Product Design Project

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(AAiT)
POST-GRADUATE STUDY
School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
(SMiE)
Mechanical Design Stream
PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
MIEng 6732
Semester Project
Title: - Design and Development of Inline Seeder for Crop with Fertilizer by Mechanical
Metering Mechanism
Name ID No
Wondimu Dessalegn GSR/8629/11
Submitted to: - Dr.-Ing. Tamirat T.

Submission date: - July. 19, 2019
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INLINE CROP AND FERTILIZER SEEDER
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Acknowledgement
Any work has not been accomplished by one’s self even in government, institution, company,
enterprise and etc. unless it needs the help of others to become successful and reliable work.
Similarly, the project has been guided by some personnel’s and departments so I have willingness
to acknowledge them as follow.
First of all, my gratitude thank goes to the Almighty GOD for all. Next, I would like to express
my deepest gratitude to my lecturer Dr. Tamirat T. for giving skillful knowledge on product design
and development course and giving a semester project to understand the application of subject
matter on real life. Finally, I would like to thank my classmates that helps me by sharing important
documents.
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ABSTRACT
In the world, all things are dependent on the agriculture. Without agriculture no living things are
exist. Thus, agricultural practices are the major concern for all people around the world. However,
to make modernize the agriculture many countries trying to fabricate complicated and costly
machineries and they are on the path (accomplishment) of moderating the agriculture. But, in
Ethiopia the sector is till now using traditional practice because of the cost and rent cost of the
machineries.
The project is undertaken to design a plowing and seeding of selected crops at predetermined
spacing and depths. The need for production increment in the farmer enhances different projects,
researches, and studies along with the agricultural sector. The outcome is to introduce and use of
modern agro-machineries (like seeder, thresher, cutter, etc.). This project concerns on applying
the product design and development concept for introducing an intermediate technology of using
the existing resource on inline fertilizer and crop seeder which bridges the modern agricultural
with the context of country. The project includes from concept generation and then task
clarification, conceptual design, design for power transmission, design for assembly and other
parameters.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. II
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. III
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... VII
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Market Analysis ................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Product Selection .................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................... 5
2 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 General objective .................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Specific objectives ................................................................................................................ 6
3 PRODUCT DEFINITION AND SPECIFICATION ................................................................. 6
3.1 Specification of the product ................................................................................................. 6
4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN .......................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Establishing Function Structures .......................................................................................... 7
4.1.1 Overall functions ........................................................................................................... 7
4.1.2. Sub-functions .............................................................................................................. 8
4.2 Developing working structures .......................................................................................... 10
4.2.1 Search for solution principles to satisfy sub-functions ............................................... 10
4.2.2 Evaluating and selecting alternatives .......................................................................... 11
5 EMBODIMENT DESIGN ....................................................................................................... 23
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5.1 Material selection ............................................................................................................... 23
5.2 Design of hopper ................................................................................................................ 23
5.3 Design for Frame ................................................................................................................ 24
5.3.1 Design of column ........................................................................................................ 24
5.3.2 Design of inclined bar ................................................................................................. 25
5.3.3 Design of the draw bar ................................................................................................ 25
5.3.4 Design of opener attaching beam ................................................................................ 26
5.3.5 Design of furrow opener ............................................................................................. 26
5.4 Design of ground wheel ..................................................................................................... 26
5.5 Selection of chain and sprocket .......................................................................................... 27
5.5.1 Design of input chain drive ......................................................................................... 27
5.5.1.1 Design procedure of chain drive ........................................................................... 28
5.5.2 Selection of output chain drive ................................................................................... 31
5.6 Design of shafts .................................................................................................................. 35
5.6.1 Design of ground wheel shaft ..................................................................................... 35
5.6.2 Design of an intermediate shaft .................................................................................. 35
5.6.3 Design for metering disc shaft .................................................................................... 36
5.7 Metering discs .................................................................................................................... 36
5.7.1 Part drawings .............................................................................................................. 37
5.8 Design for assembly ........................................................................................................... 39
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 43
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List of figures
Figure 1: Traditional way of farming practice ................................................................................ 1
Figure 2: Modern practice of agriculture using machineries .......................................................... 3
Figure 3: Overall function structure ................................................................................................ 7
Figure 4: Flow of main functions.................................................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Function structure of the seeding process ....................................................................... 9
Figure 6: Designation of the function structure ............................................................................ 10
Figure 7: The hopper ..................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 8: Ground wheel (source of rotation) ................................................................................ 27
Figure 9: Chain drive .................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 10: Layout of the input shaft ............................................................................................. 35
Figure 11: Layout of intermediate shaft........................................................................................ 36
Figure 12: Layout of the output shaft ........................................................................................... 36
Figure 13: Metering discs for different crop size.......................................................................... 37
Figure 14: Assembly of metering disc with output shaft .............................................................. 40
Figure 15: Assembly of the hopper with reservoir and shaft ........................................................ 41
Figure 16: Assembly of frames with the furrow opener ............................................................... 41
Figure 17: Assembly of the frames with hopper and ground wheel frame ................................... 42
Figure 18: Assembly of the frames with hopper and ground wheel ............................................. 42
Figure 19: Overall assembly ......................................................................................................... 43
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List of tables
Table 1: Possible solutions for main functions ............................................................................. 11
Table 2; Weightage for the storing materials process ................................................................... 12
Table 3: Weightage for transmission system ................................................................................ 13
Table 4: Weightage for transporting process ................................................................................ 14
Table 5: Weightage for metering crop and fertilizer process ....................................................... 16
Table 6: Weightage for plowing mechanism ................................................................................ 17
Table 7: Weightage for seeding process ....................................................................................... 17
Table 8: Selected alternative solution for sub-functions............................................................... 18
Table 9: Datum method abstraction making tractor driven as reference ...................................... 20
Table 10: Datum method abstraction motor driven as reference .................................................. 20
Table 11: Datum method abstraction making animal energy as reference ................................... 21
Table 12: Total weightages for each alternative ........................................................................... 22
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Agriculture is the backbone for all living thing in this glob. Since everything has been linked to
each other throughout the world. The primary source of income for underdeveloped, developing
and developed country in our world is agricultural sector. But the sector needs suitable air
condition, climate, soil type, temperature, water, and fertile land for cultivating crops, fruits,
flowers, vegetables, and others. Many countries in the world trend the policy of agricultural lead
industry policy.
Our country, Ethiopia is one of the trainers of agriculture for a long period of time that can be
believed to have started 7000 or more years ago[1]. It is not certain when, during this period, the
use of animal-drawn tillage implements began. It has been conjectured that Ethiopians inhabiting
the northern cereal growing highland areas of the country were introduced to the ard between 1000
to 400 BC by Semitic-speaking invaders from South Arabia. And also, Ethiopia has great
agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate
rainfall, and large labor pool. It has been repeatedly claimed by agricultural experts and
demographers that Ethiopia could be food and feed self-sufficient if the exiting agricultural
production factors are well exploited. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has
reminded underdeveloped. The intensification and modernization of agricultural production are
associated with the use of better farm implements and increased power utilization.
Figure 1: Traditional way of farming practice[1]
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In Ethiopia, development, and adoption of improved agricultural technologies including farm

