List of exercises

1 Series
1.1 Compute the sum of the series:
P∞ 3n +(−4)n+1
1) ∞
P 1
P∞ 2n+3
P∞ 1
P∞ n
n=1 n(n+3) , 2) n=1 n(n+1)(n+2) , 3) n=2 ln(1 − n2 ), 4) n=1 n! , 5) n=0 6n
,
P∞ √ √ √ P∞ √ √ P∞ 1
6) n=1 ( n + 2 − 2 n + 1 + n), 7) n=1 ( n + 1 − n), 8) n=1 arctg( n2 +n+1 ), Hint:
x−y
arctg(x) − arctg(y) = arctg( 1+xy ), xy > −1.

1.2 Study the convergence of:

1) (necessary) a) ∞
P n
P∞ n n
P∞ 2n2 +n+1
n=1 (−1) , b) ( ) , c) n=1 3n2 −n+1
Pn=1 n+1
2) (comparison) a) n=1 n3 +1 , b) n=1 n2 +n+3 , c) ∞
∞ ∞
n+2 1 an
P∞ a
√ n
P P
√
n=0 n! , a ∈ R , d) n=1 n2 +1−n , a ∈
P∞ √ 3 3
n +n−n
P∞ 1
P∞ 2 π
P∞ 1
R , e) n=1 n a , a ∈ R, f) n=1 n+2 n , g) n=1 n sin( 2 n ), h) n=1 n n! ,
√
P∞ √ π 1 1
), j) ∞ ), k) ∞ , l) ∞
2 +1 sin( 2 )−1
i) n=1 ln( n2n−n+2 1
P P P
n sin( n2 +n+1 n=1 e n=1 n(2 − 2
n n n+1 )
n=1
P∞ 2n P∞ (n!)2 P∞ an n! P∞ na ·ln n
3) (ratio) a) n=1 , b) n=1 , c) n=1 nn , a ∈ R, d) n=0 , a ∈ R,
P∞ 1·3···(2n+1) n!P∞ (2n)!! (2n)! P∞ an P∞ nln a n!
e) n=1 2·5···(3n−1) , f) n=1 nn , g) n=1 √ n , a > 0, h) n=1 (ln a)n , a > 1.
P∞ 1·3···(2n−1) Pn!∞ n!
, a > 0, c) ∞ a(a+1)···(a+n)
P
4) (Raabe-Duhamel) a) n=1 2·4···(2n) , b) n=1 a(a+1)···(a+n−1) n=1 (n+3)!
,
P∞ √
a > 0, d) n=1 a n , a > 0
5) (root) a) ∞
P 2n2 +3n+1 n
P∞ 1
P∞ n2
P∞ an+1 n
n=2 ( 3n2 +2n ) , b) n=2 ( (ln n)n ), c) n=1 (2+ 1 )n , d) n=1 ( bn+2 ) , a, b > 0,
n
P∞ an+1 n2 P∞ ∞ 2
e) n=1 ( bn+2 ) , a, b > 0, f) n=1 (an nn!n )n , a > 0, g) n=1 (a n n+n+1 n
P
2 +1 ) , a > 0.
√
6) (logarithmic) a) n=2 (ln1n)n , b) ∞
P∞
aln n , a > 0, c) ∞
P P 3 n
n=1 a , a > 0.
P∞ 1 P∞n=1 1
7) (integral) a) n=1 ns , s ∈ R b) n=1 n·(ln n)a , a ∈ R.
8) (Cauchy,Abel) a) ∞
P∞ 1 P∞ cos n P∞ sin n2 sin n
1
, d) ∞ sin(nx)
P P
n=1 n , b) n=1 n2 , b) n=1 n(n+1) , c) ,
√ √
n=1 n n=1 n
sin(nx/2) sin((n+1)x/2)
Hint: sin x + sin(2x) + · · · + sin(nx) = sin(x/2)
, for x ∈
/ 2πZ.

1.3 Study A.C. and convergence of:

P∞ (−1)n P∞ (−1)n P∞ (−1)n P∞ (−1)n ln n P∞ (−1)n √n
1) ∞ sin n
P
n2
, 2) n=1 n2 , 3) n=1 n·2n , 4) , 5) , 6) ,
Pn=1
∞ 2
n −1 ∞ (−1) n na
n=2 ln n n=1
∞
n
√ n=1 n+2
n n n
n arcsin( n1 ),
P P
7) n=2 (−1) ln( n2 ), 8) n=2 n2 +n− n2 −n , a ∈ R, 9) n=1 (−1)
√ √
P∞ √ √ √
10) n=1 sin(π n2 + 1) (Hint: sin(π n2 + 1) = (−1)n sin(π n2 + 1 − πn),
P∞ n(2+i)n P∞ 1
P∞ 1√
Series of complex numbers: 11) n=1 3n , 12) n=1 n+2i 13) n=1 (n+i) n ,
√
(−1)n
14) ∞
P 1
P∞ 1+n2
P∞ z n
n=1 (sin( n2 ) + i n ), 15) n=1 n2 −i(−1)n n3 , 16) n=1 n , z ∈ C.

1.4 Compute with an error < 10−3 the sum of:

P∞ 1
P∞ 1
P∞ n 1
P∞ n 1
P∞ 1
P∞ 1
1) n=1 n·n! , 2) n=0 (2n)! , 3) n=1 (−1) n!2n , 4) n=0 (−1) (2n+1)! , 5) n=1 nn , 6) n=0 n!3n .

1
2 Sequences and series of functions
2.1 Study P.C. and U.C. of:
q
n 2n n 1
1) fn (x) = x , x ∈ [0, 1], 2) fn (x) = x − x , x ∈ [0, 1], 3) fn (x) = x2 + n2
, x ∈ R,
also for fn0 (x) 4) fn (x) = e−nx , x ∈ [0, ∞), 5) fn (x) = 1+n 2nx
2 x2 , a) x ∈ [0, 1], b) x ∈ [1, ∞),
x+n x
6) fn (x) = x+n+1 , x ∈ [0, ∞), 7) fn (x) = 1+nx2 , x ∈ [0, ∞), 8) fn (x) = arctg(nx), x ∈ R,
nx+1 1
9) fn (x) = nx 2 +3 , x ∈ R, 10) fn (x) = x
1+ n
, x ∈ [0, 1], 11) fn (x) = arctg 1+nx2 x2 , x ∈ R.

2.2 Study P.C. and U.C. of:

P∞ n n−1
P∞ x x
1) n=1 (x − x ), x ∈ [0, 1], 2) n=1 (sin( n+1 ) − sin( n )), a) x ∈ R b) x ∈ [0, 1], 3)
P∞ nx (n−1)x P∞ nx (n−1)x P∞ xn
n=1 ( 1+n+x − n+x ), x ∈ [0, 1], 4) n=1 ( 1+n2 x2 − 1+(n−1)2 x2 ), x ∈ [0, 1], 5) n=0 (n+1)! .

2.3 Prove that the following series are U.C.:

P∞ (−1)n ·3−nx P∞ sin(nx) P∞ 1
1) n=1 x+n 2 , x ∈ [0, ∞), 2) n=1
√
2 3 , x ∈ R, 3) n=1 arctg( x2 +n2 ), x ∈ R,
P∞ (x+n)2 P∞ sin(nx) x +n P∞
4) n=1 n4
, x ∈ [0, 1], 5) n=1 nα , α > 1, x ∈ [0, 1], 6) n=1 e−nx , x ∈ [1, ∞).

2.4 Other exercises:

1) Prove that ∞ sin(nx)
P
n=1 n2 n is U.C. and can be derivated term by term, i.e. the series of
√

derivatives is also
P∞U.C.
2) Prove that n=1 sin(nx)n2
is U.C., the series of derivatives converge but is not U.C.
P∞ sin(2 n x)
3) Prove that n=1 6n is U.C. and the same for the series of derivatives. If S(x) is the
sum of the series, compute S 0 ( π4 ).

3 Power series. Taylor’s formula. Expansions

3.1 Compute the radius and the domain of convergence:
1) ∞
P∞ xn P∞ xn P∞ P∞ xn P∞
n n n
( n ) n xn ,
P
n=1 (−2) x , 2) n=1 2n , 3) n=1 n2 , 4) n=0 (n!)x , 5) n=0 n! , 6)
P∞ n2 n P∞ (−1)n 2n P∞ (x−2)n P∞ 1 2x n P∞ n=01 n+11+x n
7) n=0 3n x , 8) n=0 √n x , 9) n=1 n·2n , 10) n=1 n ( x+3 ) , 11) n=1 2n+1 ( 1−x ) .

