medium length
line, determine the following: ABCD parameters of the nominal π circuit, sending
end voltage and current and real power delivered by sending end. (Winter 2013)
13) Consider a 230 mile long 60 Hz transmission line. Its series impedance z is
0.1603 + j8277 -/mile and shunt admittance y is j5.105 X 10-mho/mile. The load
on the line is 125 MW at 215 kV with unity power factor. Find the voltage, current
and power at the sending end and the voltage regulation of the line. Also find the
wavelength and velocity of propagation in miles and miles/s respectively. Please
consider the line as a long line. (June 2011)

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14) A short 230kV transmission line with a reactance of 18 ohms/phase supplies

a load at 0.85pf lag. For a line current of 1000A, the receiving and sending end
voltages are to be maintained at 230kV. Calculate: i) rating of synchronous
capacitor required ii) load current iii) load MVA. Neglect power drawn by the
capacitor. (Dec 2010)

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CHAPTER 2 SYMMETRICAL 3 PHASE FAULTS

Descriptive Questions (7 Marks)
1. Explain in brief transients in RL series circuits (Doubling effect).
2. Explain the importance of bus impedance matrix in fault calculation.
3. Write note on Selection of a circuit breaker.
OR
4. What is circuit breaker? How is its rating decided?
5. Explain the algorithm for short circuit studies by using bus impedance matrix
in fault calculations.
6. Prove that the synchronous machine offers time varying reactance on no load
condition.
7. Explain sub transient, transient and steady state reactances of synchronous
machine and draw the machine circuit models using them.
8. State and explain the advantages of PU system used in the power system.
9. With suitable example explain how the symmetrical fault analysis is useful for
selection of circuit breakers.

Short Questions (3 & 4 Marks)

1. How circuit breaker S.C. current ratings are decided?

2. Differentiate between transient and sub transient reactance.
3. Give classification of Faults. What is the difference between steady state
reactance Xd, transient reactance Xd’ and sub transient reactance Xd”?
4. Explain the performance of loaded synchronous machine.
5. Prove that in case of transients in RL series circuits, short circuit current
contains symmetrical short circuit components and DC offset components.

NUMERICALS

1. A synchronous generator and synchronous motor each rated 25 MVA, 11 kV

having 15 % sub transient reactance are connected through transformers and
a line shown in fig. 1. The transformers are rated 25 MVA, 11/66 kV and 66/11
kV with leakage reactance of 10 % each. The line has reactance of 10 % on a
base of 25 MVA, 66 kV. The motor is drawing 15 MW at 0.8 power factor
leading and terminal voltage of 10.6 kV when a symmetrical three phase fault
occurs at motor terminals. Find the sub transient current in the generator motor
and fault.

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2. A 25 MVA, 11 kV generator with Xd˶ = 20 % is connected through a

transformers, line and a transformers to a bus that supplies three identical
motor as shown in fig. 2. Each motor has Xd˶ = 25 % and Xd̕ = 30 % on a
base of 5 MVA, 6.6 kV. Three phase rating of the step up transformers is 25
MVA , 11/66 kV with leakage reactance of 10 % and that of the step down
transformer is 25 MVA , 66/6.6 kV with a leakage reactance of 10 %. The bus
voltage at the motors is 6.6 kV when a three –phase fault occurs at the point
F. For the specified fault, calculate.

(i) The sub transient current in the fault,

(ii) The sub transient current in breaker B,
(iii) The momentary current in breaker B.

3. A generator is rated 1000 MVA, 11 KV. Its star connected winding

has reactance of 0.9 PU Find (1) Ohmic value of reactance (2) If
the generator is working in a circuit for which the base values are
specified as 250MVA, 22 KV, find out its PU reactance on the
specified base.
4. A generator rated 100 MVA, 20kV has X1 = X2 = 20% and X0 =
5%. Its neutral is grounded through a reactor of 0.32 ohms. The
generator is operating at rated voltage with load and is discon-
nected from the system when a single line to ground fault occurs at
its terminals. Find the sub transient current in the faulted phase and
line to line voltages.
5. A synchronous generator and a synchronous motor each rated
25MVA, 11KV having 15% sub transient reactance are connected
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through transformer and a line as shown in fig. (B) The transformer

s are rated 25 MVA, 11/66KV and 66/11 KV with leakage reac-
tance of 10% each. The line has a reactance of 10% on a base of 25
MVA, 66 KV. The motor is drawing 15 MW at 0.8 power factor
leading and a terminal voltage of 10.6 KV when a symmetrical
fault occurs at the motor terminals. Find the sub transient current
in the generator, motor and fault.

