GRADE 9 ICT/CSS

MODULE 4, LESSON 2

ACTVITY NO.2

OF:
JOHN CARL N. TOLEDO

SUBMITTED TO:
GUIA C. MANAGO
TEACHER
GIVE THE BASIC ELECTRICAL TERMS
A.ELECTRICITY-Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence
and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. In early days, electricity
was considered as being unrelated to magnetism

B.ELECTRON-
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e⁻ or β⁻ , whose electric charge is negative one
elementary charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are
generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or
substructure. The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Quantum
mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a
half-integer value, expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, ħ. Being fermions, no two
electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principleC

C.PROTON-A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p or p⁺ , with a positive electric charge of

+1e elementary charge and a mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons, each
with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are collectively referred to as "nucleons"
(particles present in atomic nuclei).

D.MATTER-In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass
and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately
composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic particles, and in everyday as well
as scientific usage, "matter" generally includes atoms and anything made up of them, and any
particles (or combination of particles) that act as if they have both rest mass and volume. However
it does not include massless particles such as photons, or other energy phenomena or waves such
as light or sound.

E.ATOM-An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that constitutes a
chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms.
Atoms are extremely small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers (1×10⁻ ¹⁰ m, a ten-millionth of
a millimeter, or 1/254,000,000 of an inch).

F.CURRENT-An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or region. An
electric current is said to exist when there is a net flow of electric charge through a region. In
electric circuits this charge is often carried by electrons moving through a wire. It can also be
carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in an ionized gas (plasma).

G.VOLTAGE-Voltage, electric potential difference, electric pressure or electric tension is the

difference in electric potential between two points. The difference in electric potential between two
points in a static electric field is defined as the work needed per unit of charge to move a test
charge between the two points. In the International System of Units

H.RESISTANCE-he relationship between resistance, current and voltage is known as Ohm’s

law, named after the German physicist Georg Ohm (1789-1854), who is credited with discovering
the effect of a material's make up, length and thickness on the amount of current that will flow
through it at a given voltage. The unit ohm is also named after him. The law, in its usual form,
states that electrical current is equal to voltage divided by resistance.
I.ELECTRIC CURRENT-he relationship between resistance, current and voltage is known as
Ohm’s law, named after the German physicist Georg Ohm (1789-1854), who is credited with
discovering the effect of a material's make up, length and thickness on the amount of current that
will flow through it at a given voltage. The unit ohm is also named after him. The law, in its usual
form, states that electrical current is equal to voltage divided by resistance.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONDUCTORS AND

INSULATORS?GIVE 5 EXAMPLES EACH?

-Conductors carry electric current. Insulators protect conductors and protect

people from conductors. Whether a material is a conductor or an insulator
depends on its atoms and on the relationship of each atom to its surrounding
atoms.
Insulators may break down if subjected to excessive voltages. Similarly,
conductors may be destroyed if too much current is passed through them. The
best conductor materials have the lowest resistivity, that is, resistance per
cubic meter. The best insulator materials have the highest breakdown voltage
for a given thickness.
. Electrical Conductors
Silver
. Gold
. Copper
. Aluminum
. Mercury
. Steel
. Iron
. Seawater
. Concrete
. Mercury
Other strong conductors include:
 Platinum
 Brass
 Bronze
 Graphite
 Dirty water
 Lemon juice
Electrical Insulators
. Rubber
. Glass
. Pure water
. Oil
. Air
 . Diamond
. Dry wood
. Dry cotton
. Plastic
. Asphalt
Other strong insulators include:
 Fiberglass
 Dry paper
 Porcelain
 Ceramics
 Quartz

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIRECT CURRENT AND ALTERNATING

CURRENT?ILLUSTRATE EACH.

-AC vs. DC (Alternating Current vs. Direct

Current)
Electricity flows in two ways: either in an alternating current (AC) or in a
direct current (DC). Electricity or "current" is nothing but the movement
of electrons through a conductor, like a wire. The difference between AC
and DC lies in the direction in which the electrons flow. In DC, the
electrons flow steadily in a single direction, or "forward." In AC, electrons
keep switching directions, sometimes going "forward" and then going
"backward."
Alternating current is the best way to transmit electricity over large
distances.

Comparison chart

Alternating Current versus Direct Current comparison chart

Alternating Current Direct Current

Amount of Safe to transfer over Voltage of DC cannot

energy longer city distances and travel very far until
that can be can provide more power. it begins to lose
carried energy.
 Alternating Current versus Direct Current comparison chart

Alternating Current Direct Current

Cause of Rotating magnet along the Steady magnetism along

the wire. the wire.
direction
of flow of
electrons

Frequency The frequency of The frequency of direct

alternating current is 50Hz current is zero.
or 60Hz depending upon the
country.

Direction It reverses its direction It flows in one

while flowing in a circuit. direction in the
circuit.