3.2 Compute the domain of convergence and the sum:

P∞ (−1)n xn+1
1) ∞ , 3) ∞
P n n
P n
P∞ 2 n P∞ xn P∞ x2n
n=1 (−2) x , 2) n=0 n! n=1 nx , 4) n=1 n x , 5) n=1 n , 6) n=1 n ,
P∞ (−1)n x2n P∞ 4n x2n+1 P∞ (−1)n x2n+1 P∞ (−1)n x3n+1 P∞ (−1) n x4n+1
7) n=1 n2n , 8) n=0 (2n+1) , 8) n=0 2n+1 , 9) n=0 3n+1 , 10) n=0 4n+1 ,
P∞ xn P∞ (−1)n+1 x2n+1 P∞ n
∞ (−1) x n n 2n
. 15) ∞
x n P P (−1) x
11) n=1 n2 , 12) n=1 (n(2n−1)) , 13) n=0 (n+1)(n+2)3 n , 14) n=1 n·n! n=1 n(2n−1)! .

2
3.3 Taylor’s formula:
√ √
1) Let f (x) = x + 4. Compute T2 (x) at 0. Approximate 4, 5 with T2 (x) and estimate
1
the error. Similarly, approximate √x+4 and estimate the error.
2) f (x) = ln(1
√ + x), T3 (x) =? at 0. Approximate√ln 1.2 with T3 (x) and estimate the error.
3) f (x) = 3 x + 8, T2 (x) =? at 0. Approximate 3 9 with T3 (x) and estimate the error.
4) Approximate cos(0.2), sin(0.2) and √1e using T2 (x) and estimate the error.
5) a) Prove that Ba = {(X − a)n : n ≥ 0} is a basis of the R-vector space R[X].
b) Write P (X) = 2X 3 − 3X 2 + X + 1 in B2 .

3.4 Write the expansion in power series for:

= ex 2) f (x) = sin x 3)f (x) = cos x 4) f (x) = (1 + x)a , 5) f (x) = ln(1 + x), 6)
1) f (x) √
f (x) = 1 + R xx,sin7)t f (x) = arctg(x),
R x8)arctg
f (x) = arcsin(x), 9)R xf arcsin
(x) = ch(x), 10) f (x)R= sh(x),
t x 2
11) f (x) = 0 t dt, 12) f (x) = 0 t dt, 13) f (x) = 0 t
t
dt, 14) f (x) = 0 e−t dt,
1 3 1 √ 1
15) f (x) = x2 −3x+2 , 16) f (x) = (1−x)(1+2x) , 17) f (x) = √1+x 2 , 18) f (x) = 1−x2

3.5 Using the power series expansion, compute with error < 10−3 :
R 1/2 R 1/2 arctg x
R 1/2 R1 2 R 1/2 R1
1) 0
sin x
x
dx, 2) 0 x
dx, 3) 0
arcsin x
x
dx, 4) 0
e−x dx, 5) 0
1−cos x
x2
dx, 6) 0
cos(x2 ) dx.

4 Metric spaces. Banach’s Theorem

4.1 Metrics. Topology of Rn
1) If A = [0, 1) ∪ {2}, find A,A◦ , A0 and ∂A.
2) Let D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x2 + 4y 2 < 1}. Draw D. Is D open? Find D and ∂D.
3) Let K = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 4}. Is K compact? Is K connected? Is simple
connected? (justify)
4) a) Prove that d∞ (x, y) = maxni=1 {|yi − xi |}, x, y ∈ Rn is a metric. b) Prove that
||x|| := (|x1 |p + · · · + |xn |p )1/p , x ∈ R, cu p ∈ (0, ∞), is a norm. c) Prove that < f, g >:=
R1 p
0
f (x)g(x) dx is a scalar product on C([a, b], R) := {f : [a, b] → R | f continuous }.

4.2 Banach’s Theorem

1) Study if f is a contraction, where: a) f (x) = ax + b, a, b ∈ R, x ∈ R b) f (x) = q sin x,
2x
q ∈ R, x ∈ R, c) f (x) = ln x, x ≥ e, d) f (x) = 1+x 2, x ∈ R
−3
2) Compute with an error < 10 the real solution of: a) x3 +4x−1 = 0, b) x3 +12x−1 = 0,
c) x3 + x2 − 6x + 1 = 0. √
3) Prove that f : [ 34 , 32 ] → [ 43 , 23 ], f (x) = x2 + x1 is a contraction. Compute 2 with an error
< 10−3 . √ √ √
4) Prove that f : [ 23 , 3] → [ 23 , 3], f (x) = 2x 3
+ 1
x
is a contraction. Compute 3 with an
error < 10−2 .

3
5 Continuity. Partial derivatives. Differentials
5.1 Functions with branches
1) Let f : R2 → R. Study the continuity, differentiability, the existence of partial derivatives
and if f ∈ C 1 , for:
( 2
x y
2 2 , (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
a) f (x, y) = x +y
0, (x, y) = (0, 0)
( xy
√ , (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
b) f (x, y) = x2 +y 2
0, (x, y) = (0, 0)
p
c) f (x, y) = x x2 + y 2
(x + y 2 ) sin( √ 21 2 ), (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
( 2
d) f (x, y) = x +y
0, (x, y) = (0, 0)
( xyz2
√ , (x, y, z) 6= (0, 0, 0)
e) f (x, y, z) = x2 +y 2 +z 2 (In this case, f : R3 → R.)
0, (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0)
( 3
xy
2 2 , (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f) f (x, y) = x +y . Prove that f is not C 2 .
0, (x, y) = (0, 0)

5.2 Computation of partial derivatives and differentials

2
a) f (x, y) = ex y . Compute df , d2 f , df (1, 1) and d2 f (1, 1).
b) f (x, y, z) = x2 ln(yz). Compute df , d2 f , df (0, 1, 1) and d2 f (0, 1, 1).
1 2 2
c) f (x, y) = x2 +y 2 , (x, y) 6= (0, 0). Compute df , d f , df (1, 1) and d f (1, 1).
2 2 2
d) Partial derivatives of order 2 for: f (x, y) = ex +y , f (x, y, z) = xyex z , f (x, y) =
arctg(x2 + y 2 ), f (x, y) = arcsin( xy ), f (x, y) = tg(x2 + y 2 ) etc.

5.3 Jacobian matrix

a) JF (x, y, z) and JF (1, 1, 1) for F (x, y, z) = (x2 − y 2 + z 2 , xyez ).
b) Let F (x, y) = (u(x, y), v(x, y)), where u(x, y) = x2 − y 2 , v(x, y) = x2 + y 2 . Compute
JF (x, y) and D(u,v)
D(x,y)
.

5.4 Composite functions

∂z ∂z
a) Let z = ϕ(bx − ay). Compute a ∂x + b ∂y .
∂z ∂z
b) Let z = ϕ(x2 + y 2 ). Compute y ∂x − x ∂y .
∂z ∂z
c) Let z = xyϕ(x2 − y 2 ). Compute xy 2 ∂x + x2 y ∂y .
∂2z 2
∂ z
d) Let z = Φ(x − at) + Φ(x + at). Prove that ∂t2
− a2 ∂x2 = 0.

4
e) If f (x, y) = (u(x, y), v(x, y)), and F (x, y) = g(f (x, y)), where g : Im(f ) → R, compute
the partial derivatives of F in terms of the partial derivatives of g, u and v. In particular,
u = x2 + y 2 and v = x − y.
f) If F (x, y) = Φ(x3 + y 3 ), where Φ(u) : R → R, Compute ∂F , ∂F .
∂x ∂y
g) If z = ϕ( xy ), ϕ ∈ C 1 , compute E = x ∂x
∂z ∂z
+ y ∂y .