implements and machinery has been a long-term concern of agricultural experts, policymakers,
and agricultural researchers and many others linked to the sector.
However, evidence indicates that the adoption rate of modern agricultural technologies in the
country is very low[1]. The adoption of agricultural innovation in developing countries attracts
considerable attention because it can provide the basis for increasing production and income. Small
scale farmers’ decisions to adopt or reject agricultural technologies depend on their objectives and
constraints as well as cost and benefit accruing to it[2]. Therefore, farmers will adopt only
technologies that suit their needs. Human and draught animals will continue to provide the required
farm power for the farmers in Ethiopia for years to come. In areas where agriculture continues to
depend on human and draft animal power, significant improvements in production can be obtained
by the introduction of improved small farm implements and machines, and adoption and efficient
utilization of farm machines.
In Ethiopia, about 69% of smallholder farmers own farmlands less than or equal to one hectare in
size and average grain yield for various crop is less than one metric ton per hectare[3]. It is very
difficult for these farmers to own and operate costly agricultural machinery and equipment that
can establish the optimum plant population.
Hence, in most part of the country, manual broadcasting method of sowing is still in use. This
method of crop establishment adversely affects the seed requirement and production per unit area.
The broadcasting method of crop establishment results in improper placement of seed fails to put
the seeds firmly in the soil, leads to uneven placement of seeds at correct interval and exposes
seed for consumption by rodents and birds. Mechanical seeders, which are robustly built, reliable
and simple to use and transport, are important to achieve high seasonal capacity and reduction of
production costs. Above all, design, development, introduction and popularization of improved
technologies will promote and uphold land and labor productivities. Furthermore, the introduction
of the improved farm implements will surely reduce the drudgery of the farmers.
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Figure 2: Modern practice of agriculture using machineries[4]
Timeliness of operations is one of the most important factors which can only be achieved if
appropriate uses of agricultural machines are made. Increases in crop yield, cropping reliability,
cropping frequency and crop returns all depend on the uniform and timely establishment of the
optimum plant population. Planters place seeds at required spacing and provide better-growing
area per seed as per requirements of agriculture adept[5]. Thus, it is important to improve the
planting operation by reducing human effort and increasing plant accuracy and field capacity.
Furthermore, developing agricultural sector requires modern techniques and suitable agricultural
mechanization which will increase the agricultural production and reduce the level of manual
labor, which represents 85% of the total labor force, involved in agricultural sector[3].
Nonetheless, Ethiopia as a nation and the Ethiopian farmers, as the major section of the population,
lacks the means to establish an optimum plant population of almost all crops timely. Hence, this
thesis project designed to bridge the existing technology gaps in the area of seeding crops and
fertilizer from modern agricultural machinery to the traditional way of sowing crop yield.
1.2 Market Analysis

The demand of the Ethiopian agriculture personnel’s using suitable machinery is increased time to
time for the production increment of the productivity as well as decreasing time for the seeding
and fertilizer. Thus, in the market, there is less amount of suitable agricultural products for fewer
income farmers. But the need of the products always changes with respect to the development of
human being, to become luxury.
Market analysis process: -
1. Prepare questionaries’ about the need

2. Organize the needs into primary and secondary needs
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3. Selection of interviewer personnel’s

4. Identification of the offices
a) Agricultural machinery shop
b) Agricultural manufacturing industries
c) Local area administrations
d) Agriculture careers
5. Authorizing of interviewers
6. Credentialing the need
Based on the above procedures the need of the customers is identified.
1.3 Product Selection

In order to select a product idea, it is very important to make the above market analysis procedures. Due to
restriction with time and the budget, product idea is selected simply on the basis of the overall problems of
Ethiopia and the farmers are enough to stand with this idea. And by assuming that the country and the
farmers need this idea to alleviate the shortage in agricultural machinery as well as productivity. The
problem can be solved by designing a proper and simple agricultural machinery which can be fully used by
the available materials from farmers.
The product has the following target to which it is functioned.
Primary market:
 Agriculture personnel’s like Farmers
Secondary market:
 Agricultural seller shops
Assumptions and constraints
 Operated by pair of an ox,

 Applicable for less rainy season
 It can be manufactured and implemented in the country
Stake holders:
 Government
 Ministry of mine and agriculture
 Purchasers and farmers
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 Manufacturing operations
 Service operations
 Distributors and resellers
1.4 Statement of the Problem

Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different wood materials. That
can be decay through time. Currently, many agricultural machineries, tools, mechanisms are
fabricated based on studying soil property, climate, source of energy. Those technologies are not
inviting all farmers and farm holders equally in sharing of the invention of new technology. Due
to this problem many of farmers lose their effort, time, production, farm land and their income
what they have got.
Generally: -
The technology gap between traditional vs agricultural machineries.