Current It is the current of It is the current of

magnitude varying with time constant magnitude.

Flow of Electrons keep switching Electrons move

Electrons directions - forward and steadily in one
backward. direction or
'forward'.

Obtained A.C Generator and mains. Cell or Battery.

from

Passive Impedance. Resistance only

Parameters
 Alternating Current versus Direct Current comparison chart

Alternating Current Direct Current

Power Lies between 0 & 1. it is always 1.

Factor

Types Sinusoidal, Trapezoidal, Pure and pulsating.

Triangular, Square.

WHY DOES STANDARD ELECTRICITY COME ONLY IN THE FORM OF ALTERNATING CURRENT?

-Alternating current is an electric current which periodically reverses

direction, in contrast to direct current which flows only in one
direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power is
delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of electrical
energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen
appliances, televisions, fans and electric lamps into a wall socket. A
common source of DC power is a battery cell in a flashlight.

C can be stepped up and down in voltage very easily by transformers and

the bigger the voltage the lesser the current. You tend to get less losses to
resistance when distributing AC over long distances too. You can use
thinner wires which means they’re cheaper to make and suspend.

At the power station you can ramp up to thousands of volts and very little
current through a step-up transformer. In the UK commonly seen voltages
at the consumer end are 230V (residential, commercial, light industry)
and 440V (industrial) and the same high voltages sent from the power
station are ramped down again through a step-down transformer. In this
way you get current back.

It’s much easier to generate AC than DC too due to the way the generators
turn.

All in all, it’s better to have a cheaper system for the long overland haul of
a national grid system where there’s miles of wire, lots of pylons to
support it and the back infrastructure is minimal.

That’s not to say you can’t or don’t do it with DC though. There’s one in
Brazil that stretches for nearly 1,500 miles. Transmitting DC in this way
is called, unsurprisingly, High Voltage Direct Current ( HVDC ). This is used
in inter-country transfers; you can transmit HVDC into an AC grid of any
frequency.

Undersea cables are almost always HVDC because they act as capacitors,
and being so long, big ones. AC would charge and discharge the capacitors
and you’d probably end up using all the juice just in combatting the
capacitance. HVDC charges it only when the voltage is first applied or
changes. Strangely the one between England and the Isle of Man is AC. At
65 miles long it’s the longest AC underwater connector in the world and
carries 90,000V. Why they chose AC I’ve no idea, there must have been
some compromise between cost and technical efficiency but I don’t know
what it was and it just goes to show.

So it’s not a case of being better, it’s just that one is suited to certain
circumstances more effectively than the other, and whatever the
circumstances are you choose the system to fit.
WHAT KIND OF ELECTRIC CURRENT DOES YOUR PC USE?HOW IT IS
USED?ILLUSTRATE

-Determining the amount of electricity a computer uses can be a somewhat

complicated task, since it depends on what type of equipment a person has
and what applications he is running. Typically, the amount of electricity a
computer uses is between 65 watts and 250 watts. The monitor often needs
between 35 watts and 80 watts as well. Most desktop computers have a label
that lists how much power they need, but this is generally the theoretical
maximum and not an average representation.

Desktop computers with faster processors use more electricity than computers
with slower ones. LCD monitors only use about half of similarly sized CRT
monitors, however. Accessories and peripherals, such as cable modems, routers,
or webcams, contribute to a slight increase in how much power a computer
uses as well.

Regardless of what type of computer a person owns, the type of work he does
on that computer makes a difference in electrical consumption. Using a
computer to edit digital pictures, design a website, or play a video game uses
more power than reading email or completing simple word processing tasks.
In addition, the amount of electricity a computer uses significantly increases
when it is connected to the Internet.

One common misconception is that using a screensaver saves power, but this is
not true. Its series of moving images is aimed at protecting the screen from
having a static image ingrained into it.

People who are worried about high utility bills will find that a better option is
to leave the computer in standby mode when it's not being used. In standby
mode, a computer uses approximately 6 watts of electricity and the monitor’s
electrical consumption drops to almost nothing. Of course, it's even cheaper to
turn the computer completely off when it won't be used for several hours at a
time.
Although many people prefer laptops because of their added convenience, it is
interesting to note that a laptop computer can also result in a significant
energy savings. Most laptops use between 15 watts and 45 watts. Switching
to a laptop may be a smart decision for someone who is concerned about how
much energy a computer uses.

GIVE THE COMPONENTS OF A CIRCUIT AND ITS MEANING?

-The Symbols are very important to represent Electronic

components in a circuit diagram, without electronic symbol the
design of circuit and schematics are very difficult and also knowing
the components is very must to read the circuit diagram
representation

.The electronic Components have terminals and each will have its
own name and polarities. The Basic is Passive and Active
components, R C L (Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor) are passive and
Most of the Semiconductors are Active components.