5.5 Gradient. Rotor. Laplacian

1) Compute the Laplacian. Which ones are harmonic?
a) f (x, y) = arctg( xy ), b) f (x, y, z) = x2 +y12 +z2 , c) f (x, y) = √ 1
, d) f (x, y, z) =
x2 +y 2
y 2 −y 2
√ 1
, e) f (x, y, z) = ln(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ), f) f (x, y) = x2 +y 2
, g) f (x, y) = ex
x2 +y 2 +z 2
2) Gradient of f (x, y) = 3x2 − 3x + 5y and the derivative of f on the direction given by
M~N , where M (2, 1) and N (5, 5). b) If s = ( 13 , 32 , 23 ) and f (x, y, z) = x2 y − z 2 , Compute
∇f (1, 1, 1) and ∂f
∂s
(1, 1, 1).
3) Rotor (curl) of F (x, y, z) = (x2 − y 2 , y 2 − z 2 , z 2 − x2 ).

5.6 Taylor polynomial.

a) Let f (x, y) = ln(1 + x + y). Compute T1 (x, y) and T2 (x, y) at (0, 0).
b) Let P (x, y, z) = x2 + 2y 2 − z 2 + xy + yz + 1. Compute T2 (x, y, z) at (1, 1, 1). (Note:
P = T2 , since P is √a polynomial of degree 2) √
c) Let f (x, y) = e y + 4. T1 (x, y) and T2 (x, y) at (0, 0). Approximate e0,5 4, 5 with T2 .
x

ex+y . Tn√(x, y) =? at (0, 0).

d) Let f (x, y) = √ √ √
e) Let f (x, y) = x + 1 3 y + 1. T1 (x, y) and T2 (x, y) at (0, 0). Approximate 1, 1 3 0, 9.

5.7 Local extrema

1) Find the critical points and local extrema for:
a) f (x, y) = x2 +xy+y 2 −2x−y, b) f (x, y) = x3 +y 3 −3xy+10, c) f (x, y) = x4 +y 4 −4xy,
d) f (x, y) = xy ln(x2 + y 2 ), e) f (x, y) = xy + x2 + x5 , f) f (x, y) = x3 + 3xy 2 − 15x − 12y,
g) f (x, y) = x3 + 8y 3 − 2xy. h) f (x, y, z) = 2x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2x + 2y + 6z, i)
f (x, y, z) = xyz − 6x − 3y − 2z, j) f (x, y, z) = x1 + xy + yz + z, x, y, z 6= 0.
2) The regression line for: a) x = (2, 5, 9, 14), y = (12, 24, 33, 50), b) x = (−2, 0, 2, 4),
y = (3.5, 1.5, 1, −0.5), c) x = (−1, 0, 1), y = (0.2, 0.2, 0.3). Estimate y(2), d) x = (−2, 0, 2),
y = (0.3, 0.15, 0.1). Estimate y(3).

5.8 Implicit functions

1) a) Let y(x) defined by x2 − xy + y 2 − 1 = 0 and let (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 1). Compute y 0 (x),y 00 (x)
and y 0 (1), y 00 (1).
b) Let y(x) defined by y = 2x arctg( xy ) and let (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 0). y 0 (x) =? and y 0 (1) =?.

5
2) Compute the partial derivatives of order 1 and 2 for z(x, y) defined by: a) x sin(y + z) +
2 2 2
xz = 0, b) x2 + y 2 − 2z = 0, c) xa2 + yb2 + zc2 − 1 = 0, (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (0, 0, c).
3) Let y(x) and z(x) defined by x + 2y − z − 2 = 0 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2xy + 3z − 2 = 0
and let (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (1, 1, 1). y 0 , z 0 , y 00 , z 00 =?, y 0 (1), z 0 (1), y 00 (1), z 00 (1) =?.
4) Local extrema of y = y(x), defined by a) 2xy 3 + y − x2 = 0, b) x3 + y 3 − 2xy = 0, c)
2x2 y + y 2 − 4x − 3
5) Local extrema of z = z(x, y), defined by a) x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xz − yz + 2x + 2y + 2z − 2 = 0,
b) z 3 + z + 20(x2 + y 2 ) − 8(xy + x + y) = 0.

5.9 Extrema with constraints

1) Local extrema for f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 with 3x + 2y = 6.
2) f (x, y, z) = xyz with x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2
3) Compute the distance between M (2, 0) and the parabola y 2 = 2x.
4) f (x, y, z) = xyz with x + y + z = a, where x, y, z > 0.
5) Extrema of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 − x − y on the line x + y − 1 = 0.
6) Extrema of f (x, y) = x3 − y 2 on the line x − y + 4 = 0.
7) Extremal values of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 − 3x − 2y + 1 on K = {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}.
8) Extremal values of f (x, y) = xy on K = {(x, y)| x2 + 2y 2 ≤ 1}.
9) Extremal values of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 on K = {(x, y)| x2 + 4y 2 ≤ 1}.

5.10 Change of variables.

1) Polar coordinates: Let x = ρ cos t and y = ρ sin t. Prove that D(x,y)
D(ρ,t)
= ρ.
2) Spherical coordinates: Let x = ρ sin θ cos ϕ, y = ρ sin θ cos ϕ, z = ρ cos θ. Prove that:
D(x,y,z)
D(ρ,ϕ,θ)
= ρ2 sin θ
3) Cylindrical coordinates: x = aρ sin θ, y = bρ cos θ, z = t. Compute D(x,y,z)
D(ρ,θ,t)
.
2 2 2
4) Prove that u = x + y + z, v = x + y + z and w = xy + yz + zx are functional
dependents, i.e. D(u,v,w)
D(x,y,z)
= 0.
5) Find Φ = Φ(x) such that u = Φ(x + y) and v = Φ(x)Φ(y) are functional dependents.
2 ∂2z
6) In the equation ∂∂t2z − a2 ∂x 2 = 0, change the variables u = x + at and v = x − at.
2 00 0
7) In x y + 2xy + x2 y = 0, use t = x1 .
1

8) In x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 + y = 0, x > 0, use x = et (t = lnx).

6 Which sets are finite, countable, uncountable:

2 2 2 √
1) A = { m 2+n | m, n ∈ N}, 2) B = {z ∈ C | z 8 + z 4 + 1 = 0}, 3) C = { x +i2 x | x ∈ Q+ },
4) D = {f : N → {0, 1}}, 5) E = {x ∈ R| cos x + sin x = 1} and E 0 = E ∩ [−π, π],
6) F = {f : {0, 1, . . . , 9} → Q}, 7) G = {(b0 , b1 , . . .)| bn ∈ {x, y, z}}, 8) H = {it | t ∈ R\Q},
9) I = {(x, y) ∈ Z| x2 − 3y 2 = 1}. 10) J = {z ∈ C | |z| = 1} and J 0 = J ∩ R.

6
6.1 Models for exam (FILS):
Partial (variant 1)
P∞ P∞ √ √
n! n n+1− n
1. Study the convergence: a) n=1 nn (2.5) , b) n=1 nα
, α ∈ R.
nx
2. Study P.C. and U.C. for: fn (x) = 1+n+x
, x ∈ [0, ∞).
cos(3n x)
3. Prove that ∞
P
n=0 6n
is uniformly convergent. Let S(x) be the sum of the series.
0
Compute S (π/3).

4. Let f (x) = ln(1 + x2 ). T3 (x) =?, at a = 0. Approximate ln(1.25) and estimate the
error.
√
2
5. Let A = { n+ 2n +1 |n ∈ Q ∩ [0, ∞)} and B = {(a1 , a2 , a3 , . . .)|an ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3}}. Decide
if A and B are countable or not.

Partial (variant 2)
P∞ 2n
P∞ (−1)n
1. Study the convergence: a) n=0 n! , b) n=1 ln(n+1) .

2. Study P.C. and U.C. for: fn (x) = xn − x2n , x ∈ [0, 1].

3. Prove that ∞ sin(nx) 0

P
n=0 n2 n is convergent. Let f (x) be the sum of the series. Write f (x)
√

as a series of functions.
√ √
4. Let f (x) = 3 1 + x. T2 (x) =?, at a = 0. Approximate 3 1.5 and estimate the error.
√ 2 +√n
5. Let A = { 1−i2 n |n ∈ N∗ } and B = { m 2
|m, n ∈ Q+ }. Decide if A and B are
countable or not.

Partial (variant 3)
√
P∞ n2 +1+n
P∞ (−1)n
1. Study the convergence: a) n=0 n3 +2
, b) n=1 n ln(n+1) .

x
2. Study P.C. and U.C. for: fn (x) = 1+nx2 , x ∈ [0, ∞).

