Read Aloud:

1. Tourism:
Tourism is a challenging sector on which divides statistic since businesses
serving tourists, also service local people. Therefore, it is not a straightforward
to estimate how much business sectors; revenue and how many jobs are due
to tourist expenditures.
2. Black swan:
Before European explorers had reached Australia, it was believed that all
swans were white. Dutch mariner, Antonie Caen, was the first to be amazed at
the sight of Australia's Black swans on the Shark Bay in 1636. Explorer Willem
de Vlamingh captured two of these creatures on Australia's Swan River and
returned with them to Europe to prove their existence. From that point on,
black swans and Australia have been closely linked.
3. Simple:
In the second quarter of the 19th century, a rapidly growing middle class
created a great demand for furniture production. Yet at this stage, while
machines were used for certain jobs, such as carved decoration, there was no
real mass production. The extra demand was met by numerous woodworkers.
Mass production came later and the quality of domestic furniture declined.
4. Industrial Revolution:
Early in the 19th century, Wordsworth opposed the coming of the steam train
to the Lake District, saying it would destroy its natural character. Meanwhile,
Blake denounced the “dark satanic mills” of the Industrial Revolution. The
conservation of the natural environment, however, did not become a major
theme in politics until quite recently.
5. Green tea:
The Japanese tea ceremony is a ritual tour influenced by Buddhism in which
green tea is prepared and served to a small group of guests in a peaceful
setting. The ceremony can take as long as four hours and there are many
traditional gestures that both the server and the guest must perform.
6. Productive Capacity:
The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country's
productive capacity and the ability of people to consume. Great innovations in
productive techniques during and after the war raised the output of industry
beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S. farmers and wage earners.
7. Blue:
While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing.
Food researchers say that when humans searched for food, they learned to
avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black or purple. When
food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.
8. Legal Writing:
Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects,
and precision is more important than variety. Sentence structure should not be
too complex; it is usually unnecessary to make extensive use of adjectives or
adverbs, and consistency of terms is often required.
9. Public Demand:
Public demand for education has remained strong, reflecting the importance of
education as a means of social progress. Aware of the added value of
education to the world of work, the government continues to innovate and
update the education system in order to produce a qualified and competent
workforce.
10. Father:
Ever since I remembered, father woke up at five thirty every morning, made us
all breakfast and read the newspaper. After that he would go to work. He
worked as a writer. It was a long time before I realised he did this for a living.
11. Botswana:
Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the devastation that
AIDS has caused threatens to destroy the country's future. In 2001, Botswana
had the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. With the help of
international donors, it launched an ambitious national campaign that
provided free antiviral drugs to anyone who needed them, and by March 2004,
Botswana's infection rate had dropped significantly.
12. Shrimp:
Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now
they try to move them into grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces
stress on the animals and dramatically increases survivals in the grow-out
ponds. Many farms that abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them,
and the results have been surprisingly positive. They're using the old,
uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
13. Botanic Garden:
Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institutions established to collect,
study, exchange and display plants for research and for the education and
enjoyment of the public. There are major Botanic gardens in each capital city
Zoological parks and aquariums are primarily engaged in the breeding,
preservation, study and display of native and exotic fauna in captivity.
14. Carbon Emission:
When countries assess their annual carbon emissions, they count up their cars
and power stations, but bush fires are not included – presumably because they
are deemed to be events beyond human control. In Australia, Victoria alone
sees several hundred thousand hectares burn each year; in both 2004 and
more recently, the figure has been over 1 million hectares.
15. Botswana:
Botswana is experiencing one of the most severe HIV/AIDS epidemics in the
world. The national HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15 to 49 is 24.8
percent, which is the third highest in the world, behind Lesotho and Swaziland.
HIV/AIDS threatens the many developmental gains Botswana has achieved
since its independence in 1966.
16. Pluto:
Pluto lost its official status when the International Astronomical Union
downsized the solar system from nine to eight planets. Although there had
been passionate debate at the IAU General Assembly Meeting in Prague about
the definition of a planet, and whether Pluto met the specifications, the
audience greeted the decision to exclude it with applause.
17. Fiscal Year:
At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account
in accordance with the University’s financial plan. Funds are allocated to each
account by object of expenditure. Account managers are responsible for
ensuring that adequate funds are available in the appropriate object before
initiating transactions to use the funds.
18. Tesla:
Tesla's theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current
electric power systems. Thomas Edison promised him almost one million
dollars in today's money to undertake motor and generator improvement.
However, when Tesla, the ethical Serb, asked about the money, Edison’s
reported reply was "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor." The
pair became archrivals.
19. Akimbo:
Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language and
puzzles us in part because it doesn’t seem to have any relatives, What’s more,
it is now virtually a fossil word, until recently almost invariably found in arms
akimbo, a posture in which a person stands with hands on hips and elbows
sharply bent outward, one signalling impatience or hostility.
20. Yellow:
Yellow is considered as the most optimistic colors, yet surprisingly, people lose
their tempers most often in yellow rooms and babies will cry more. The reason
may be that yellow is the hardest colors for eyes to take in, so it can be
overpowering if overused.
21. Yellow Tulip/Square Root:
How do we imagine the unimaginable? If we’re asked to think of an object -
say, a yellow tulip – a picture immediately forms in our mind’s eye. But what if
we try to imagine a concept such as the square root of negative number?
22. Grand Canyon:
Few things in the world produce such amazement as one’s first glimpse of the
Grand Canyon; it took around more than 2 billion years to create this vast
wonder in some places. 17 miles wide, largely through the relentless force of
the Colorado River, which runs 277 miles along its length and a mile beneath
its towering rims.
23. Brain Hemispheres:
The brain is divided into two hemispheres, called the left and the right
hemispheres. Each hemisphere provides a different set of functions, behaviors,
and controls. The right hemisphere is often called the creative side of the
brain, while the left hemisphere is the logical or analytic side of the brain. The
right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere
controls the right side.
24. Fast Radio Burst:
First discovered in 2007, “fast radio burst” continue to defy explanation. These
cosmic chirps last a thousandth of a second. The characteristics of the radio
pulses suggested that they came from galaxies billions of light-years away.
However, new works points to a much closer origin-flaring star within our own
galaxy.
25. Incentive Pay Schemes:
If bonus or incentive pay schemes work so well for chief executive and
bankers, why does everyone not get them? After all, many jobs involve making
important decisions or taking risks is there anything about corporate decision
and financial risks that makes these categories of work special in terms of how
they need to be incentivized and rewarded?
26. Population Growth:
How quickly is the world’s population growing? In the United States and other
developed countries, the current growth rate is very low. In most developing
countries, the human population is growing at a rate of 3 people per second.
Because of this bustling growth rate, the human population is well on its way
to reaching 9 billion within lifetime.
27. Augustus:
Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented
himself as the preserver of republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or
state council, with great respect, and was made Consul year after year. He
successfully reduced the political power of the army by retiring many soldiers,
but giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.
28. Industrial Revolution:
As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has
succeeded in inaugurating in a number of countries a level of mass prosperity
which was undreamt of in the days preceding the Industrial Revolution. But, on
the immediate impact of Industrial Revolution, there were substantial
divergences among writers.
29. Diversity of Language:
The diversity of human language may be compared to the diversity of the
natural world. Just as the demise of plant species reduces genetic diversity,
and deprives humanity or potential medical and biological resources. So
extinction of language takes with it a wealth of culture, art and knowledge.
30. Teacher’s instruction:
In classes, your teachers will talk about topics that you are studying. The
information that they provide will be important to know when you take tests.
You must be able to take good written notes from what your teacher says.
31. Private Equity:
It isn’t rare for private equity houses to hire grads fresh out of business
schools, but nine times out of ten, the students who nab these jobs are the
ones who had private equity experience before even starting their MBA
program.
32. No ordinary book:
This book is no ordinary book, and should not be read through from beginning
to end. It contains many different adventures, and the path you take will
depend on the choices you make along the way. The success or failure of your
mission will hinge on the decisions you make, so think carefully before
choosing.
33. MBA:
Exhilarating, exhausting and intense. There are just some of the words used to
describe doing an MBA. Everyone’s experience of doing MBA is, of course,
different through denying that it’s hard and a demanding work whichever
course you do. MBA is one of the fastest growing areas of studying in the UK so
that must be a sustainable benefit against form in one pain.
34. Semiconductor:
The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of
electronic systems for more than four decades by making ever-smaller devices.
However, this approach will soon encounter both scientific and technical limits,
which is why the industry is exploring a number of alternative device
technologies.
35. Two Sisters:
Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to
upbringing. The elder sister started to say that her parents had been very strict
and that she had been rather frightened of them. Her sister, younger by two
years, interrupted in amazement. “What are you talking about?” she said, “Our
parents were very lenient”.
36. Weakness:
Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail
sales last month, but excluding those three categories, retailers enjoyed
healthy increases across the board, according to government figures released
Wednesday. Moreover, December sales numbers were also revised higher.
37. Japanese tea ceremony:
The Japanese tea ceremony is a ritual tour influenced by Buddhism in which
green tea is prepared and served to a small group of guests in a peaceful
setting. The ceremony can take as long as four hours and there are many
traditional gestures that both the server and the guest must perform.
38. Russia:
Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in
the development like the Reformation that many Europeans taking pride in
their unique culture, find dubious value. Russia is, as a result, the most unusual
member of European family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is still
open to debate, particularly among Russians themselves.
39. Marketing Management:
For any marketing course that requires the development of a marketing plan,
such as Marketing Management, Marketing Strategy and Principles of
Marketing. This is the only planning handbook that guides students through
step by step creations of a customized marketing plan while offering
commercial software to aid in the process.
40. 21st century:
The beginning of the twenty-first century will be remembered, not for military
conflicts or political events, but for a whole new age of globalization – a
‘flattening’ of the world. The explosion of advanced technologies now means
that suddenly knowledge pools and resources have connected all over the
planet, levelling the playing field as never before.
41. Orientalists:
Orientalists, like many other nineteenth-century thinkers, conceive of
humanity either in large collective terms or in abstract generalities. Orientalists
are neither interested in nor capable of discussing individuals; instead, artificial
entities predominate. It was beneath very wide labels that every possible
variety of human plurality were herded, reducing it in the process to collective
abstractions.
42. Fast food:
Hundreds of millions of people buy fast food every day without giving it much
thought, unaware of the subtle and not so subtle ramifications of their
purchases. They just grasp a hamburger and unwrap it and tossed the wrap
into the bin. The whole experience is transitory and soon forgotten.
43. Australian English:
Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and even some
locals, Australian English has only tenuous links with the mother tongue. Our
speech is peppered with words and phrases whose arcane meanings are
understood only by the native speaker. It is these colourful colloquialisms that
Australian slang is yet to truly explains
44. Statistical Information:
The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens
modern societies. It provides a basis for decisions to be made on such things as
where to open schools and hospitals, how much money to spend on welfare
payments and even which football players to replace at half-time.
45. Electric Car:
First-year university students have designed and built a ground-breaking
electric car that recharges itself. Fifty students from the University of Sydney ‘s
Faculty of Engineering spent five months working together bits of plywood,
foam and fiberglass to build the concept car. They developed the specifications
and hand built the car. It's a pretty radical design: a four-wheel drive with a
motor in each wheel.
46. Vanilla
The uniquely scented flavour of vanilla is second only to chocolate in
popularity on the world’s palate. It’s also the second most expensive spice
after saffron. But highly labour intensive cultivation methods and the plant’s
temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is
struggling to keep up with the increasing demand for the product.
Repeat sentence:
1. Exam results will be available next week on the course website.