Resistor

Resistor component gives resistance that is barrier to the current

flow in a circuit. There are two different symbols are widely used in
schematics that is Zigzag format (US style) and Rectangle shape,
this will have two pins and three pins if variable resistor. Unit of
resistor is Ohm Ω.

Capacitor
The capacitor reacts as static energy storage some times,
Non-polarized (two parallel line) capacitor have two equal plate
separated by insulator and Polarized (one straight and one curved
line) capacitor have positive and negative pins.

Inductor

The Inductor reacts as magnetic storage element, it is represented

as loopy coils, or curved bumps. This element don’t have polarities.

Diode

The Active devices are starts from diode, symbol represented with
Triangle Arrow pressed up against a line. The diode have polarities
called Anode(triangle pin) and Cathode(straight line) hence it should
be identified for employment.

Transistor
This components transfers resistance between two circuits (…hmm
from theory) based on the layers it is called as NPN or PNP and also
it is named as BJT (Bi Junction Transistor).

Thyristor

Thyristors are active device having more than two junction in layer
structure and used in high voltage and high power applications.

MosFET

Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor is the expansion of

MosFET, these are reacts as voltage control device having three
terminals. Based on the diffusion it is classified as Depletion and
Enhancement and depends on the channel it is classified as N and P
channel MosFET.

Logic Gate

Logic Gates are comes in a Integrated Circuit (IC) format for an

example IC7400 (four nand gates), The Logic operations are AND,
OR, NOT, EXOR, NAND, NOR having unique symbols. Based on the
requirements we can choose two, three are more input output pin
logic gates.

Integrated Circuit
The Integrated Circuits (IC) are represented in many ways but
mostly with big arrow for operational amplifier or square box with
pin functions. (more…)

Switches

Switches makes circuit connected or disconnected (ON or OFF),

depends on the number of poles and throws it is classified. Other
than this push button and toggle switches are also available in circuit
diagram.

Power Supply
These are represents Power supply and bias details in circuit
diagram. Symbol with + and – indicates DC (direct current) source
and symbol with sin wave indicates AC (alternating current) source.

Crystal and Resonators

Crystal and Resonators are important to produce clock pulse for

microcontrollers and other circuit. Different range of crystal
available and the range is represented in circuit it self. The crystal
will have two terminals when we connect two capacitors and make
three terminals then it becomes resonator.

Connectors

Connectors, Headers and Jack are connects two different device and
helps to transfer information or supply or signals. Some connectors
are termed as Male and Female connectors.

Fuse
The Fuse reacts as safety element to protect circuit against large
current and sudden urges of current. The fuse are comes in different
structure and different materials the basic symbol given here, PTC
represents positive temperature coefficient (temperature dependent
resistor) and it is also reacts as fuse.

Transformer

The Transformer is step down or step up the voltage and current,

for electronic circuits we use Step down and isolation transformers
mostly in some other case like inverter we use step up transformer.
Transformer with two terminal secondary and three terminal
(center tapped) secondary are illustrated.

Relay
The Relay are Electro magnetic Switches and makes or disconnects
circuits when the relay coil gets energy. Depends on the pole and
contact relays are classified. Relay Switch gives N/O (normally open)
and N/C (normally close) terminals when the relay coil gets energy
N/O becomes closed and N/C becomes opened terminals.

Motor

The Circle with letter M

represents the Motor, Some times servo motor and stepper motor
represented with the names.

Junctions, Jumber and Nodes

When two wire cross each other in a circuit with out connection it is
represented with no dot point (No contact) or with bend in one wire.
The wire joint represented with Dot point (Contact).

GIVE THE TWO TYPES OF CIRCUITS,ITS MEANING, AND

ILLUSTRATE ITS TYPE.

-Two common types of circuits are series and parallel. An electric

circuit consists of a collection of wires connected with electric
components in such an arrangement that allows the flow of current
within them. A series circuit has no branches but instead has several
components arranged one after the other.
In a series circuit, the electric current flows through the first
component, then through the second, and finally to the subsequent
ones until it reaches the battery again. It aligns bulbs in a way that
creates a single pathway for the charge flow. Unlike the series circuit,
components in a parallel circuit have branches instead of
end-to-end components. Other types of circuits include
series-parallel and complex circuits.

A closed circuit has a complete path for current to flow. An open

circuit doesn't, which means that it's not functional. If this is your
first exposure to circuits, you might think that when a circuit is
open, it's like an open door or gate that current can flow through.
And when it's closed, it's like a shut door that current can't flow
through. Actually, it's just the opposite, so it might take awhile to
get used to this concept.

A short circuit is a low-resistance path, usually made

unintentionally, that bypasses part of a circuit. This can happen
when two bare wires in a circuit touch each other. The part of the
circuit bypassed by the short circuit ceases to function, and a
large amount of current could start to flow. This can generate a
lot of heat in the wires and cause a fire. As a safety measure, fuses
and circuit breakers automatically open the circuit when there is
an excessive current.