P∞ 2n n+1
3. Consider n=0 n+1 x . a) Compute the convergence radius R =? and the con-
vergence domain D. b) Let S(x) = be the sum of the series. Compute S 0 (x) for
x ∈ (−R, R). c) Compute S(x) for x ∈ D.
√ √
4. Let f (x) = x + 4. T1 (x), T2 (x) =?, at a = 0. Using T2 , approximate 4.5 and
estimate the error.
2
√
5. Let A = {n ∈ Z| 5 - n, 7|n}, B = { mn2+i+1 3 |m, n ∈ Z}, D = {it| t ∈ R∗ }. Which are
countable and which are uncountable?

7
Partial (variant 4)
1. Study the convergence of
√
3 3 √
n +n2 − 3 n3 −n
a) ∞
P
n=1 nk +1
, k ∈ R,
3 n
b) ∞
P

n=1 n n!

2. Study the PC and UC of fn (x) = x2 e−nx , x ∈ [0, 1].

1
3. a) Approximate √
3 1,2 using T2 and estimate the error.
b) Approximate sin(0, 2) using T3 and estimate the error.

4. Decide if the following sets are finite, countable or uncountable.

A = {x ∈ R | (∃)t ∈ Q, such that x2 = t}
B = {(a1 , a2 , . . . , aj , . . .) | aj ∈ {0, 1, 2}}
C = {z ∈ C | z 10 = 1}

Partial (variant 5)
1. Study the convergence of
a) ∞ nk √
P
n=1 3 n3 +n− 3 n3 −n , k ∈ R
√

b) ∞ n!
P
n=1 (4n)n

2
2. Study the PC and UC of fn (x) = xe−nx , x ∈ [0, 1].

3. a) Approximate cos(0, 2) using T2 and estimate the error.

b) Approximate ln(1, 2) using T3 and estimate the error.

4. Decide if the following sets are finite, countable or uncountable.

A = {x ∈ R | (∃)t ∈ Q, such that x = ln(t)}
B = {z ∈ C | |z| = 1}
√
3
C = {x ∈ [0, 2π] | sin x = 3
}

8
Final (variant 1)
2 −y 2
1. Let f (x, y) = ex . Compute ∆f .
2
2. Local extrema for f (x, y) = xy + x
+ y5 .
R 1/2
3. Compute 0
sin x
x
dx with an error  < 10−3 .

4. Regression line for x = (−1, 0, 1) and y = (0.2, 0.2, 0.3). Estimate y(3).

5. Extrema of f (x, y) = xy in the domain x2 + 2y 2 ≤ 1.

6. Power series expansion of f (x) = √ 1 .

1−x2

Final (variant 2)
y
1. Let f (x, y) = x2 +y 2
. Compute ∆f .

2. Local extrema for f (x, y) = x3 + 3xy 2 − 15x − 12y.

R1
3. Compute 0 cos(x2 ) dx with an error  < 10−3 .

4. Regression line for x = (−1, 0, 1) and y = (0.1, 0.2, 0.2). Estimate y(2).

5. Extrema of y = y(x) defined by 2xy 3 − y − x2 = 0.

6. Power series expansion of f (x) = √1 .

1+x

Final (variant 3)
1. Let f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 ). Compute ∆f .

2. Local extrema for f (x, y) = x3 + 8y 3 − 2xy.

R1
3. Compute 0 1−cos(x)
x2
dx with an error  < 10−3 .

4. Regression line for x = (−2, 0, 2) and y = (0.3, 0.15, 0.1). Estimate y(3).

5. Extrema of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 − 3x − 2y + 1 on x2 + y 2 ≤ 1.
∂z ∂z
6. Let z(x, y) = f (y/x), where f ∈ C 1 . Compute E = x ∂x + y ∂y .

9
Final (variant 4)
R 1/2 ln(x+1)
1. a) The power series expansion of ln(x + 1). b) Compute 0 x
dx with an error
< 10−2 .

2. Local extrema for f (x, y, z) = 2x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2x + 2y + 6z.

3. Let f (x, y, z) = √ 1
. Compute ∆f .
x2 +y 2 +z 2

4. Regression line for x = (−2, 0, 2) and y = (0.3, 0.1, 0.15). Estimate y(3).

5. Extrema of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 on 3x + 2y = 6 (extrema with constrains).

6. Find the domain of convergence of the power series ∞

n
√x
P
n=1 n n+1 .

Final (variant 5)
P∞ xn
1. Find the domain of convergence and the sum of the power series n=1 n3n .
R 1/2 −x
2. Compute 0 1−ex dx with an error < 10−3 .

3. Local extrema for f (x, y, z) = x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 − xy + x − 2z.

4. Let f (x, y, z) = ln(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ). Compute ∆f .

5. Let f (x, y) = ex+2y . Compute the Taylor polynomials T1 and T2 at (0, 0).

6. The extremal values of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 − 3x − 2y + 1 on x2 + y 2 ≤ 4.

Final (variant 6)
1. Local extrema for f (x, y, z) = x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 − yz − 2x + z + 2.

2. The extremal values of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 − 2x + 2y on 2x2 + 2y 2 ≤ 1.

√
3. Let f (x, y) = e2x y + 9. Compute the Taylor polynomials T1 and T2 at (0, 0).

4. Regression line for x = (−2, 0, 2) and y = (0.3, −0.1, 0.1). Estimate y(3).
1
5. Let f (x, y, z) = x2 +y 2 +z 2
. Compute ∆f .
2 R 1/2 f (x)
6. a) The power series expansion of f (x) = 1 − e−x . b) Compute 0 x2
dx with an
error < 10−3 .

10
7 Solutions
Partial (variant 1)
n!
1. a) Let xn = nn
(2.5)n . We have
n n
 n
xn+1 (n + 1)! n+1 n (2.5) n 2.5
` = lim = lim (2.5) · = 2.5 lim = < 1,
n xn n (n + 1)(n+1) n! n n+1 e
P
hence, by the ratio test, the series n xn is convergent.
√ √
n+1− n 1 √ 1
b) We have xn = nα
= nα (√n+1+ n)
∼ α+ 1 =: yn .
n 2
√
n
Since limn xynn = √ = 1 ∈ (0, ∞), it follows that
P P
limn √n+1+ n 2 n xn ∼ n yn . On the
1
P
other hand, n yn is an harmonic series
P which is convergent for α > 2 and divergent
1
for α ≤ 2 . Thus, the same holds for n xn .
PC
2. We have f (x) = limn fn (x) = x, (∀)x ∈ [0, ∞), hence fn −→ f .
nx 2
x+x
We have gn (x) := |fn (x) − f (x)| = | 1+n+x − x| = 1+n+x . Since limx→∞ gn (x) = ∞, it
follows that supx∈[0,∞) gn (x) = ∞ and thus fn does not uniformly converge.
n x) n x)|
n 1 n
3. Let fn (x) = cos(3 . We have |fn (x)| = | cos(3 ≤ 61n = 16 . Since P ∞
P

6n 6n n=0 6
is convergent (it is a geometric series), it follows, by Weierstrass, that ∞ n=0 fn (x)
converge uniformly on R.
n x)
We have fn0 (x) = − sin(3 . As above, ∞ 0
P
2n n=0 fn (x) converge uniformly on R. It follows
n
that S 0 (x) = ∞ 0 ∞ sin(3 x)
P P
n=0 fn (x) = − n=0 2n
. Therefore,
∞ √
0π X sin(3n−1 π) π 3
S( )=− n
= − sin = − ,
3 n=0
2 3 2

since sin(πk) = 0 for any integer k.

(−1)n−1 n (−1)n−1 2n
4. We have ln(1 + x) = ∞ hence f (x) = ∞
P P
n=1 n
x , (∀)x ∈ (−1, 1],P n=1 n
x .
∞
Therefore, T3 (x) = x . We have ln(1.25) = f (0.5) = n=1 (−1) n·22n . Let an = n·212n .
2 n 1

We approximate f (0.5) with T2 (0.5) = a1 , hence the error is < a2 = 3·21 6 = 192
1
.
√
2
5. a)Let f : Q+ → A, f (n) = n+ 2n +1 . By definition, Im(f ) = A, hence f is surjec-
tive. On the other hand, f is strictly increasing, hence it is injective. Therefore f is
bijective. Since Q+ = Q ∩ [0, ∞) is countable, it follows that A is also countable.
b)The set B is uncountable. Assume there exists f : N∗ → B a bijection. Denote
f (n) = (an1 , an2 , an3 , . . .). We chose b = (b1 , b2 , b3 , . . .) such that bn 6= ann , (∀)n ≥ 1.
It follows that b ∈ / Im(f ), hence f is not surjective, contradiction!