6. A salient-pole generator without dampers is rated 20 MVA, 13.8 kV and has

a direct-axis sub transient reactance of 0.25 pu. The negative- and zero–se-
quence reactance’s are 0.35 pu and 0.1 p.u. respectively. The neutral of the
generator is solidly grounded. Determine the sub transient currents and the
line-to-line voltages at the fault under sub transient conditions when a line-
to-line fault occurs at the b and c terminals of the generator. Assume that the
generator is unloaded and operating at rated terminal voltage when the fault
occurs. Neglect resistance.
7. Two generators G1 and G2 are rated 15 MVA, 11KV and 10MVA, 11KV
Respectively. The generators are connected to a transformer shown in fig.1.
The sub transient current in each generator where a three phase fault occurs
On the high voltage side of the transformer. Choose a base 15 MVA.

8. A generating station consists of two 100 MVA generators with 6% reactance

each and one 150 MVA generator with 8% reactance as shown in fig. 2. These
generators are connected to a common bus bar from which loads are taken
through a number of circuit breaker on (i) low voltage side and (ii) on high
voltage side. Take base power 150 MVA.

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9. Three 20MVA generators each having a reactance of 0.2 p.u. are operating in
parallel. A fault occurs at generator bus. Find the fault MVA if fault is
symmetrical.
10. A three phase 20MVA, 10kV alternator has an internal reactance of 5% and
negligible resistance. Find the external reactance to be connected in series with
each phase so that steady state current in each phase does not exceed 8 times
full load current.

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CHAPTER-3 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

Descriptive Questions (7 Marks)
1. Explain in brief power in terms of symmetrical components.
2. Explain symmetrical components transformation with operator ‘a’.
3. Introduce symmetrical components and state their applications. Derive
symmetrical components of a given set of three unbalanced current
phasors.
4. Derive the expressions of positive, negative and zero sequence voltage
components in terms of given set of unbalance voltage phasors Va, Vb and
Vc. Also write similar current equation.
5. Prove that positive and negative sequence impedances of fully transposed
transmission lines are always equal.
OR
Prove that for a fully transposed line, the zero sequence impedance is much
Higher than positive or negative sequence impedance.
6. What do you understand by positive, negative and zero sequence
impedances? Discuss them with reference to synchronous generators,
transformers and transmission lines.
7. Discuss the significance of zero sequence circuit. Why should Zn appear
as 3Zn in zero sequence equivalent circuit?
8. Draw the zero sequence networks for different types of transformer
connections.
9. Write a note on zero sequence networks in brief.
OR
Describe how zero sequence impedances of generator, transmission line
and transformers are obtained. Draw zero sequence diagrams of
Transformers with different connections of primary and secondary.
Short Questions (3 & 4 Marks)

1. Show that symmetrical component transformation is power invariant.

OR
Derive the expression of three phase power in terms of symmetrical
Components of voltages and currents.
2. What are symmetrical components and what its need?
3. Why generator produce only positive sequence voltage?
4. Write equation of phase voltage in terms of Symmetrical components.
5. Which sequence current flows through ground wires and why?

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6. In a 3 phase system it has been found that negative sequence components

and zero sequence components are absent. What do you conclude from it?
7. What is the effect of negative and zero sequence currents in 3 phase
system?
8. Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence networks of the power
system network as shown in Fig. 3.

Numericals:-

1. The currents in three phase unbalanced system are Ia = (12 + j6), Ib = (12 -
j12), Ic = (- 15 + j10) A. The phase sequence is abc. Calculate, positive,
negative and zero sequence components of current.(Winter -2018,Summer
2017,2016,Winter 2014)
2. In a three phase four wire system the currents in line a, b and c under abnormal
condition are Ia = 100/_ 30º A, Ib =50/_300º A, Ic=30/_1800 A. Calculate the
zero positive and negative phase sequence currents in line a and return current
in the neutral conductor.(Summer 2017,2016)
3. One conductor of a 3 phase line is open as shown in fig. 3. The current flowing
to the Δ connected load through the line R is 10 A. With the current in line R
as reference and assuming that line B is open, find the symmetrical components
of the line currants.(Nov-Dec 2011)

4. The voltage across a 3 phase unbalanced load are Va = 200/_400 , Vb =

320/_1900 , Vc= 480/_3400 .Determine the symmetrical components of
Voltages, Phase sequence is abc.(May-June 2012)
5. A delta connected balanced r4esistive load is connected across an unbalanced
Three phase supply. The currents in lines A and B are 10/_300, 15/_-600 resp.
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Find the current in line C. Find symmetrical components of phase currents

flowing in the individual resistances of the delta connected load.(June 2011)
6. The line to ground voltages on the high voltage side of a step-up transformer
are 100kV, 33kV and 38kV on phases a,b,c resp. The voltage of phase a leads
that of phase b by 1000 and lags that of phase c by 176.50.Determine
analytically the symmetrical components of voltage.(Winter 2017)
7. The line to neutral voltages in a three phase system are Van = 200+j0 V, Vbn
= -43.4-j246.2 V and Vcn=-52.1 + j295.4.Find Va1, Va2 and Vao. From these
values,find values of Vb1,Vb2, Vbo,Vc1,Vc2,Vc0.( Summer 2018)