2. This part of session was not supported by documentation.

3. In this library, the reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to

three hours.

4. Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in these areas slows future progress.

5. I didn’t understand the author’s point of view on immigration.

6. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.

7. The cafeteria closes soon, but the snack machine is accessible throughout
the night.

8. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.

9. The key to success in the exam is to study hard and do well.

10. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

11. Students can download the materials from the website.

12. Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional
help.

13. student center is located at the first floor of the home building

14. British students must study mathematics at secondary schools.

15. The artist tied conservative politicians earned their roles of critics.

16. The placement test for mathematics and statistics is offered in this
semester.

17. Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental factors in the academic
economics.

18. Chemistry building is located at the entrance to the campus.

19. mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help

20. The gap between rich and poor is not decreasing as rapidly as expected

21. It's within that framework that we're making our survey.

22. Is hypothesis on black hole as rendered moot as explanation of

explanations?

23. The lecture on child's psychology has been postponed until Friday.

24. Career mobility is very important for new graduate students.

25. To answer this complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely
impossible.

26. The correlation/ clear evidence between brain events and behavioural events
are always fascinating.

27. Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the
table.

28. All of our accommodation is within a walking distance to the academic

buildings.

29. Please do not bring food into the classroom.

30. Don't forget to hand in your assignment by next Tuesday.

31. Contemporary commentators dismissed his idea as eccentric.

32. We are required to submit the assignment before Friday.

33. I don’t understand what the comment on my essay means at all.

34. The current statistical evidence indicates the need for further research.

35. Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures.

36. If you want to sell your book, it must have a bibliography.

37. There are a range of housing options near the university.

38. The new English class will start next Monday morning.

39. All sources of materials must be included in your bibliography.

40. Negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussions about

gender.

41. Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their tutors.

42. The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout
the night.

43. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.

44. Today, we will be discussing the role of the government in preventing

injustice.

45. We didn’t have any noticeable variance between the two or three tasks.

46. The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way.

47. Interpreters are not readily available in this department.

48. You can download all lecture handouts from the course website.

49. The program will be shown on the television during the weekend.
50. This essay examined the use of computer in the science classroom.

51. The development was mainly included in chapter nine.

52. Eating too much can lead to too many health problems.
53. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician in physical structure.
54. A computer virus destroyed all my files.
55. A periodical is a publication that is issued regularly.
56. A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment.
57. All undergraduate students should participate in the seminar.
58. Elephant is the largest land living mammal.
59. In Europe, the political pressure is similar regarding globalization.
60. Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional
help.
61. Sports are the cause of traumatic brain injury in the United States.
62. The contest includes both land living history and human history.
63. The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.
64. To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts.
65. Would you prepare some PowerPoint slides with appropriate graphs?
66. Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication of the
results.
67. The verdict depends on which side was more convincing to the jury.
68. Nearly half of the television outputs are given away for educational
programs.
69. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy.
70. The lecture theatre one is located on the ground floor of the Pack Building.
71. The timetable for the next term will be available next week.
72. Vessels carry blood from the heart to other organs of the body.
73. What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white
photography.
74. There will be an open book exam on Monday, the twenty-eighth.
75. You can find the student service center on level one of the Home Building.
76. Environmental friendliness is a new category in which campuses are
competing.
77. You can only choose one subject from biology and chemistry.
78. If you want to sell your book, it must have a bibliography.
79. Our school of Arts and Technology accepts applications at all points
throughout the year.
80. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial
circumstances.
Describe Image
1. Solar yard light:

2. Economic activity throughout the generations:

3. Annual income of Bachelor degree holders in different fields:

4. Most liveable states, 2011:

5. The Most common languages in the World:

6. Solar System:

7. Recycling:

8 Request Execution:
9. Auditorium:

10. Average Temperature:

11. Electricity Generation in China by Type 1994-2004:

12. World Population:

13. Carbon Dioxide and temperature change:

14. Precipitation and Temperature:

15. Food Price v/s oil price:

16 Projected populations, Australia:

17. Happiness:

18. Food Pyramid:

19. The Graduation Laboratory:

20. Wood:

21. London street:

22. Government Expenditure:

23. Vehicle ownership:

24. Desktop Browser Market share:

25. Tent house:

26. Media in UK:

27. Solar panel:

28. Arousal level:

29. Loremipsum data:

30. Pyramid of Giza:

31. Taxi service work flow:

32. Mobile phone brands in Australia:

33. Apple Process:

34. Health Pyramid:

35. Simple circuit with light:

36. Germination process:

37. Adsorption process:

38. Sunlight:

39. Sharks:

40. Trading goods:

41. Solar yard light:

42. Map:
43. Map of Australia:

44. UK Budget:

45. Working by Male/Female:

46. Oil price vs food price:

47. Sleeping Hours of Baby:

48. Iron age roof:

49. World Income Distribution:

50. Sunrise sunset:

51. Annual Income of Bachelor Degree Holders in Different Fields:

52. Egypt trading:

Retell lecture:
1. implicit:

I want you to try and remember two things. First, I want you to try and
remember learning how to ride a bike. Maybe you have a scar you received
when you flipped over the handlebars. The next thing I want you to remember is
how to ride a bike. The reason I asked you to recall both of these memories is
that they belong to two different designated realms of memory. Memory is a
fluid and dynamic system that is exceedingly complicated. To this end,
psychologists have attempted to divide memory up to make it easier to study.
There are two main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that can be
intentionally and consciously recalled. This is your memory of riding a bike and
falling over the handlebars, and skinning your knee. The other is implicit
memory which is an exponential functional form of memory that cannot be
consciously recalled. This is your memory of how to ride a bike or how to
balance. These are often not tied to a visual memory, but a more like muscle
memory. The examples of implicit memory include using language naturally,
driving and reading, and answering multiple questions in the test, etc., will be
natural. Let's look at explicit and implicit memory in a little more detail, and see
how age influences these. It is an experimental or functional form of memory.
Explicit memory consists of a great deal of highly personal memories related to
time, space and people. It is totally different from implicit memory. Now, if we
look at the examples of explicit memory, it includes remembering people's
birthdays and answering multiple questions on the test.