11
Partial (variant 2)
n an+1
xn = 2n! . We have ` = limn
1. a) LetP an
= limn 2
n+1
= 0 < 1, hence, by ratio test, the
series n xn is convergent.
1
b) Let an = ln(n+1) , n ≥ 1. We have an > 0, (an )n is strictly decreasing, limn an = 0.
Therefore, by the Leibniz test, it follows that ∞ n
P
n=1 (−1) an is convergent.

2. We have f (x) = limn fn (x) = 0, (∀)x ∈ [0, 1). Also, f (1) = limn fn (1) = limn 0 = 0.
PC
Therefore fn −→ 0 on [0, 1].
We have |fn (x) − f (x)| = fn (x) = xn − x2n . For n ≥ 2, fn0 (x) = nxn−1 − 2nx2n−1 =
nxn−1 (1−2xn ). The equation fn0 (x) = 0 has the solutions 0 and √ 1 0
n . Since fn (x) > 0 on
2
1 0 1 1 1 1 1
n ) and fn (x) < 0 on ( √
(0, √ n ) = 2−4 = 4,
n , 1], it follows that supx∈[0,1] fn (x) = fn ( √
2 2 2
hence (fn )n does not converge uniformly.

3. As in the exercise 3 of the first variant, by Weierstrass, n fn (x) and n fn0 (x) are
P P

uniformly convergent. Therefore, f 0 (x) = ∞

P 0
P∞ cos(nx)
n=0 fn (x) = n=0 n n .
√

1 2 5 8
4. f (x) = (1 + x) 3 , f 0 (x) = 13 (1 + x)− 3 , f 00 (x) = − 29 (1 + x)− 3 and f 000 (x) = 27
10
(1 + x)− 3 .
00
Hence T2 (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x + f 2!(0) x2 = 1 + 13 x − 19 x2 .
√3
1.5 = f (0.5) ≈ T2 (0.5) = 1 + 16 − 36 1
= 4136
. By Lagrange, (∃)c ∈ (0, 0.5) such that
000
f (c) 3 10 5 5
R2 (0.5) = 3! (0.5) = 8 . Thus, the error |R2 (0.5)| = 8 < 648 .
27·6·8·(1+x) 3 648(1+c) 3
√
1−i n
5. a) f : N∗ → A, f (n) = 2
, is bijective and N∗ is countable, hence A is countable.
2 √
b) f : Q+ ×Q+ → B, f (m, n) = m +2 n is surjective, hence B is at most countable. On
2
the other hand, C = { m2 | m ∈ Q+ } ⊂ B is infinite. It follows that B is countable.

Partial (variant 3)
√
2
1. a) xn = nn3+1+n n 1 xn
P
+2
∼ n3 = n 2 = yn . Since lim n yn
= 2 ∈ (0, ∞) and n yn is convergent
P
(harmonic series) it follows that n xn is convergent.
1
. Using the Leibniz test, it follows that n (−1)n an is convergent.
P
b) Let an = n ln(n+1)
PC
2. f (x) = limn fn (x) = 0, (∀)x > 0 and f (0) = limn 0 = 0. Thus fn −→ 0 on [0, ∞).
x
|fn (x) − f (x)| = fn (x) = 1+nx2
. Since a2ab
+b2
≤ 12 for any a, b ≥ 0 not both zero, it
√
n UC
follows that |fn (x) − f (x)| ≤ √1n · 1+(√nx
nx)2
≤ 2√1 n −→ 0. Thus fn −→ 0 on [0, ∞).

12
 n
2
3. a) Let an = n+1 . The convergence radius R = limn |a|an+1 n|
|
n+2
= limn 2(n+1) = 12 .
For x = 21 , ∞ = ∞
P 2n n+1
P 1 1
P∞ 1
n=0 n+1 x n=0 2(n+1) = 2 n=1 n is divergent (harmonic series).
(−1)n+1
For x = − 21 , ∞ 2n n+1
= ∞
P P
n=0 n+1 x n=0 2(n+1) is convergent (Leibniz). It follows that
the convergence domain is D = [− 12 , 21 ).
b) For x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ), S 0 (x) = ∞ 2n n+1 0
) = ∞ n 1
P P
n=0 ( n+1 x n=0 (2x) = 1−2x .
Rx Rx 1
c) For x ∈ (− 12 , 12 ), S(x) = 0 S 0 (t) dt = 0 1−2t dt = − 12 ln(1 − 2t)|x0 = − ln(1 − 2x).
Since S : D → R is continuos, S(− 21 ) = − ln(2), hence S(x) = − ln(1−2x), (∀)x ∈ D.
1 1 3 5
4. f (x) = (x+4) 2 , f 0 (x) = 12 (x+4)− 2 , f 00 (x) = − 14 (x+4)− 2 , f 000 (x) = 38 (x+4)− 2 . Hence
00 √
T2 (x) = f (0)+f 0 (0)x+ f 2!(0) x2 = 2+ 14 x− 64 1 2
x . 4.5 = f (0.5) ≈ T2 (0.5). There exists
000
c ∈ (0, 0.5) such that the error |R2 (0.5)| = |f 3!(c)| (0.5)3 = 3
−5
1
< 128·32 1
= 4096 .
8·6·8(c+4) 2

5. a) Since A ⊂ Z, it follows that A is at most countable. On the other hand, B =

{7n | n ∈ N∗ } ⊂ A is infinite. Hence A is countable.
2
√
b) The function f : Z × Z → B, f (m, n) = mn2+i+1 3 is surjective, so B is at most
countable. C = {m2 | m ∈ Z} ⊂ B is infinite. Hence B is countable.
c) f : R∗ → D, f (t) = it is bijective. R∗ is uncountable, so D is uncountable.

Partial (variant 4)
√
3 √
n3 +n2 − 3 n3 −n √ √n
2 +n
√ 1
1. a) xn = nk +1
= ∼ nk +1
= yn .
(nk +1)( 3 (n3 +n2 )2 + 3 (n3 +n2 )(n3 −n)+ 3 (n3 −n)2 )
xn 1
P P
We have limn yn
= 3
∈ (0, ∞), hence yn . n xn ∼ n

For k ≤ 0, yn ≥ 21 and therefore

P
lim n y n 6
= 0. Hence n yn is divergent. For k > 0,
1 yn P
yn ∼ nk = zn . limn zn = 1 and n zn is conv. for k > 1 and div. for k ∈ (0, 1].
P
Conclusion: n xn is convergent for k > 1 and divergent for k ≤ 1.

n
b) Let xn = n3 n!. We have limn xxn+1 3
P
n
= e
> 1, hence n xn is divergent.

x2 PC
2. For x ∈ (0, 1], f (x) = limn x2 e−nx = limn enx
= 0, f (0) = limn 0 = 0. Thus fn −→ 0.
|fn (x) − f (x)| = fn (x) = x2 e−nx . fn0 (x) = (2x − nx2 )e−nx = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or
x = n2 . Assume n ≥ 3. fn is increasing on [0, n2 ] and decreasing on [ n2 , 1], hence
UC
supx∈[0,1] |fn (x) − f (x)| = fn ( n2 ) = 4
n2 e2
. Since limn 4
n2 e2
= 0, it follows that fn −→ 0.
1 1
3. a) We let f (x) = √
3
x+1
, we compute T2 (x) at x0 = 0. √
3 1,2 = f (0.2) ≈ T2 (0.2).
x3
b) We let f (x) = sin x. We have T3 (x) = x − 6
. sin(0.2) ≈ T3 (0.2). (∃)c ∈ (0, 0.2)
f (4) (c) sin c c 1 1
such that the erorr is |R3 (0.2)| = 4!
(0.2)4 = 24·625 < 24·625 < 120·625
= 75000
.