The cost of motor or engine driven machineries and rent cost
The access of the farm machineries
Inaccuracy of seed spacing during sowing by human
These problems from the agriculture practices leads to a new product development based on the
custom needs.
The necessary capable for the newly development design requires the following points: -
 Minimum amount of cost

 More readily approaches to the current agricultural machineries
 Less people usage compared to traditional way practice
 High efficiency with respect to seeding row and proportion to seed-
fertilizer ratio
 Intermediate cost
 Easiness on operation and maintenance
 Environmentally friend
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2 OBJECTIVES
2.1 General objective
The main objective of the project is to design the inline Seeder for Crop with Fertilizer by applying
the product development procedure.
2.2 Specific objectives

 To develop inline seeder for crop with fertilizer system by applying product design
development concept.
 Select the appropriate product design concept.
 To design the components of the concept newly generated.
 To draw the part and assembly drawing using SOLIDWORK 2018 software.
3 PRODUCT DEFINITION AND SPECIFICATION

The working mechanism of the new developed product has different sections in order to
accomplish the final objective i.e. seeding the crop with fertilizer. And it accompanies variety of
equipment and sections. The most basic levels of construction and processes is as follows:
1. According to the area covered, weighing the quantity of crops and proportional fertilizer
on the hopper part of the machine
2. Checking and maintaining the machine ready for ploughing and seeding
3. Putting the materials (crop and fertilizer) on the hopper part of the machine
4. Riding the machine with existing mechanism (by tractor or pair of an ox)
5. After all, Seeding the fertilizer with the crop will held.
6. Dismantling the tractor or the pair of an ox by after the work accomplished.
In order to accomplish the above tasks, the full processes have to be designed in such a way that
all the process done step by step on each machine components
3.1 Specification of the product

 The machine run by pair of an ox
 The hopper of the machine load can carry 25 Kg.
 The product has four furrows since based on the design the capacity of the oxen can pull.
 The product has also 4 feeders with 4 for crop and 4 for the fertilizer
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4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
After all, the design concepts are selected and design procedures are held by using abstraction.
Abstraction is used to solve the problem of complex and sticking with conventional ideas. This
means disregarding what is particular or related and emphasizing what is general and essential.
4.1 Establishing Function Structures

The functional structure of the sawing processes of crop and fertilizer consists of overall functions
and sub-functions.
4.1.1 Overall functions

The overall function of the sawing fertilizer and crop machine is converting the given inputs to the required
output. The main ingredients are crops and fertilizer. The required output is placing the required amount of
crop to fertilizer ratio at the specified row and line length.
Material in Material out
Energy in Overall function Energy out
Signal flow in Signal flow out
Crop and fertilizer
Pulling force Sawing process Motion of machine
Hopper Tubes
Figure 3: Overall function structure[6]
Material in
 Fertilizer and
 Crop
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Energy in
 Pulling force (body energy) of the pair of an ox

 Potential energy
Signal flow in
It shows how the materials transported through the system to the ground
 Hopper: - used to hold both the crop and fertilizer
Energy out
 The body energy from the animals converted to the motion of the machine.
 Kinetic energy
Material out
 Metered crop
 And metered fertilizer
 Generally, the materials enter to the system is processed through the
machine but there is no change in content but it is metered.
Signal flow out
 The output plastic tube conveys the metered crop and sign to the furrow.
4.1.2. Sub-functions
The functions for the crop and fertilizer sawing process can be either main functions or auxiliary
functions. the main functions are functions, which serve the overall function directly while the
auxiliary functions are functions, which serve the overall function indirectly.
The main functions can be summarized as follow by using flow chart. The main function starts
from the input energy of the pulling effect of pair of an ox to the sawing at a recommended depth
and seed spacing is dedicated below.
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Fertilizer
and crop seed
Transmissio Transport Ploughing Seeding
Pulling force Hopper
n system (conveying) system system
Metered
Crop and
fertilizer
Figure 4: Flow of main functions
The overall process which includes both the main functions and the sub-function, auxiliary
functions are expressed as follow by using the MS Visio as follow.
Potential
Opening the Mechanical
energy of an
tubes drive
ox
Crop and
Store Transport Metering the
Hopper Transmission Ploughing Seeding
fertilizer materials inputs Metered seed and
Fertilizer
fertilizer
Remove
unwanted
crop or
fertilizer
Figure 5: Function structure of the seeding process
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Main function
Material flow
Auxiliary function
Signal flow
System boundary Energy
Figure 6: Designation of the function structure
4.2 Developing working structures

4.2.1 Search for solution principles to satisfy sub-functions
In order to find out the overall function system we need to find the subfunctions solution, which
enables to find out the overall function solution. Thus, the working principles need to be found for
the various sub functions, and these principles must eventually be combined into a working
structure. The concretization of the working structure will lead to the principle solution[6].
The search for working principles for sub functions should be based on the following guidelines
Preference should be given to the main sub functions that determine the principle of the
overall solution and for which no solution principle has yet been discovered.
Classifying criteria and associated parameters (characteristics) should be derived from
identifiable relationships between the energy, material and signal flows, or from associated
systems.
If the working principle is unknown, it should be derived from the physical effects and, for
instance, from the type of energy. If the physical effect has been determined, appropriate
form design features (working geometry, working motions and materials) should be chosen
and varied. Checklists should be used to stimulate new ideas.
Designers should also enter solutions found intuitively and analyze which key classifying
criteria influence particular working principles. These criteria should then be subdivided,
limited or generalized using further headings.
To prepare for the selection process, the important properties of the working principles
should be noted.
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By considering the above general guideline the possible solutions with their possible alternatives
for each main function summarized as follow.
Table 1: Possible solutions for main functions
Main functions Possible solutions
First Second Third
1 Storing the materials Hopper with manual Hopper with reservoir No hopper
2 Transmission system Mechanical chain Mechanical V - belt Mechanical flat belt
3 Transport system Plastic tube Steel tube Material flow
4 Metering the materials Mechanical disks Electrical drive Hand tool
5 Ploughing Metallic Furrow Woody furrow
6 Seeding Installed with furrow Without furrow Hand tool
4.2.2 Evaluating and selecting alternatives