2. Shyness:

Today we're going to talk about shyness and discuss recent research on ways to
help children learn to interact socially. Many people consider themselves shy. In
fact, forty percent of people who took part in our survey said they were shy.
That's two out of every five people. And there are studies to indicate that the
tendency toward shyness may be inherited. But just because certain children are
timid, doesn't mean they are doomed to be shy forever. There are things
parents, teachers, and the children themselves can do to overcome this
tendency and even to prevent it. One researcher found that if parents gently
push their shy children to try new things, they can help these children become
less afraid and less inhibited. Another way to help shy children is to train them in
social skills. For example, there are special training groups where children are
taught things like looking at other children while talking to them, talking about
other people's interests, and even smiling. These groups have been very
successful at giving shy children a place to feel safe and accepted, and at
building up their self-esteem.
3. Renovation of Paris:

Anthropogenic activities emit more than 100 million tons of greenhouse gases,
which absorb sun’s heat, into earth’s atmosphere. We treat our atmosphere the
way we treat our oceans, a dumping ground for our untreated waste.

The greatest man-made catastrophe is that of the nuclear bombing of

Hiroshima. Imagine the heat generated by more than 400,000 such explosions
in a single day. Human emissions of greenhouse gases are absorbing that much
heat every day. Such a huge amount of heat is evaporating a large amount of
water vapor from oceans, rivers, and ponds leading to droughts at some places
and floods at others.

Fortunately, it’s not too late. With a sharply declining cost of renewable energy,
increasing energy efficiency and evolution of sustainable agriculture, humans
have the potential to create a low-carbon, sustainable future.

4. Rhetoric and truth:

Before the 1850's, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of
them dating from colonial days. They were small, church connected institutions
whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.
Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the
ancient name of university. In German university was concerned primarily with
creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the
end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with
their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them
return to become presidents of venerable colleges-----Harvard, Yale, Columbia--
-and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties
with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for
their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had
a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university
was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty
composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the
German method of lecturing, in which the professor's own research was
presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German
degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was
introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student
learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.
At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course
offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of
mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered
the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of
study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make
the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the
practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work
at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new
regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists,
social welfare workers, and teachers.

5. Black:

Soot, which comes from combustion of many different things, is black so it’s a
strong absorber. In fact it’s second only to CO 2 in terms of warming, so it’s
actually ahead of methane, which you hear a lot about. The interesting thing
about soot and aerosols’ impact on climate is that their lifetimes are so much
shorter. So if we can reduce the soot we can make changes within months
versus tens of years. It’s not to say we should ignore the CO 2 and the
greenhouse gases but it could buy us some time while we actually do the right
strategies to reduce the greenhouse gases.

6. Wilson:

And I want to say that Wilson who died over 30 years ago, began his career
before modern lit was taught and analyzed in the universities , as he said at one
time and I think a piece about Christian golfs Gauss's I called him Gauss as my
father in his generation at Princeton a year or two after Wilson called him . When
Wilson was studying there that the latest daring writers to get into the
curriculum were widths of the 90s and maybe Gauss had his reputation as a
bohemian romantic because he had known Oscar in Paris, but there was no
modern lit Wilson came then from a different world and he became the focal
point of a broad mainstream American culture that thought that modern
literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by
ordinary people, they were not modernists in an abstract sense and certainly
some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner were too difficult for some of their
writings to be read by ordinary people, but this was a world before the division
between the brows or between a lead or whatever had established itself as part
of our consciousness.

7. Robot:

This is a kind of object that you're probably all familiar with when you had the
term robot, but I'm gonna show you the very, very first robots. These were the
very first robots. They were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum's
Universal Robots and they, the play was written by Czech writer called Karel
Capek. And basically, these robots, you know, people tend to think of robots as
kind of cute cuddly toys or, you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of
politics. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of
absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War, you know, it finished
had a devastating impact across Europe and so people will kind and people are
kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human, what makes us human,
those kinds of question. And this kind of context is what inspired Capek to kind
of write this play. And interestingly, these robots being human, they are actually
in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing
production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled and these
robots are designed to labor, and that is their primary purpose in society.
8. Adaptation:

We appear to take it as a rule, or as a law of nature, that each species is

adapted to the climate of its own home. For example, species from the Arctic, or
even a temperate region, could not survive in a tropical climate, nor could a
tropical species last long if it found itself at the South Pole. But it is true to say
there's too much emphasis placed on the degree of adaptation of species to the
climates where they live.
We assume that this adaptation - if all species are descended from a single form
- must have taken place over millions of years, yet a large number of plants and
animals brought from different countries remain perfectly healthy in their new
home. Also, there are several examples of an imal species that have extended
their range, within historical times, from warmer to cooler latitudes and the
other way round. Rats and mice provide good examples: they have been
transported by man to many parts of the world and now have a far wider range
than any other rodent, and they can be found living in the cold climate of the
Faroe Islands to the north through the tropical zones to the Falklands in the
south. It is possible to see adaptation to any climate as a quality that is part of
an inborn flexibility of the physical and mental constitution of most animals.
Therefore, the ability to survive in the most different climates by both man and
his domestic animals, and the fact that elephants once existed in an ice age
while living species live in tropical areas, should not be seen as deviations from
the rule, but as examples of this flexibility being brought into action under
particular circumstances.