13
 √
4. a) It t < 0, then x2 = t √ has no solution. If t ≥ 0,√then x1,2 = ± t. Therefore
A = A1 ∪ A2 , where A1 = { t | t ∈ Q+ } and A2 = {− t | t ∈ Q+ }. Since A1 and A2
are countable (each of them is in bijection with Q+ ), it follows that A is countable,
as an union of countable sets.
b) The set B is uncountable. See variant 1, exercise 5.
c) The set C is finite and |C| = 10. In fact, C = {cos 2πk
10
+ i sin 2πk
10
| 0 ≤ k ≤ 9}.

Partial (variant 5)
√ √ √
nk √ nk ( 3 (n3 +n)2 + 3 n6 −n2 + 3 (n3 −n)2 ) 1
1. a) xn = √
3 3
n +n− 3 n3 −n
= 2n
∼ nk+1 = n−k−1
= yn .
limn xynn = 32 and n yn is convergent for −k − 1 > 1 and divergent for −k − 1 ≤ 1.
P
P
Hence n xn is convergent for k < −2 and divergent for k ≥ −2.
n! xn+1 1
P
b) xn = (4n) n . limn x
n
= 4e
< 1, hence the series n xn is convergent.

2 PC
2. For x ∈ (0, 1], f (x) = limn xe−nx = limn x
enx2
= 0, f (0) = limn 0 = 0. Thus fn −→ 0.
2 2
|fn (x) − f (x)| = fn (x) = xe−nx . fn0 (x) = (1 − 2nx2 )e−nx = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x =
√1 . Assume n ≥ 3. fn is increasing on [0, √1 ] and decreasing on [ √1 , 1], hence
2n 2n 2n
UC
supx∈[0,1] |fn (x) − f (x)| = fn ( √12n ) = √1 .
2ne
Since limn √1
2ne
= 0, it follows fn −→ 0.
2
3. a) Let f (x) = cos x. T2 (x) = 1 − x2 . cos(0.2) = f (0.2) ≈ T2 (0.2) = 1 − 50
1
= 49
50
. There
|f 000 (c)| sin c c 1
exists c ∈ (0, 0.2) such that |R2 (0.2)| = 3! (0.2)3 = 6·125 < 750 < 3750 .
2 3
b) Let f (x) = ln(x + 1). We compute T3 (x) at x0 = 0. We have T3 (x) = x − x2 + x3 ,
so ln(1.2) = f (0.2) ≈ T3 (1.2). There exists c ∈ (0, 0.2) such that the erorr |R3 (0.2)| =
|f 4 (c)| 1 1
4!
(0.2)4 = 4·54 (c+1)4 < 2500 .

4. a) It t ≤ 0, the expression ln t is not defined. So A = {ln t | t ∈ Q∗+ }. Since A ∼ Q∗+

and Q∗+ is countable, it follows that A is countable.
b) f : [0, 2π) → B, f (t) = cos t + i sin t, is bijective. [0, 2π) is uncountable, so B is
uncountable.
√ √
3 3
c) C = {arcsin 3
, 2π − arcsin 3
} is finite with |C| = 2.

14
Final (variant 1)
∂f 2 −y 2 ∂f 2 −y 2
1. We have ∂x
= 2xex and ∂y
= −2yex . Therefore,
∂2f ∂ x2 −y 2 x2 −y 2 x2 −y 2 2 −y 2
∂x2
=
∂x
(2xe ) = 2e + 2x · 2xe = (2 + 4x2 )ex .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Similarly, ∂∂yf2= (−2 + 4y 2 )ex −y , hence ∆f = ∂∂xf2 + ∂∂yf2 = 4(x2 + y 2 )ex −y .
(
∂f
= y − x22 = 0
2. We solve the system ∂f ∂x
5
. The first equation implies y = x22 . Replac-
∂y
= x − y2 = 0
ing this in the second equation we get x − 54 x4 = 0, thus x(1 − 54 x3 ) = 0. Since x 6= 0,
q q q q q
4 3 4 3 25 3 25
3
it follows that x = 5 ⇒ x = 5
⇒ y = 2 16 = 2
. Thus ( 3 45 , 3 25
2
) is the
critical point of f . The Hessian matrix of f is
! 
∂2f ∂2f
r r
4
  
∂x2 ∂x∂y x 3 1 3 4 3 25 5 1
Hf (x, y) = ∂ 2 f = . Hence Hf ( , )= .
∂2f 1 y103 5 2 1 45
∂x∂y ∂y 2
 
5 1  q q
Since ∆1 = 5 > 0 and ∆2 =  4  = 3 > 0, ( 3 45 , 3 25
 
2
) is a local minimum of f .
1 5
(−1)n x2n+1 P∞ (−1)n x2n
3. We have sin x = ∞ sin x
P
n=0 (2n+1)! , hence x = n=0 (2n+1)! . Therefore
1/2 ∞
1/2 X ∞ Z 1/2 ∞
(−1)n x2n (−1)n (−1)n
Z Z
sin x X X
S= dx = dx = x2n dx = .
0 x 0 n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
(2n + 1)! 0 n=0
(2n + 1)!(2n + 1)22n+1
1
Pn k
Let an = (2n+1)!(2n+1)22n+1
and Sn = k=0 (−1) ak . We have
1 1
|S − Sn | ≤ an+1 = 2n+3
< ⇔ n ≥ 1, hence S ≈ S1 = a0 − a1 .
(2n + 3)!(2n + 3)2 1000
P3
4. Let U (a, b) = i=1 (axi + b − yi )2 = (−a + b − 0.2)2 + (b − 0.2)2 + (a + b − 0.3)2 .
We have ∂U∂a
= −2(−a + b − 0.2) + 2(a + b − 0.3) = 4a − 0.2 = 0 ⇒ a = 0.05. Also
∂U
∂b
= 2(−a + b − 0.2) + 2(b − 0.2) + 2(a + b − 0.3) = 6b − 1.4 = 0 ⇒ b = 0.2(3). Hence,
the regression line is y = 0.05x + 0.2(3) and y(3) = 0.15 + 0.2(3) = 0.38(3).
∂f ∂f
5. Case I. x2 + 2y 2 < 1. ∂x
= ∂y
= 0 implies x = y = 0. Also 02 + 2 · 02 < 1, so
2 2
(0, 0) is the critical point of f in the domain x2 + 2y 2 < 1. Since ∂∂xf2 = ∂∂yf2 = 0 and
 
∂2f 0 1
∂x∂y
= 1, it follows that Hf (0, 0) = . Since ∆2 = −1 < 0, (0, 0) is not a local
1 0
extremum.

∂F
 ∂x = y + 2λx = 0

Case II. x2 +2y 2 = 1. Let F (x, y, λ) = xy+λ(x2 +2y 2 −1). ∂F ∂y
= x + 4λy = 0 ⇒

 ∂F
∂λ
= x2 + 2y 2 − 1 = 0
y = −2λx ⇒ x − 8λ2 x = 0 ⇒ x(1 − 8λ2 ) = 0. If x = 0, then y = 0, a contradiction.
Therefore 1 − 8λ2 = 0 ⇒ λ1,2 = ± 2√1 2 .

15
 1
If λ = √
2 2
, then y = − √12 x and 2x2 − 1 = 0. Therefore x1,2 = ± √12 and y1,2 = ∓ 12 .
If λ = − −21√2 , then y = √12 x and 2x2 − 1 = 0. Therefore x3,4 = ± √12 and y3,4 = ± √12 .
Since f ( √12 , 12 ) = f (− √12 , − 12 ) = 2√1 2 and f ( √12 , − 12 ) = f (− √12 , 12 ) = − 2√1 2 , it follows
that ( √12 , 12 ), (− √12 , − 21 ) are local maxima and ( √12 , − 12 ), ( √12 , − 12 ) are local minima.
1 P∞ (− 21 )(− 32 )···(− 2n−1
2 )
P∞ (2n−1)!! 2n
6. f (x) = (1 + (−x2 ))− 2 = n=0 n!
(−x2 )n = n=0 (2n)!!
x .