In order to make any kind of evaluation, it is necessary to have a set of criteria and these must be
based on the design objectives that are needed to be achieved. The objectives may include technical
and economic factors, user requirements and so on. The procedure is, therefore, first setting criteria
for each sub-function, then comparing the given possible solutions for each sub-function with a
reference based on the sated criteria finally selecting the best alternative from the given based on
their result.
Steps
1. Step 1: Prepare the selection criteria

2. Step 2: Rate the concepts
Relative performance Value
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Much lesser 1
Lesser than 2
Same with 3
Good 4
Very good 5
3. Step 3: Rank the concepts

4. Step 4: Combine and improve the concepts
5. Step 5: Select one or more concepts
6. Step 6: Reflect on results and process
1. Storing the materials
The evaluating criteria for the storing materials are the following: -
a) Environmental sustainability
b) Ease of use
c) Storing capacity
d) Ease of maintenance
e) Availability of material locally
f) Cost
g) Service life
Table 2; Weightage for the storing materials process
Possible alternative solutions
Hopper with manual Hopper with reservoir No reservoir
Selection Weight(%) Value Weighted Value Weighted Value Weighted

criteria score score score
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a 20% 3 0.06 4 0.08 1 0.02
b 10% 3 0.03 3 0.03 2 0.02
c 10% 2 0.02 2 0.04 3 0.03
d 5% 4 0.02 3 0.015 2 0.01
e 15% 3 0.03 4 0.06 1 0.015
f 15% 2 0.03 3 0.045 2 0.03
g 15% 1 0.015 4 0.06 3 0.045
Total Score 0.205 0.33 0.19
Rank Second First Third
Selected Selected for design
2. Transmission system
The evaluating criteria for the transmission system are the following: -
1) Reliability
2) Corrosive resistant
3) Durable in rainy season
4) Cost
5) Efficiency
Table 3: Weightage for transmission system
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Mechanical chain Mechanical v-belt Mechanical flat belt

1 20% 3 0.06 3 0.06 1 0.02
2 15% 3 0.045 2 0.0 2 0.03
3 30% 2 0.06 2 0.06 3 0.09
4 15% 4 0.06 3 0.03 2 0.03
5 20% 3 0.06 2 0.04 1 0.02
Total Score 0.285 0.22 0.19
Rank First Second Third
3. Transporting
This main function used to transport the metered crop from the storing surface to the furrow holes.
The evaluating criteria for the transporting system are the following: -
1 Weight of the material

2 Cost of the material
3 Flexibility
4 Ease of maintenance
5 Corrosive resistant
6 Leakage resistant
Table 4: Weightage for transporting process
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Material flow Plastic tube Plastic tube

1 30% 1 0.03 2 0.06 3 0.09
2 10% 2 0.02 1 0.01 4 0.04
3 20% 2 0.04 2 0.04 5 0.10
4 10% 3 0.03 2 0.02 4 0.04
5 15% 2 0.03 3 0.045 3 0.045
6 15% 1 0.015 4 0.06 2 0.03
Total Score 0.165 0.235 0.345
Rank Third Second First
4. Metering the materials
This main function can be applied in order to select the required amount of fertilizer with an
appropriate proportion of the crop.
Selection criteria for choosing the alternative solution for this function can be:-
1) Weight of the material

2) Accuracy of metering
3) Locally available
4) Easily available
5) Performance during application
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Table 5: Weightage for metering crop and fertilizer process
Mechanical disks Electrical drive Hand tool

1 20% 2 0.06 2 0.04 3 0.06
2 10% 4 0.04 4 0.04 4 0.04
3 30% 3 0.09 1 0.03 2 0.06
4 20% 3 0.06 1 0.02 5 0.05
5 10% 2 0.02 4 0.04 1 0.01
Total Score 0.27 0.19 0.24
Rank First Third Second
5. Plowing/ploughing
This function used to tilt the ground for putting the seed and fertilizer inside ground by the
recommended depth from the agricultural recommendation.
Selection criteria for choosing the alternative solution for plowing function can be:-
1 Corrosive resistant
2 Strength to tilt the ground
3 The lifetime of the material used
4 Availability in the local areas
5 Maintainability
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Table 6: Weightage for plowing mechanism
Metallic Furrow Wood furrow
Selection Weight(%) Value Weighted Value Weighted

criteria score score
1 20% 4 0.08 3 0.06
2 10% 5 0.05 2 0.02
3 30% 4 0.12 2 0.06
4 20% 3 0.06 5 0.10
5 10% 4 0.04 1 0.01
Total Score 0.35 0.23
Rank First Second
6. Seeding
The function enables to shape the incoming seed and fertilizer to put at the required distance which
is metered by metering discs, and it is always installed with furrow openers.
Selection criteria for choosing the alternative solution for seeding function can be:-
a) Ease for maintenance

b) Easily assemble
c) Affection by environment
Table 7: Weightage for seeding process
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Installed with furrow Without furrow Hand sawing

a 40% 3 0.12 3 0.12 5 0.20
b 30% 5 0.15 2 0.10 1 0.03
c 30% 4 0.12 4 0.12 1 0.03
Total Score 0.39 0.34 0.29
Rank First Second Third
Based on the above solving the principle solution the overall solution can be summarized as follow.
Table 8: Selected alternative solution for sub-functions
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No Main function Selected alternative solution
1 Storing the materials Hopper with reservoir
2 Transmission system Mechanical chain
3 Transport process Plastic tube
4 Metering the materials process Mechanical disks
5 Plowing process Metallic Furrow
6 Seeding process Installed with furrow
After the main function is selected the how the other processes are pulled by, is the main point of
the product thus there are three concepts to be evaluated. These are:-
I. Tractor driven machine