9. Vitamin D:

How much sun exposure might one need to get their target vitamin D level to
that found associated with the lowest total mortality rate? Well, it depends. It
depends on our age, how long we're exposed, the time of day, the time of the
year, our latitude, our skin color, our use of sunscreen, and how much of our
body we're exposing. Even in Boston, though, all it takes is 10-12 minutes of
mid-day summer sun without sunblock, if you're a young pale naked Caucasian.
But then you're golden! Actually, you'd be a little pink. Note though, if you are
some old white guy prancing around naked on the Commons, you're not going to
make it. As I hope you are beginning to appreciate, it's not easy to make one-
size fits all recommendations for how much sun exposure one might need. And
Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure has been found even in the
best of circumstances: young half naked skateboarders in Honolulu, mostly
Caucasian, averaging 30 hours of sun a week, and 51% didn't even make it to
30. If they can't, who can? And these days, even if we're an albino nudist at the
equator, how often might we be getting outside in middle of the day with a desk
job? So, if we're really interested in getting to the vitamin D level associated
with the lowest mortality rates, and our lifestyle or latitude won't allow us the
necessary sun exposure, then one needs to take vitamin D supplements: the
piddly amount added to soymilk, calf-milk, margarine or mushrooms are simply
not enough.
10. VisuaL description:

A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in most of

the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral
vision, or hearing faint noises and/or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very
common in schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the subject good
things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject etc. Auditory
hallucinations of the malicious type are frequently heard, for example people
talking about the subject behind his/her back. Like auditory hallucinations, the
source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject's back. Their
visual counterpart is the feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with
malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart
are experienced by the subject together.

11. Birds:

As Dr. Miller mentioned, we're trying to recruit volunteers for the Hawk Mountain
Sanctuary. But before I get into the details of the volunteer program, I'd just
like to tell you a little about what we do there. One of our main jobs is to keep
detailed records of the migration patterns of raptors. For those of you who don't
know, raptors are birds of prey, like hawks and eagles. Between August and
December, we see around twenty different species migrating from Canada and
New England. About 20,000 birds. Part of what attracts them to Hawk Mountain
is the location on the East Ridge of the Appalachian Mountains. What happens is
that the sun warms the ridge in such a way that air currents are formed. The
birds just sort of glide along on the air, so they use up very little energy. As
volunteers, you'll be helping us keep accurate counts of the raptors. Any drop in
number could mean something's gone wrong in the environment because of
pesticides or disease, even hunting. We just had a scare with the broad-winged
hawks. Their numbers have dropped drastically over the last ten years. It was
suggested that the birds may have changed their migratory route. So for 11
days we had several hundred volunteers—stationed every five miles—to observe
and count. And sure enough, they discovered that instead of hugging the
Appalachians as they'd always done, the broad-wings were cutting a wide path
over the Delaware River. Needless to say, we were greatly relieved.

12. Marshmallow test:

Let's take a look at this video of these little kids they were offered the option of
having one marshmallow immediately now or two marshmallows 15 minutes
later and you've got some very cute video tape of this experiment. So let's take
a look okay, what we found is a very simple and direct way of measuring a
competence that seems to make an important life difference a researcher tells
these preschoolers that she's going to leave the room if they wait for her to
come back without eating the marshmallows. They'll get two marshmallows or
they can ring the bell and she'll come back right away but then they only get
one marshmallow. I would baby though you won't ring the bell. okay, looking at
children over time. Dr. Michelle has found that being able to wait longer at four
has some pretty powerful implications and what are those powerful implications
is that that later in life. They're more discipline and have more self-control is
that pretty much it. Well, they are more likely to achieve their life goals. They
have better relationships. They did better on their SI is crazy all because they
waited 15 minutes for don't wash me, and I think it is crazy. I probably would
have eaten all three but yeah me too. But um you know actually yes, the ability
to be able to pursue your goals in this case it was stabbed two marshmallows
versus one and not going automatic and just grabbed the marshmallow is a very
important skill, but I think a main point in mind in the making is that these skills
can be caught, taught if you' re 14 or 40 or or four it's not ever too late and any
child can learn the many adult can teach them and it's never too late.

13. BSI:

With over 40 years of unrivalled experience and a worldwide reputation, BSI

leads the way in testing and certification of fire safety products. Based on our
dedicated labs in Hemel Hempstead, our team provides BSI kite mark and Cee
testing and certification for a broad range of products, including fire
extinguishers, hoses, alarm panels, and heat and smoke detectors. We help
clients to gain access to the European market by ensuring that products meet all
the CE mark requirements. And we are familiar with the market access
regulations of most countries across the world, enabling customers to enter
markets globally. The BSI kite market is categorized as a British super brand
and acknowledged the world over as a symbol of trust, integrity, and quality. It
provides the reassurance that vital product safety and performance
requirements have been met. Our team subject each product to a rigorous set of
tests along with robust production control audits designed specifically to ensure
that they perform two required standards of safety and quality. We test for
compatibility of fire detection and fire alarm system components to ensure that
they're compatible and connectable. This service meets the growing requirement
of European regulatory authorities to meet national installation guidelines. We
also perform tests on individual detection components. Fire suppression products
such as fire extinguishers are subjected to rigorous tests designed to ensure that
they're effective, safe and capable of performing in environments and conditions
in which they're stored and used. The symbols for BSI kite mark and C
certification represent quality, safety, and trust. For specifiers, they demonstrate
a commitment to best practice procurement. And for the public, they provide the
reassurance that fire safety products are effective and reliable.