Final (variant 2)
∂f (x2 +y 2 )−y·2y x2 −y 2
1. We have ∂x
= − (x22xy
+y 2 )2
and ∂f
∂y
= (x2 +y 2 )2
= (x2 +y 2 )2
. Therefore,
∂2f −2y(x2 +y 2 )2 +2xy·2·2x(x2 +y 2 ) 6x2 y−2y 3
∂x2
= (x2 +y 2 )4
= (x2 +y 2 )3
.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
∂2f 2 3
Also = −2y(x +y ) (x
∂y 2
+(x −y )2·2x(x +y )
2 +y 2 )4 = −6x y+2y
(x2 +y 2 )3
, hence ∆f = 0.
( (
∂f 2 2
= 3x + 3y − 15 = 0 x2 + y 2 = 5
2. We have ∂f ∂x
⇔ . Replacing y = x2 in the
∂y
= 6xy − 12 = 0 xy = 2
first equation, we get x2 + x42 = 5. Let t = x2 ≥ 0. We get t2 − 5t + 4 = 0 with the
solutions t1 = 1, t2 = 4.
If x2 = 1 ⇒ x1,2 = ±1 ⇒ y1,2 = ±2. If x2 = 4 ⇒ x3,4 = ±2 ⇒ y3,4 = ±1.  Thus, the
6x 6y
critical points of f are (1, 2), (−1, −2), (2, 1), (−2, −1). Also Hf (x, y) = .
6y 6x
 
6 12
Hf (1, 2) = , ∆1 = 6 > 0, ∆2 = −108 < 0 ⇒ (1, 2) is not extremum.
12 6
 
−6 −12
Hf (−1, −2) = , ∆1 = −6 < 0, ∆2 = −108 < 0 ⇒ (−1, −2) is not extremum.
−12 −6
 
12 6
Hf (2, 1) = , ∆1 = 12 > 0, ∆2 = 108 > 0 ⇒ (2, 1) is local minimum.
6 12
 
−12 −6
Hf (−2, −1) = , ∆1 = −12 < 0, ∆2 = 108 > 0 ⇒ (−2, −1) is local maximum.
−6 −12
P∞ (−1)n x2n P∞ (−1)n x4n
3. We have cos x = n=0 (2n)!
, hence cos x2 = n=0 (2n)!
. Therefore

1 ∞ 1 ∞
(−1)n (−1)n
Z X Z X
2 4n
S= cos(x ) dx = x dx =
0 n=0
(2n)!
0 n=0
(2n)!(4n + 1)
1
Pn k
Let an = (2n)!(4n+1)
and Sn = k=0 (−1) ak . We have
1 1
|S − Sn | ≤ an+1 = < ⇔ n ≥ 2,
(2n + 2)!(4n + 5) 1000
hence S ≈ S2 = a0 − a1 + a2 .

16
 4. Similar to exercise 4 of the first variant.
5. Let y = y(x). Derivating 2xy 3 − y − x2 = 0, we get 2y 3 + 6xy 2 y 0 − y 0 − 2x = 0, hence
2x−2y 3
y 0 = 6xy 0 2
2 −1 . Note that y is defined around x0 with 6x0 y0 − 1 6= 0, where y0 = y(x0 ).

y 0 = 0 ⇒ 2x − 2y 3 = 0 ⇒ x = y 3 . Replacing x in 2xy 3 − y − x2 = 0, we get y 6 − y = 0,

hence y1 = 0 and y2 = 1. For y1 = 0, we get x1 = 0 and 6x1 y12 − 1 = −1 6= 0. For
y2 = 1, we get x2 = 1 and 6x2 y22 − 1 = 5 6= 0. Hence y(x) is defined and derivable
around x1 and x2 . (Note that the expression of y(x) could be different!)
3 0
  2 0 2 −1)−(2x−2y 3 )12xyy 0
On the other hand, y 00 (x) = 2x−2y
6xy 2 −1
= (2−6y y )(6xy(6xy 2 −1)2 .
Since y(0) = 0 and y 0 (0) = 0, we get y 00 (0) = −2 < 0, hence x1 = 0 is a local
maximum.
Since y(1) = 1 and y 0 (1) = 0, we get y 00 (1) = 4
5
> 0, hence x2 = 1 is a local minimum.
1 P∞ (− 12 )(− 32 )···(− 2n−1
2 )
P∞ (−1)n (2n−1)!! n
6. f (x) = √1
1+x
= (1 + x)− 2 = n=0 n!
xn = n=0 (2n)!!
x .

Final (variant 3)
∂f ∂2f 2(x2 +y 2 )−2x·2x −2x2 +2y 2
1. We have ∂x
= 2x
x2 +y 2
and ∂f ∂y
= x22y
+y 2
. It follows that ∂x2
= (x2 +y 2 )2
= (x2 +y 2 )2
2
∂ f 2
2x −2y 2
and, similarly, ∂y 2
= (x 2 +y 2 )2 . Hence ∆f= 0.
( (
∂f 2
∂x
= 3x − 2y = 0 3x2 = 2y
2. We have ∂f 2
⇔ 2
. Replacing x in the first equation,
∂y
= 24y − 2x = 0 12y = x
we get 216y 4 = y ⇔ (216y 3 − 1)y = 0. We get y1 = 0, y2 = 61 ,hence x1  = 0, x2 = 13 .
6x −2
The critical points of f are (0, 0) and ( 31 , 16 ). Also Hf (x, y) = .
−2 48y
 
0 −2
Hf (0, 0) = , ∆2 = −4 < 0 ⇒ (0, 0) is not an extremum.
−2 0
 
1 1 2 −2
Hf ( 3 , 6 ) = , ∆1 = 2 > 0, ∆2 = 4 > 0 ⇒ ( 13 , 16 ) is local minimum.
−2 4
(−1)n x2n (−1)n x2n
3. We have cos x = ∞ and 1 − cos x = − ∞
P P
n=0 (2n)! n=1 (2n)!
Therefore
(−1)n x2n−2 (−1)n x2n
1−cos x
=− ∞ = ∞
P P
x2 n=1 (2n)! n=0 (2n+2)! . We have

1 ∞ Z 1 ∞
1 − cos x (−1)n (−1)n
Z X X
2n
S= dx = x dx =
0 x2 n=0
(2n + 2)! 0 n=0
(2n + 2)!(2n + 1)
1
and Sn = nk=0 (−1)k ak . We have
P
Let an = (2n+2)!(2n+1)
1 1
|S − Sn | ≤ an+1 = < ⇔ n ≥ 1, hence S ≈ S1 = a0 − a1 .
(2n + 4)!(2n + 3) 1000

17
 4. Similar to exercise 4 of the first variant.

5. Case I. x2 + y 2 < 1. ∂f
∂x
= 2x − 3 = 0 implies x = 32 , ∂f
∂x
= 2y − 2 = 0 implies y = 1.
3 2 13 3


We have 2 + 1 = 4 ≥ 1, therefore ( 2 , 1) is not in the domain x2 + y 2 < 1, hence
2

f do not have critical points in x2 + y 2 < 1.

Case II. x2 + y 2 = 1. Let F (x, y, λ) = x2 + y 2 − 3x − 2y + 1 + λ(x2 + y 2 − 1).
  3
∂F
 ∂x
 = 2x − 3 + 2λx = 0 x = 2(1+λ)

∂F
∂y
= 2y − 2 + 2λy = 0 ⇒ y = 1+λ 1
⇒ (1 + λ)2 = 13
4
⇒

 ∂F  9 1
= x2 + y 2 − 1 = 0 + (1+λ)2 = 1

∂λ 4(1+λ)2
√
13
λ1,2 = −1 ± Thus x1 = √313 , y1 = √213 and x1 = − √313 , y1 = − √213 .
2
..
√ √
We have f ( √313 , √213 ) = 2 − 13 and f (− √313 , − √213 ) = 2 + 13, hence ( √313 , √213 ) is
local minimum and (− √313 , − √213 ) is local maximum. (with constrains)

6. We have ∂z
∂x
= − xy2 f 0 ( xy ) and ∂z
∂y
= x1 f 0 ( xy ), hence E = x ∂x
∂z ∂z
+ y ∂y = 0.

Final (variant 4)
1
P∞ n
P∞ (−1)n n+1 P∞ (−1)n−1 n
1. a) Since 1+x
= n=0 (−x) , x ∈ (−1, 1), ln(x+1) = n=0 n+1 x = n=1 n x .
R 1 ln(x+1) R 1 P∞ (−1)n n ∞ (−1) n
b) S = 02 x dx = 02 n=0 n+1 x dx = n=0 (n+1)2 2n+1 . Let an = (n+1)12 2n+1 .
P

an+1 = (n+2)12 2n+2 < 100

1
⇔ n ≥ 3, hence S ≈ a0 − a1 + a2 − a3 .
 ∂f
 ∂x = 4x + 2y + 2 = 0

2. ∂f∂y
= 4y + 2x + 2z + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = − y+1 1
, z = −3 − y, hence by replacing in the
 ∂f

∂z
= 2z + 2y + 6 = 0
second equation we obtain y = 5, therefore x = −3,z = −8. Thus (−3, 5, −8) is the
4 2 0
critical point of f . We have Hf (x, y, z) = 2 4 2 = Hf (−3, 5, 8).