II. Motor drive and
III. Energy from pair of an ox (animal energy)
The evaluation criteria to select the above sources of energy are listed below:-
a. Availability of the resource

b. Energy consumption cost
c. Cost of the machine
d. The need for licensed personnel
e. Ease of usage
f. Employment opportunity
g. Foreign currency usage
Based on the above criteria the principal solutions are selected by using the DATUM METHOD.
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Performance Value
Worse -
Same 0
Better +
First, let take the reference which is tractor driven.
Table 9: Datum method abstraction making tractor driven as reference
Criteria Tractor driven Motor driven Animal energy
Availability of the resource +- ++
Energy consumption cost ++ +-
Cost of the machine ++ +-

DATUM
The need for licensed personnel +- ++
Ease of usage ++ ++
Employment opportunity -- --
Foreign currency usage -+ --
Result +:9 +:8
-:5 -:6
Second, let take motor driven as a reference to evaluate other options with respect to it.
Table 10: Datum method abstraction motor driven as reference
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Availability of the resource +- ++
Energy consumption cost +- +-
Cost of the machine -- ++
DATUM
The need for licensed personnel __ ++
Ease of usage +- ++
Employment opportunity ++ +-
Foreign currency usage __ --
Result +:5 + : 10
-:9 -:4
Next, let us evaluate the two options by considering animal energy source as a datum.
Table 11: Datum method abstraction making animal energy as reference
Availability of the resource __ __
Energy consumption cost __ __

DATUM
Cost of the machine __ +-
The need for licensed personnel __ __
Ease of usage __ __
Employment opportunity ++ ++
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Foreign currency usage __ __
Result +:2 +:3
- : 12 - : 11
Thus, from the above methods of concept selection, the higher the positive value become selected
based on that: -
Table 12: Total weightages for each alternative
Total values
Concepts
Positive (+) Negative (-)
Tractor driven 7 21
Motor-driven 12 16
Animal energy 18 10
The darken concept is selected because based on the criteria it is better than the other concepts and
less worthy than the others.
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5 EMBODIMENT DESIGN
The embodiment design of the seeding process machine includes all the main function solutions
which are designed procedure held below for each function. Therefore, in order to do the principles
of embodiment design the following procedures are held.
5.1 Material selection

The materials used for different functions are different because the load applied and working
conditions are different. Thus, selection of material for engineering purpose is one of the most
difficult problems for the designer. The good material is one which gives the expected functions
at a lower cost with good lifetime. The following factors should be considered while selecting the
material[7]; -
a. Cost of materials
b. Availability in local areas as well as in small scale enterprises
c. Corrosion resistant: - because machine does its work in rainy season
d. Lesser weight/density: - since the machine run by pair of an ox
e. Less hazardous
5.2 Design of hopper

This part used to hold temporarily the seed of crop and fertilizer and encompasses the metering
discs and the holding shafts. And it is designed to feed the metering devices in vertical direction
and have two compartments; one for seeds and the other one for granular fertilizer[2].
The volume of the hopper is depending on the amount of hectare covered. Thus, in order to specify
its capacity, the puling capacity is needed.
Figure 7: The hopper
23
MACHINE
5.3 Design for Frame

The frame which is the skeleton of the seeder, supports all other component parts of the seeder
which includes the hopper, adjustable opener furrow and freely mounted wheel. The two design
factors considered in the determination of the material required for the frame were weight and
strength. It includes columns, drawbars, opener attaching beam.
5.3.1 Design of column

The column is one part of the seeder which support the hopper and the weight that can hold i.e.
fertilizer and seed carriage. The number of columns used the seeder is 4. These all four columns
support the hopper that can attached with the beam and the two draw bars. The shape of these bar
is selected based on the type of end connection of the bar. The load that the bar can hold is the
weight of hopper and it is seed or fertilizer. So, the maximum weight can be determined summing
of the weight of fertilizer and crop plus weight of hopper with reservoir.
The material selected for these bars is mild steel because it is[8]: -
 Cost-effective
 Wieldable because it has medium carbon content
 Recyclable
 Can be easily available in workshop
The selected type of metal is ASTM A-36 from beer mechanics of materials[7]: -
  7860kg / m 3  Y  45mpa
 ult =400mpa E=200mpa
 Y  250mpa  c  320mpa
W
P
n
800 N
W=800N Load on each bar, p  n is the number of bars, n=4
4
 200 N
24
MACHINE
5.3.2 Design of inclined bar

These component or frame is also is used for supporting the hopper, that keeps the hopper frame
buckling towards downward .it is inclined by 30 degree from the line of weight of hopper.
P is load due to weight of hopper
Ө is angle of inclination of the bar
Length, L=0.8m
Force analysis
FL  W cos 
FL  200 cos 
FL  173.2 N
FP  W sin 
FP  200 sin 
FP  100 N
FL Force perpendicular to the bar
FP Force along the axis of bar
5.3.3 Design of the draw bar