14. Church hill:

The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer--Churchill, KG, OM, CH, FRS,
PC (November 30, 1874 – January 24, 1965) was a British statesman, best
known as prime minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War.
At various times a soldier, journalist, author, and politician, Churchill is generally
regarded as one of the most important leaders in British and world history.
Considered reactionary on some issues, such as granting independence to
Britain's colonies and at times regarded as a self-promoter who changed political
parties to further his career, it was his wartime leadership that earned him iconic
status. Some of his peacetime decisions, such as restoring the Gold Standard in
1924, were disastrous as was his World War I decision to land troops on the
Dardanelles. However, during 1940, when Britain alone opposed Hitler's Nazi
Germany in the free world, his stirring speeches inspired, motivated, and
uplifted a whole people during their darkest hour. Churchill saw himself as a
champion of democracy against tyranny, and was profoundly aware of his own
role and destiny. Indeed, he believed that God had placed him on earth to carry
out heroic deeds for the protection of Christian civilization and human progress.
A providential understanding of history would concur with Churchill's self-
understanding. Considered old--fashioned, even reactionary by some people
today, he was actually a visionary whose dream was of a united world, beginning
with a union of the English--speaking peoples, then embracing all cultures. In his
youth, he cut a dashing figure as a cavalry officer as seen in the 1972 film Young
Winston (directed by Richard Attenborough), but the images of him that are the
most widely remembered are as a rather overweight, determined, even
pugnacious looking senior statesman as he is depicted to the right.

15. Linguistic Training:

I think with our linguistic training we also get all this invisible training to be
authorities, to be the people who know. It is part of that process that you come
out as a world authority on your chosen subject. But when we move into
working with communities, we have to recognise that the communities have to
be the authority in their language.
Actually, a woman in the class I'm teaching at Sydney at the moment, a career
woman, expressed this very nicely, although she was talking about something
else, she was distinguishing expertise from authority. And certainly linguists,
because of our training we do, have expertise in certain very narrow areas of
language, but we don't have the authority over what to do with that knowledge
or what to do with other knowledge that the community produces.
I guess for me the bottom line is languages are lost because of the dominance of
one people over another. That's not rocket science, it's not hard to work that
out. But then what that means is if in working with language revival we continue
to hold the authority, we actually haven't done anything towards undoing how
languages are lost in the first place, so in a sense the languages are still lost if
the authority is still lost

16. The language of music:

A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A
composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional
singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly
dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training
to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most
training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular
proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day,
as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.
String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while
drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm-two entirely different movements.
Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly7 in tune.
Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there,
waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument
for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string
have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has
to sound clear.
This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors:
they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound,
and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless
authority.
Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and
understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the
language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.

17. Truth and rhetoric:

But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is, we have to be able to use it.
To use rhetoric, influence the ramble, we try to get them to understand truth.
Truth is “suggest”; is different than Rhetoric is the dressing, is the body, right?
Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is abstract. It doesn’t have a body. It’s not
particular. If you wanna get somebody to the truth, you might have to use some
kind of tricks. Right? Because most of people are not sound and can see the
truth. That’s what we think. Most people are rambles. Really. Only the educated
be erudite are actually capable of seeing the truth. If you wanna get the general
mass there, you may have to do a little bit. So Aristotle that is rhetoric. Rhetoric
is something that is used to influence people. Right? And it’s a kind of mentally
promised a logic. Rhetoric is important because it can help us to understand
truth and influence morons. Some people can understand truth, because they
are rational. But most people don’t. If you want to make people get into truth,
you have to use tricks because truth itself is abstract. We can use rhetoric to
help people understand truth. Truth is the spirit, the soul and is abstract, but
rhetoric is the body, which is fundamentally based on logic.

18. Shakespeare:

I've been asked to speak today about the purpose of museums and I think that's
something we often take for granted, that we have museums and we need
museums. But with so much information available now online, people have
access to whatever it is they want to know so I think we need to consider
carefully just what it is that we expect of our museums today. What makes them
relevant in the information age.
Clearly, we've got to move beyond the early twentieth century concept of a
warehouse full of old, remarkable, untouchable objects. This warehouse idea
does very little to inspire people. What museum professionals need to do - what
they should be doing, is make their collections and programs work towards the
purpose of education. So whether that means having more hands-on exhibits,
becoming involved with other community organisations, they should be doing
whatever it takes to think about their visitors, to engage people, to educate
them. And in that way, they can be instruments of social change. If they have
knowledge and understanding of the people who visit, and the people they want
to come and visit, they can take this as a starting point for providing exhibitions
and services that are relevant to people's lives.

19. Mars and earth:

Located at the NASA Research Center in Iowa is a 5,000-gallon vat of water, and
inside the tank is an underwater treadmill designed by Dava Newman, an
aerospace engineer. For four years Newman observed scuba divers as they
simulated walking on the Moon and on Mars on her underwater moving belt. She
wanted to discover how the gravity of the Moon and of Mars would affect human
movement. To do this, Newman attached weights to the divers and then lowered
them into the tank and onto the treadmill. These weights were carefully adjusted
so that the divers could experience underwater the gravity of the Moon and of
Mars as they walked on the treadmill. Newman concluded that walking on Mars
will probably be easier than walking on the Moon. The Moon has less gravity
than Mars does, so at lunar gravity, the divers struggled to keep their balance
and walked awkwardly. But at Martian gravity, the divers had greater traction
and stability and could easily adjust to a pace of 1.5 miles per hour. As Newman
gradually increased the speed of the treadmill, the divers took longer, graceful
strides until they comfortably settled into an even quicker pace. Newman also
noted that at Martian gravity, the divers needed less oxygen. The data Newman
collected will help in the future design of Martian space suits. Compared to lunar
space suits, Martian space suits will require smaller air tanks; and, to allow for
freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the space suits will also be
altered.