0 2 2
Since ∆1 = 4 > 0, ∆2 = 12 > 0 and ∆3 = 8 > 0, (−3, 5, 8) is local minimum.
1 3 3
3. f (x, y, z) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 , hence ∂f
∂x
= − 12 2x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 = −x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 .
3 3
Similarly, ∂f∂y
= −y(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 and ∂f ∂y
= −z(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 . We get

∂2f 3 3 5 3 5

2
= −(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )− 2 −x·(− )2x(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )− 2 = −(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )− 2 +3x2 (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )− 2 .
∂x 2
∂2f 3 5 ∂2f 3
Similarly, ∂y 2
= −(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 + 3y 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 , ∂z 2
= −(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 +
5
3z 2 (x2 + y + z 2 )− 2 . Hence ∆f = 0.
2

4. Similar to exercise 4 of the first variant.

18
  
∂F 3λ
 ∂x
 = 2x + 3λ = 0 x = − 2

5. F (x, y, λ) = x2 + y 2 + λ(3x + 2y − 6). ∂F ∂y
= 2y + 2λy = 0 ⇒ y = −λ ⇒

 ∂F 
 13
∂λ
= 3x + 2y − 6 = 0 −2λ=6
12 18 12 12
λ = − 13 ⇒ x = 13 and y = 13 . Fie ϕ(x, y) = F (x, y, − 13 ).
 
2 0 18 12
We have Hϕ (x, y) = = Hϕ ( 13 , 13 ). It follows that ( 18 , 12 ) is a local minimum
13 13
0 2
of ϕ, therefore ( 18 , 12 ) is a local minimum of f , with constrains.
13 13

6. an = √1
n n+1
. The convergence radius is R = limn |a|an+1
n|
|
= 1.
P∞ n ∞
√x √1 √1 1
P
For x = 1, n=1 n n+1 = n=1 n n+1 is convergent, because n n+1 ≤ 3 and
n 2
P∞ 1 P∞ n ∞ (−1)n
√x
P
n=1 32 is convergent. For x = −1, n=1 n n+1 = n=1 n n+1 is convergent, be-
√
n
cause it is absolutely convergent. Hence, the convergence domain is D = [−1, 1].

Final (variant 5)
1. an = n31n . The convergence radius is R = limn an+1 an
= 3. The series n an xn converge
P

in x = −3 (Leibniz) and diverge in x = 3 (harmonic). The convergence domain is

P∞ (xn )0
D = [−3, 3). Let S(x) = ∞ xn 0
P
n=1 n3n , x ∈ D. For x ∈ (−3, 3), S (x) = n=1 n3n =
P∞ xn−1 1
P∞ x
n 1
n=1 3nR = 3 n=0 3 = 3−x . Since S(0) = 0, it follows that, for x ∈ (−3, 3),
x 0
S(x) = 0 S (t) dt = ln 3 − ln(3 − x). Since S is continuous on D, it follows that
S(−3) = ln 3 − ln 6 = − ln 2. Hence S(x) = ln 3 − ln(3 − x), (∀)x ∈ D.
(−1)n n (−1)n n P∞ (−1)n n+1
2. ex = ∞ xn −x
= ∞ −x
=− ∞
P P P
n=0 n! , e n=0 n! x and 1−e n=1 n! x = n=0 (n+1)! x .
R 1/2 1−e−x R 1/2 P∞ (−1)n n P∞ (−1)n
S= 0 x
dx = 0 n=0 (n+1)! x dx = n=0 (n+1)!(n+1)2n+1 .
1 1 1
Let an = (n+1)!(n+1)2n+1
. an+1 = (n+2)!(n+2)2n+2
< 1000
⇔ n ≥ 2, hence S ≈ a0 −a1 +a2 .

3. Similar to exercise 2 of variant 4.

∂f 2x ∂f 2y ∂f 2z ∂2f 2(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )−2x(2x)
4. ∂x
= 2 2
x +y +z 2 , ∂y
= 2 2
x +y +z 2 and ∂z
= 2 2
x +y +z 2 , hence ∂x2 = (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2
⇒
∂2f −2x2 +2y 2 +2z 2 ∂2f 2x2 −2y 2 +2z 2 ∂ 2 f 2x2 +2y 2 −2z 2 2
∂x2
= (x2 +y2 +z2 )2 . Similarly, ∂y2 = (x2 +y2 +z2 )2 , ∂z2 = (x2 +y2 +z2 )2 so ∆f = x2 +y2 +z2 .
∂f 2 2 2
5. ∂x
= ex+2y , ∂f
∂y
= 2ex+2y , ∂∂xf2 = ex+2y , ∂x∂y
∂ f
= 2ex+2y and ∂∂yf2 = 4ex+2y . We have
T1 (x, y) = f (0, 0) + ∂f
∂x
(0, 0)x + ∂f
∂y
(0, 0)y = 1 + x + 2y and T2 (x, y) = T1 (x, y) +
1 ∂2f 2
∂ f ∂2f
( (0, 0)x2
2! ∂x2
+ 2 ∂x∂y (0, 0)xy + ∂y 2
(0, 0)y 2 ) = 1 + x + 2y + 21 x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 .

6. Similar to exercise 5 of variant 3. However, in this case, ( 32 , 1) is a critical point for

f on x2 + y 2 < 4 and, moreover, it is a local minimum.

19
Final (variant 6)
1. Similar to exercise 2 of variant 4.

2. Similar to exercise 5 of variant 3.

√ 2x 2 √ ∂2f 2x ∂2f 2x
3. ∂f
∂x
= 2e2x y + 9, ∂f∂y
= 2√ey+9 , ∂∂xf2 = 4e2x y + 9, ∂x∂y
= √e
y+9
and ∂y 2
e √
= − 4(y+9) y+9
.
∂f ∂f
T1 (x, y) = f (0, 0) + ∂x
(0, 0)x + ∂y
(0, 0)y = 1 + 6x + 61 y and T2 (x, y) = T1 (x, y) +
1 ∂2f ∂2f ∂2f
( (0, 0)x2
2! ∂x2
+ 2 ∂x∂y (0, 0)xy + ∂y 2
(0, 0)y 2 ) = 1 + 6x + 61 y + 6x2 + 43 xy − 1 2
216
y .

4. Similar to exercise 4 of the first variant.

∂f ∂f
5. We have ∂x
= − (x2 +y2x
2 +z 2 )2 , ∂y
= − (x2 +y2y2 +z2 )2 and ∂f
∂z
= − (x2 +y2z2 +z2 )2 , hence
∂2f −2(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2 +(2x)2(2x)(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2 −2y 2 −2z 2 ∂2f 6y 2 −2x2 −2z 2
∂x2
= (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )4
= 6x
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )3
. Similarly we get ∂y 2
= (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )3
∂2f 6z 2 −2x2 −2y 2
and ∂z 2
= (x2 +y2 +z2 )3 . Thus ∆f = (x2 +y22 +z2 )2 .
(−x2 )n (−1)n 2n (−1)n 2n (−1)n 2n+2
6. a) e−x = ∞ = ∞ =− ∞ = ∞
2 P P −x2
P P
n=0 n! n=0 n! x , 1−e n=1 n! x n=0 (n+1)!
x .
R 1/2 1−e−x2 R 1/2 P∞ (−1)n 2n P∞ (−1)n
S= 0 x2
dx = 0 n=0 (n+1)! x dx = n=0 (n+1)!(2n+1)22n+1 .
1 1 1
Let an = (n+1)!(2n+1)22n+1 . We have an+1 = (n+2)!(2n+3)22n+3
< 1000
⇔ n ≥ 2, hence
S ≈ a0 − a1 + a2 .

20