The beam of circular bar connected to the strip of the cattle to the seeder is two draw bars with the
pin between them. The initial parameter for designing this component is the tractive force of the
pair of oxen.
Live weight Force % Speed Work time DE
Animals (LW) Kg of LW (m/s) H (MJ)
Donkey 100-150 10-16 0.7-0.9 3.0-6.0 5-8
Horse 200-300 10-16 0.9-1.0 4.5-6.5 16-24
Zebu (ox) 300-450 9-15 0.6-0.8 4.5-6.5 24-40
Where DE, energy expenditure at work[9]
25
MACHINE
Based on the above table the pair of an ox selected for designing the draw bar.
The following figure describes the relationship between the loading type and connection of the
bar with the tractive energy of the animals.
5.3.4 Design of opener attaching beam

The member can be used as a supporter of the furrow opener which can be under the following
stresses. The member subjected to the following stresses
 Twisting stress: Due to force developed by the interacting between the soil resistance or
draft force of furrow opener. Which makes twisting the member.
 Bending and shearing stress: Due to the traction force of the pair of an ox and weight of
the hopper subjected on it.
5.3.5 Design of furrow opener

It is a specific device that opens the land in raw in which the seed is placed. It is adjustable by the
concept of thread and hook attached on it[1]. The tip of the opener is tine type to open the land
with higher pressure on the land after the tip of the surface area can be increased for tilting the
round of that can allow for seeding and plowing.
5.4 Design of ground wheel

The wheel is the major source of rotation and power for all the rotating mechanical part of the
seeder which includes shaft, sprockets, chains and metering discs. It is attached far away from the
26
MACHINE
frame of the seeder by the mechanism of chain drive. The sprocket and the ground wheel are
connected by short shaft.
Figure 8: Ground wheel (source of rotation)
5.5 Selection of chain and sprocket

The chains are used to transmit motion and power from one rotating shaft to another, when center
distance between their shafts is short. The chain drive used in this machine to transmit motion and
power but the power transmitted in this system is small that means 10 watts. For the design, we
use the chain for transmitting motion only. The following are the reason for selecting the chain
rather than bolts and ropes; -
 The machine works in summer season if moisture contact with belt or rope, they will be
slip so they will be slip so the correct transmission of motion will fail
 It can operate in various temperature and climate condition
 Agriculture needs high transmission efficiency
5.5.1 Design of input chain drive

The chain drive used to receive the power input from the ground to transmit to the next section of
power transmission.
Input parameters for the design of the chain; -
27
MACHINE
 The average velocity for the zebu cattle ranges from 0.6-0.8m/s the speed of ground wheel
is same with the speed of an ox from table above
 The power transmitted through it, is 10 watts.
V=0.7m/s ………. linear velocity
DN
v= V ……..linear velocity, V=0.7 m/s
60
D ……. diameter of ground wheel D=400mm
60  V 60  0.7
N= = N = 33.4rpm
D   0 .4 m
The driving sprocket and the ground wheel are mounted at the same rotating shaft or pin therefore
the speed of driving sprocket is 33.4rpm equivalent to 34rpm
N1 = 34rpm Since the chain is needed highly to transmit rotational motion throughout the system.
It needs to reduce the speed of input sprocket to idler or middle sprocket.
5.5.1.1 Design procedure of chain drive

 Determine the velocity ratio of chain drive
V.R = 2
 Select the minimum number of teeth on the smaller sprocket or pinion

T1 = 17
 Find the number of teeth on the larger sprocket

N 1 T2 D2
V.R = = = T = V .R  T1 = 17 2 T2 = 34
N 2 T1 D1 2
 Design power by using service factor

Design power = rated power× service factor
= 101 = 10watt
 Choose the type of chain, such as pitch, roller diameter, minimum width of roller
28
MACHINE
The table the rpm 34 is not available at 10watt design power but single strand chain can able to
transmit the motion and power
Note down the parameters of chain
Let take d1 = 100mm
From relationships
 180 
 = 100mm  sin 
180 
Pitch, P = d1 sin   = 18.5mm
 T1   17 
5 5
Roller diameter, d =  p =  18.5mm = 11.5625mm
8 8
5
Pin diameter, dp =  p = 5.78mm
10
5
Chain width, bi =  p = 11.5625mm
8
1 18.5
Thickness of link plate, t =  p = = 2.31mm
8 8
Width between outer plate, bo = bi + 2t = 16.2mm
Maximum height of roller link, h = 0.82  p = 15.17mm
Find pitch circle diameter and pitch line velocity
p 18.5
d1 = = = 100mm
 180   180 
sin   sin  
 1 
T  17 
p  180  18.5
d2 =   = = 200mm
sin  T2  SIN  180 
 37 
d1 N 2   0.1  34
. V =Pitch line velocity, v = = = 0.178m/ s
60 60
Load on the chain,
10 w
w =Rated power/pitch line velocity= = 56.17 N
0.178m / s
Center distance between the sprocket (k)
29
MACHINE
x =min 30  50 p

if the angle of contact not less than 120 degree
x  30  p  30  18.5mm  555mm
Angle of contact for pinion sprocket
 p N 2  N1   18.534  17  
1  1800  2 sin 1    1800  2 sin 1    1470
 2C   2  555 
1470  1200 ……the center distance x  555mm
Length of chain L  K  P where k, is number of chain links
T  T2 2 X  T2  T1  P
2
K 1  
2 P  2  X
97  34 2  555  34  17  18.5
2
K  
2 18.5  2  555
K  85.7  88
L  18.5  88  1586.2mm
Sprocket dimensions
Tooth flat radius, ra  0.12d1 T  2  26.36mm
Roller seating radius, ri  0.505d2  5.84mm
900
Roller seating angle, a  120   114.70
T
Tooth height above the pitch polygon, ha  0.5 p  d1   9.5mm
 1.6 
Top diameter, Da  D  P 1    d1  105.2mm
 T 
Root diameter, D f  D  2ri  88.32mm
Teeth width, b f1  0.95b1  11mm
Tooth side radius, rx  18.5mm
Tooth side relief, ba  0.1 p  1.85mm