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CHAPTER-4 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS

Descriptive Questions (7 Marks)
1. Using appropriate interconnection of sequence networks, derive the
equation for a line to line fault in a power system with a fault impedance
of Zf.
2. Derive an expression for the fault current for a single line-to ground fault
as an unloaded Generator. Also draw connection of sequence of networks.
OR
A three phase synchronous generator is initially operating on load.
Suddenly a line to ground fault occurs at one of its terminals. Derive the
expressions for fault current and phase voltages.
3. Derive an expression for the fault current for a double-line fault as an
unloaded generator.
4. Derive the double line to ground fault in a 3 phase alternator.
5. Justify the following statement: “For a fault at alternator terminals, a
single line to ground fault is generally more severe than a 3 phase fault
whereas for faults on transmission lines, a 3 phase fault is more severe
than other faults.”
6. What is P.U. system? Explain advantages of P.U. system.
7. Discuss phase shifting in a single phase transformer and Y-Δ
transformers.
Short Questions (3 & 4 Marks)
1. What is 3 phase unsymmetrical fault? Discuss the different types of
unsymmetrical in brief.
OR
What u meant by symmetrical faults? Explain briefly its necessity in fault
analysis.
OR
What is 3 phase unsymmetrical fault? Discuss any one type of
Unsymmetrical in brief.
2. Discuss possible faults on overhead lines.
3. Why is 3phase symmetrical fault more severe than a 3 phase
unsymmetrical faults?
4. Give reason: For a fault at alternator terminals, a single line to ground fault
is generally more severe than a three phase fault.
5. How does neutral grounding affect the fault calculations?

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Numericals:-

1. A 3 phase, 11kV, 25 MVA generator with Xo = 0.05 p.u, X1 = 0.2 p.u and
X2 = 0.2 p.u is grounded through a reactance of 0.3 Ώ .Calculate fault
current for a single line to ground fault.(Summer 2016)
2. Considering system shown in fig. 2 at no load, find out the line current ‘Ia’
at fault point when A-G fault occurs at the terminals of the motor. Let zero
sequence reactance of generator and motor is 50 % each. Zero sequence
reactance of transformers is 25 % each and zero sequence reactance of line
is 20 %. 1 ohm each is connected in the neutral circuit of both the
synchronous machines. (Summer 2015)
3. Considering system shown in fig. 2 at no load, find out the line current ‘Ia’
at fault point when B-C-G fault occurs at the terminals of the motor. Let
zero sequence reactance of generator and motor is 50 % each. Zero
sequence reactance of transformers is 25 % each and zero sequence
reactance of line is 20 %. 1 ohm each is connected in the neutral circuit of
both the synchronous machines.(Summer 2015)

4. Figure 3 shows a three phase generator rated 300 MVA, 23 kV. It supplies
a system load of 240 MVA, 0.9 p.f. lag at 230 kV through a 330 MVA,
23/230 kV. DY step-up transformer of leakage reactance 11 %. Neglecting
magnetizing current and choosing base values at the load as 100 MVA and
230 kV, find currents IA, IB and IC supplied to the load in p.u. with VA
(voltage of h.v. side for A phase) as reference. Also determine current Ia, Ib
and Ic supplied by the generator and generator terminal voltage.(Summer
2015)

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5. An unloaded star connected solidly grounded 10 MVA, 11 kV generator

has positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances are j0.3 ohms,j0.8
ohms.j0.4 ohms resp. A single line to ground fault occurs at the terminals
of the generator.
Find: - a) Calculate the fault current.
b) Determine the value of the inductive reactance that must be
Inserted at the generator neutral to limit the fault current to 50%
of the value obtained in part (a).(Winter 2018)
6. A three phase, 37.5 MVA, 33kV alternator having X1=0.18pu, X2=0.12
pu, and X0 =0.10 pu, based on its ratings, is connected to a 33kV overhead
line having X1 =6.3 ohms, X2 = 6.3 ohms and X0=12.6 ohms per phase. A
single line to ground fault occurs at the remote end of the line. The
alternator neutral is solidly grounded. Calculate fault current.(Summer
2018)
7. A 30 MVA, 11kV generator has Z1=Z2=j0.2 p.u, Z0=j0.05pu.A line to
ground fault occurs on the generator terminals. Find the fault current.
Assume that the generator neutral is solidly grounded and that the
generator is operating at no load condition and at rated voltage at the
occurrence of fault. (Summer 2018).
8. A 50 MVA, 11kV 3 phase, alternator was subjected to different types of
faults. The fault currents are as:-
3 phase fault = 2000A
Line – Line fault =2600A
Line – Ground fault = 4200A
The generator is solidly grounded. Find the values of the three sequence
reactances of the alternator. Ignore resistances. (Winter 2017)