20. Molly:

Last week we talked about Anne Bradstreet and the role of women in the Puritan
colonies. Today I want to talk about some other women who've contributed to
American history—some famous and some not-so-famous. The first woman I'd
like to talk about is Molly Pitcher. Those of you who are familiar with the name
may know her as a hero of the American Revolution. But, in fact, there never
was a woman named Molly Pitcher. Her real name was actually Mary Ludwig
Hays. She got the nickname Molly Pitcher for her acts of bravery during the
Revolutionary War. As the story goes, when Mary's—or Molly's—husband, John
Hays, enlisted in the artillery, Mary followed, like many other wives did. She
helped out doing washing and cooking for the soldiers. She was known to be a
pretty unusual woman. She smoked a pipe and chewed tobacco. Anyway, in the
summer of 1778, at the Battle of Monmouth, it was a blistering hot day, maybe
over a hundred degrees, and fifty soldiers died of thirst during the battle. Molly
wasn't content to stay back at camp. Instead, she ran through gunshots and
cannon fire carrying water in pitchers from a small stream out to the thirsty
American soldiers. The relief that she brought with her pitchers of water gave
her the legendary nickname Molly Pitcher. The story also says that she continued
to load and fire her husband's cannon after he was wounded. They say she was
so well liked by the other soldiers that they call her "Sergeant Molly." In fact,
legend has it that George Washington himself gave her the special military title.

21. Writing and technology:

What I want to look at today is the question of how much technology - If, um, a
pen can indeed be called technology ... perhaps I should say the instrument of
writing - affects a writer's style and level of production. I also want to consider
other factors that may have an effect on prose style, such as personality,
educational background, and so on. Now, production levels aren't so hard to
measure in relation to the writing instrument used. The quill pen, for instance,
would need continual re-filling and re-sharpening, which led to a leisurely,
balanced style of prose full of simple sentences. Writing took a lot longer than
now and the great novelists of the 18" century - Fielding, Smollett, Richardson -
had a relatively small output, though some of their books ran to enormous
length.
By the middle of the 19'h century, the fountain pen had been invented. It didn't
need such constant refilling, which can account for the more flowing, discursive
style of, say, Dickens and Thackeray, as well as their tremendous output. Then
came the typewriter, whose purpose, once you got the hang of it, was to speed
up the writing process and was therefore much favored by journalists. This, it
seems to me, gave rise to a short winded style characterized by short sentences.
A short prose style, if you like. Dictating machines and tape recorders led, as
one novelist complained, to writers becoming too conversational, rambling and
long winded. Henry James, although he didn't use these machines, dicta ted his
later novels and, well, some might agree with this accusation. Well, it looks as
though we're going to have to leave word processors, computers and, of course,
the way film and its narrative techniques have affected writing style for another
day.

22. Brain development:

The key to forming strong brain architecture is what's known as " serve and
return" interaction with adults. In this developmental game, new neural
connections form in the brain as young children instinctively serve through
babbling, facial expressions, and gestures, and adults return the serve,
responding in a very directed, meaningful way. It starts very early in life when a
baby coos and the adults interacts and directs the baby's attention to a face or
hand. This interaction forms the foundation of brain architecture upon which all
future development will be built. It helps create neural connections between all
the different areas of the brain, building the emotional and cognitive skills
children need in life. For example, here's how it works for literacy and language
skills. When the baby sees an object, the adult says its name. This makes
connections in the baby's brain between particular sounds and their
corresponding objects. Later, adults show young children that those objects and
sounds can also be represented by marks on a page. With continued support
from adults, children then learn how to decipher writing and, eventually, to write
themselves. Each stage builds on what came before. Ensuring that children have
adult caregivers who consistently engage in serve and return interaction,
beginning in infancy, builds the foundation in the brain for all the learning,
behavior, and health that follow.

23. Mary Typhoid fever:

In 1883 Mary Mallon left Ireland aged just 15 to seek her fortunes in America.
There she quickly got to work as a cook for New York city's wealthiest families.
In the summer of 1996 she was hired by Charles Henry Warren a wealthy
banker with a holiday home in Oyster Bay Long Island. However, the holiday
quickly turned south when six of the 11 members came down with typhoid fever
victims of typhoid could suffer a fever abdominal cramps abdominal distension
intestinal haemorrhaging and in 10 percent of cases death. The source of
infection was water and food contaminated with excrement. Today it's common
knowledge to wash your hands after using the bathroom. But back then that
really wasn't the case. Immunization wouldn't roll out until 1911 and antibiotic
treatment wouldn't become readily available until 1948. By 1987 in The New
York area alone three thousand people had been diagnosed which you would
think would be a massive deal but not yet pleased. It wasn't until the virus hit
Oyster Bay where it affected the effluent that it became mainstream news. And
so George SOPA was hired by the Warrens to investigate his search quickly led
him to marry her unlikely partner in crime was peachy. Ice cream. The coldish
merely froze the copious amounts of bacteria instead of burning them which
would have been the case in hot food as the investigation continued. Supah
began snooping around Mary's employment history. He discovered that of the
eight families she'd worked for. Seven of them came down with typhoid. Super
had a theory. Maybe she was the first ever documented healthy carrier of
salmonella hyphae with the proof. Mary did not play ball constantly denying soap
stole samples.

He eventually needed the help of the New York City. And even the NYPD. Don't
worry she wasn't arrested just held on the desolate island in isolation for two
years North brought this to be exact. This was a bit of a moral quandary. There
was an obligation to Mary's human rights but also the obligation to the general
public to keep them infection free people have been held in quarantine before
but only people who had clear signs of sickness. Mary appeared perfectly
healthy. Compromises were struck up. Doctors suspected that bacteria were
coming from her gallbladder and offered to release if they removed it. Mary
refused that deal but did promise she'd never work as a cook again. Five years
later she broke that promise and remained at large until 1915. She infected 25
people at the Sloan Maternity Hospital in Manhattan infecting doctor’s patients
and nurses two of whom died. The NYPD took her back to North Brothers Island
again where she'd spend the rest of her life. Upon Mary's death some 20 years
later the doctors seized the opportunity to inspect Mary's gallbladder. And what
did they find life typhoid bacteria living in her remains the case of Typhoid Mary
is a conundrum that still intrigues us today. Was she the villain or was she the
victim? Were the authorities right to violate one woman's individual liberties if it
meant protecting the general population and could they have done more to
educate Mary on the dangers of what she was doing.