The torque on the sprocket,
P P 60 P 60  10
P  TW , T     2.8 Nm
W 2N1 2N1 2  34
60
30
MACHINE
Tangential force
T 2.8 Nm
F   56 N
r 0.05
The seeder has two chain drives one transmission of rotation from drive wheel to metering disc
shaft through the second chain drive.
5.5.2 Selection of output chain drive

The chain drive is used for receiving the power from the input chain drive to metering disc shaft[8].
Design specification
N 3  17rpm
p  10w
In this transmission of relation, we need high relation
Take velocity ratio, V.R = 2
N4
 2, N 4  N 3  SR  34rpm
N3
T4  17
N 4 T3 P3
V .R   
N 3 T4 P4
T3  V .R  T4  2  17  34
D3  200mm
 180 
  200 sin 
180 
Pitch, p  d 3 sin    18.5mm
 T3   34 
5
Roller diameter, d 1   p  11.5625mm
8
5
Pin diameter, dp   p  9.25mm
10
5
Chain width, w   p  11.56mm
8
1
Thickness of link plate, t   p  2.3125mm
8
Width between outer plates, bo  bi  2t  16.185mm
Maximum height of roller link, h  0.82  p  15.17mm
31
MACHINE
Pitch circle diameter and pitch line velocity

p 18.5
d3    200mm
 180   180 
sin   sin  
 T3   34 
p 18.5
d4    100mm
 180   180 
sin   sin  
 T4   17 
d 3 N 3 d 4 N 4
v   0.178m / s
60 60
Load on the chain,
p 10w
w   56.17 N
v 0.178
Center distance between the sprockets
x  min 30  50  p  40  18.5mm  740mm

 pN 4  N 3  18.534  17 
 4  180  2 sin 1    180  2 sin 1    155.5 0
 2c   2  740 
 4  155.5 0  120
c  x  740mm
Length of chain,
l k p
T3  T4 2C  T3  T4  P
k  
2 P  2  x
17  34 2  740  34  17  18.5
K  
2 18.5  2  740
K  105.6  106
L  106  18.5  1961mm
32
MACHINE
Figure 9: Chain drive
Output sprocket dimensions
S.N Sprocket parameters Mathematical equation Sprocket 3 Sprocket 4
1 Tooth flank radius ra  0.12d1 T  2 49.85mm 26.3625mm
2 Roller setting radius ri  0.505d1 5.84mm 5.84mm
3 Roller setting angle 900 117.35 0 114.7 0

a  120 
T
4 Tooth height ha  0.5 p  d1  3.47mm 3.47mm
5 Top diameter  1.6  206.07mm 105.19mm

Da  D  P 1    d1
 T 
6 Root diameter D f  D  2ri 188.32mm 88.32mm
7 Tooth side radius rx  p 18.5mm 18.5mm
8 Tooth side relief ba  0.1P 1.85mm 1.85mm
Sprocket 3
33
MACHINE
P 10w 60  10 600
T3      5.6 Nm
W 2N 3 2N 3 2  17
60
T 2T 5.6  2
F3     46.81N
d3 d3 0.2
2
Sprocket 4
P 60 P 60  10
T4     2.808 Nm
W 2N 4 2  34
T 2.808  2
F4    56 N
d4 0.1
2
34
MACHINE
5.6 Design of shafts

A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to another
through different mechanisms. In our case the seeder machine contains three shafts that can be
used for transmission of power from the ground wheel to the metering discs. The seeder contains
three shafts input, intermediate and output shaft.
5.6.1 Design of ground wheel shaft

This shaft is an input for rotating part of the machine and it is used for transmission of power from
ground wheel to the metering disc shaft through different chain and sprocket drive components. It
transmits the power 10 watts and 34 rpm to every rotating components of the seeder.
10 watt
P   600  2.8Nm
2 34 60 2  34
The layout for input shaft is
Figure 10: Layout of the input shaft
5.6.2 Design of an intermediate shaft

The shaft is mounted between metering shaft and ground wheel shaft to transmit the power and
rotation to the metering disc. Two sprockets are mounted on it for receiving and delivering
transmission. It transmits the power and rotation from ground wheel horizontally to vertically
mounted chain drive.
35
MACHINE
Figure 11: Layout of intermediate shaft
5.6.3 Design for metering disc shaft

The shaft is the major part for the project that coupled with the end sprocket, which drives the shaft
itself. The power that the shaft gets from the end sprocket. The shaft transmits both the torque, and
metering discs which are secured to it properly.
 The shaft is assumed to online torsional and bending stress due to the force engaging to it
through the sprocket.
 The weight and the frictional force between the seed and metering shaft is assumed to be
negligible. Because the metering disc should be made/manufactured from light materials.
 The shaft holds six metering discs three of them for seed the other for fertilizer.
Layout sketch of the shaft
Figure 12: Layout of the output shaft
5.7 Metering discs

The seed metering devices is the main part in the seeder design which completely govern the crop
and fertilizer amount flow rate and proportion for different requirements. The metering
36
MACHINE
mechanisms is also the heart for any planting machine and its distributed seeds fertilizing
uniformly at the desired application rate and seed spacing rows.
Figure 13: Metering discs for different crop size
5.7.1 Part drawings
Sprockets Input and output chains
37
MACHINE
Hopper with reservior and hopper
Input, intermediate and output shafts
Furrow opener
Ground wheel (rotation input)
38
MACHINE
Crop metering disc Fertilizer metering disc
Metering discs for different size of crops
5.8 Design for assembly