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CHAPTER 5 TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEM

Descriptive Questions (7 Marks)

1. Derive the equation for attenuation of travelling waves.
2. Explain overvoltage due to arcing ground.
3. Write a brief note on capacitance switching.
4. Explain travelling waves of transmission line when receiving end is short cir-
cuited.
5. Define transient. Explain in brief restriking voltage after removal of short cir-
cuits.
6. With suitable example explain the single and double frequency transients in
power system.
7. Starting from the first principles, show that surges behaves as travelling
waves. Find expression for surge impedance and wave velocity.
8. A transmission line having a surge impedance of ‘Z’ ohms is terminated
through a resistance R. Derive the expression for co-efficient of reflection and
refraction for (i) Voltage waves (ii) Current waves.

Short Questions (3 & 4 Marks)

1. What is the reason for transients during short circuits?

2. A 500kV, 2µS, rectangular surge travels along the line which terminated by a
capacitance of 2500pF. Determine the voltage across the capacitance and the
reflected voltage wave if the surge impedance is 400 ohms.
3. What is arcing ground? Explain its effect on the performance of a power
system.
4. State causes of transient surges on power line.

NUMERICALS
1. A surge of 15kV magnitude travels along a cable towards its junction with an
overhead line. The inductance and capacitance of the cable and overhead line
are respectively 0.3 mH, 0.4µ F and 1.5 mH, 0.02 µF per km. Find the voltage
rise at the junction due to the surge.

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CHAPTER – 6 CORONA

Descriptive Questions (7 Marks)

1. Derive the equation of critical disruptive voltage in relation to Corona
discharge.
2. Briefly discuss the factors affecting Corona.
3. List and Describe factors affecting corona. Outline different methods to reduce
corona.
4. Describe the phenomenon of corona in brief. Also explain factor affecting
corona.
6. Write a Short Note on: a) Radio Interference b) Inductive Interference
Short Questions (3 & 4 Marks)
1. Give reason:” The disruptive critical voltage is less than visual critical voltage”
2. Define Visual disruptive voltage with expression
3. Explain ‘Corona Loss ‘at extra high voltage and its disadvantages.
4. How is disruptive critical voltage estimated?
Numericals;-
1) Find the critical disruptive voltage and corona loss for a 3 phase line which is
operating at 220 KV, 50 Hz frequency. The line has conductor of 1.5 cm diameter
arranged in a 3 meter delta connection. Assume air density factor of 1.05 and
dielectric strength of air to be 21.1 kV/cm. (May/June 2012)
2) Find the critical disruptive voltage and the critical voltages for local and
general corona on a 3-phase overhead transmission line, consisting of three
stranded copper conductor spaced 2.5 m apart at the corners of an equilateral
triangle. Air temperature and pressure are 21oC and 73.6cm Hg resp. The
conductor diameter, irregularity factor and surface are 10.4 mm, 0.85, and 0.7 and
0.8 resp. (Summer 2018)
3) Determine the critical disruptive voltage and corona loss for a 3 phase line
operating at 110 kV which has a conductor of 1.25 cm diameter arranged in a 3.05
m delta. Assume air density factor of 1.07 and the dielectric strength of air to be
21kV/cm.
4) A single phase overhead line has two conductors of dia. 1 cm with a spacing
of 1 meter between centers. If the dielectric strength of air is 21 kV/cm, determine
the line voltage for corona will commence on the line.

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5) A 3 phase 220 kV, 50 Hz transmission line consists of 1.5cm radius conductor

spaced 2 meters apart in equilateral triangular formation. If the temperature is
400C and atmospheric pressure is 76cm, calculate the corona loss per km of the
line. Take mo = 0.85. (Summer 2017,Winter 2018)
6) Estimate the corona loss for a three conductors each of 10mm diameter and
spaced 2.5m apart in an equilateral triangle formation. The temperature of air is
300c and the atmospheric pressure is 750mm of mercury. Take the irregularity
factor as 0.85.Ionization of air may be assumed to take place at a maximum
voltage gradient of 30kV/cm. (Winter 2015)
7) Find the disruptive critical voltage for a 3 phase line consisting of 21mm
diameter conductors spaced in a 6m delta configuration. Take temperature as
250C, pressure as 73cm of Hg and surface factor 0.85.What should be the voltage
of transmission? (Dec 2010)

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