In the above parts the components are designed and drawn based on the dimensions. Here in the
section of assembly, by using appropriate joining mechanism the assemblies are listed below. And
in this stage, there are operations and joints that are used to combine all the elements
of the seeding process machine. Then the frame of the machine assembled and welded as per
required joints by using welding and joining by temporary joints (pins, welding, fasteners and bolts
and nuts).
39
MACHINE
In the first step, the assembling process starts from the metering discs (fertilizer and crop discs)
with the output shaft.
Figure 14: Assembly of metering disc with output shaft
The next step will be assembling the metering discs with output shaft to the hopper (live hopper
and reservoir)
40
MACHINE
reservoir
Tube sockets
Figure 15: Assembly of the hopper with reservoir and shaft
Assembly of the furrow opener with the frames of different parts.
Figure 16: Assembly of frames with the furrow opener
41
MACHINE
Assembly of the furrow openers with that of hopper and reservoir.
Figure 17: Assembly of the frames with hopper and ground wheel frame
The assembly with the rotating wheels and the chain drive.
Figure 18: Assembly of the frames with hopper and ground wheel
42
MACHINE
Finally, the assembly with the output chain/belt drive.
Figure 19: Overall assembly
References
[1] K. Tadesse, Million & Belay, ‘Determinants of fertilizer use in Gununo area’, Proc. Work. to
Discuss Socio-economic Res. Results 1998-2002, Work. held Addis Ababa, August 6-8, 2002,
Ethiop. Agric. Res. Organ., p. 21–31., 2002.
[2] K. Gunjal and G. Coffin, ‘Adoption of New Technologies Agriculture : The Case of Tegulet-
Bulga Shoa Province in Ethiopian District ’, vol. 4, pp. 27–43, 1990.
[3] “[Ethiopia] Agricultural Sample Survey 2011/2012 (2004 E.C.) (September-December,

2011), Volume IV, Report on Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season),”
Statistical Bulletin 532, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistica’.
[4] R. H. Macmillan, ‘The Mechanics of Tractor - Implement Performance’.
[5] D. Karayel, ‘Performance of a modified precision vacuum seeder for no-till sowing of maize
and soybean Soil & Tillage Research Performance of a modified precision vacuum seeder for
no-till sowing of maize and soybean’, no. June 2009, 2019.
[6] G. P. and W. Beitz and J. F. and K.-H. Grote, Engineering Design, A Systematic Approach,
43
MACHINE
Third Edit. Germen: Springer-Verlag London Limited 2007, 2007.
[7] Budynas−Nisbett, Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, Eighth Edi. McGraw−Hill

Primis, 2008.
[8]. S Khurmi and J. K. Gupta, A Textbook of Machine Design, Fourteenth. New Delhi, India:
EURASIA PUBLISHING HOUSE (PVT.) LTD., 2005.
[9] K. Khan and S. C. M. A. Kumar, ‘The Design and Fabrication of a Manually Operated Single
Row Multi - Crops Planter .’, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 147–158, 2015.
44

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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Mechanical Design Stream

PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Submitted to: - Dr.-Ing. Tamirat T.

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. III

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... VI

LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... VII

1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Market Analysis ................................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Product Selection .................................................................................................................. 4

1.4 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................... 5

2.1 General objective .................................................................................................................. 6

2.2 Specific objectives ................................................................................................................ 6

3 PRODUCT DEFINITION AND SPECIFICATION ................................................................. 6

3.1 Specification of the product ................................................................................................. 6

4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN .......................................................................................................... 7

4.1 Establishing Function Structures .......................................................................................... 7

4.1.1 Overall functions ........................................................................................................... 7

4.1.2. Sub-functions .............................................................................................................. 8

4.2 Developing working structures .......................................................................................... 10

4.2.1 Search for solution principles to satisfy sub-functions ............................................... 10

4.2.2 Evaluating and selecting alternatives .......................................................................... 11

5 EMBODIMENT DESIGN ....................................................................................................... 23

5.1 Material selection ............................................................................................................... 23

5.2 Design of hopper ................................................................................................................ 23

5.3 Design for Frame ................................................................................................................ 24

5.3.1 Design of column ........................................................................................................ 24

5.3.2 Design of inclined bar ................................................................................................. 25

5.3.3 Design of the draw bar ................................................................................................ 25

5.3.4 Design of opener attaching beam ................................................................................ 26

5.3.5 Design of furrow opener ............................................................................................. 26

5.4 Design of ground wheel ..................................................................................................... 26

5.5 Selection of chain and sprocket .......................................................................................... 27

5.5.1 Design of input chain drive ......................................................................................... 27

5.5.1.1 Design procedure of chain drive ........................................................................... 28

5.5.2 Selection of output chain drive ................................................................................... 31

5.6 Design of shafts .................................................................................................................. 35

5.6.1 Design of ground wheel shaft ..................................................................................... 35

5.6.2 Design of an intermediate shaft .................................................................................. 35

5.6.3 Design for metering disc shaft .................................................................................... 36

5.7 Metering discs .................................................................................................................... 36

5.7.1 Part drawings .............................................................................................................. 37

5.8 Design for assembly ........................................................................................................... 39

Figure 2: Modern practice of agriculture using machineries .......................................................... 3

Figure 3: Overall function structure ................................................................................................ 7

Figure 4: Flow of main functions.................................................................................................... 9

Figure 5: Function structure of the seeding process ....................................................................... 9

Figure 6: Designation of the function structure ............................................................................ 10

Figure 7: The hopper ..................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 8: Ground wheel (source of rotation) ................................................................................ 27

Figure 9: Chain drive .................................................................................................................... 33

Figure 10: Layout of the input shaft ............................................................................................. 35

Figure 11: Layout of intermediate shaft........................................................................................ 36

Figure 12: Layout of the output shaft ........................................................................................... 36

Figure 13: Metering discs for different crop size.......................................................................... 37

Figure 14: Assembly of metering disc with output shaft .............................................................. 40

Figure 16: Assembly of frames with the furrow opener ............................................................... 41

Figure 19: Overall assembly ......................................................................................................... 43

Table 2; Weightage for the storing materials process ................................................................... 12

Table 3: Weightage for transmission system ................................................................................ 13

Table 4: Weightage for transporting process ................................................................................ 14