24. Population Growth:

Despite impressive GDP growth, India has a lower ranking in Human

Development Index. Why has growth failed to translate into a better-living
standard for the poor in India? Robert: India’s public expenditure on health and
education is abysmally low which reflect on quality of health outcome and
education outcome. We need to spend a much higher percentage of GDP on
health and education to realise desirable outcome. But, if we don’t have higher
GDP growth, the pie doesn’t get bigger and if the pie doesn’t get bigger, how will
we spend on the social sectors such as health and education? George: Despite
some very good institutional and legal provisions why do we fail on the
governance front? Robert: Actually, we should be proud of some of our
legislations. But we miserably fail in execution at the ground level. The problem
is not of lack of good legislation but the lack of implementation capacity to
produce a desirable outcome. George: How have MDGs enriched the
development of the human race particularly in south Asia? Robert: A very large
percentage of the global population has actually come out of poverty trap. Our
health indicators have improved but countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
have done extremely well and beaten India in the health sector. George: How
can India deal with the challenge it faces in healthcare? Robert: If you look at
the health burden, eighty per cent of India’s health problems can be solved at
the primary level itself. As a citizen, we keep our homes very clean but the
streets outside our homes are very dirty. We need to apply hygienic practices in
handling water and sanitation. India’s70% bed capacity in healthcare is occupied
by water-borne diseases. If we keep our home, streets, surrounding and water
bodies clean, we can reduce the pressure on India’s public beds in hospitals by
70%. Per capita daily availability of water is not a problem but management of
water is a problem. If we manage water well, our disease burden will go down.

25. Housing in Australia:

Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it’s showing
of how well the Australian economy has been doing over the last 15 years. We
have had 15 years more or less of an uninterrupted economic growth during
which average earning has been raised by close to 90 percent. While over the
course of that period, the standard variable mortgage rate has roughly halved.
That meant that the amount which a typical home buying household can afford
to borrow under rules which aren’t strictly applied as they used to be had more
than doubled. Over the same period, rising immigration in falling average
household size has meant that the number of households looking for
accommodation has risen by about one and a half million. That’s around 200
thousand more than the number of dwellings has increased by. So you have had
a substantial increase in the purchasing power of households. No net increase in
the supply of housing enhance all that addition purchasing power has gone into
pushing up the price of housing.

26. Bilingualism:

So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with
what's called wonder babies. This was a study which was done a few years ago
in Trieste which is basically at the border on Slovenia and Italy. So there are a
lot of Italians and there are a lot of Slovenians and there are of course a lot of
mixed marriages. What they did was they took three groups of babies, all babies
were seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian speaking babies, bunch
of Slovenian speaking babies and a bunch of Italian-Slovenian babies from
mixed families. They showed those babies various puppets and then they
switched the situation. Typically, when the seven-month-old baby is used to
particular setting and the situation switches it takes them a little while to
regroup. So turned out that seven-month-old Italian and seven-month-old
Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet appearing on the right, and then
when the puppet would appear on the left they would continue looking to the
right as if nothing had changed. Whereas the bilingual babies very quickly would
turn their head and notice that the puppet has changed its position.

27. Language death:

Language death is not mainstream theatre. It is not mainstream anything. Can

you imagine Hollywood taking it on? It is so far outside the mind-sets of most
people that they have difficulty appreciating what the crisis is all about, because
they are not used to thinking more about language as an issue in itself.
Somehow we need to change these mind-sets.
We need to get people thinking about language more explicitly, more intimately,
more enthusiastically. Interest in language is certainly there, in the general
population – most people are fascinated by such topics as where words come
from, or what the origin of their town’s name is, or whether their baby’s name
means anything; they are certainly prepared to play Scrabble and a host of
other language games ad infinitum; and language games are often found on
radio and television, too – but a willingness to focus that interest on general
issues, a preparedness to take on board the emotion and drama inherent in the
situation of language endangerment, is not something that happens much.

28. Stand ford University Management:

The Education Leadership Initiative was started by Dean Bob Joss, of Stanford
Graduate School of Business. He talked a lot about the importance of education
leadership. Education leaders need to be dynamic and entrepreneurial change
agents. Managing is not enough --increasingly leaders must rise to the challenge
of changing their organizations through innovative, problem-solving strategies.
So we are combining forces from our School of Education and School of Business
to support the development of management skills and leadership capacity for
current superintendents and other central office leaders. The purpose of School
of Education is learning while the purpose of School of Business is management.
Now many institutes are providing education leadership learning opportunities,
for profit or non-profit. We want to make sure that here at Stanford, we are not
only delivering the services but with good quality. The program incorporates
case-studies and research-based presentations, discussions, and exercises.
Participants also collaborate and build relationships through group work.
However, they must realize that it is their own responsibility to achieve and
accomplish – what others can do does not indicate what you are capable of.

29. Bad or Ugly Building:

It seems to me that architecture is very much something that causes us both

pleasure and trouble. I live in the part of western London where I think many of
the streets are, where I live are really really ugly, and this distresses me every
time I walk to a supermarket or walk to a tube. I think why did they built that
and with terribly without architecture. It last so long, and if you write a bad book
or do a bad play, you know, I will be shocked when it be showed and then no
one would suffer. A bad building has a serious impact for, could be hundreds of
years on the people around it. And suppose the book arose a little bit from the
frustration, almost anger than there is so much bad architecture around. And
then I realize if you talk about architecture, you will say why building are not
more beautiful. Then you will say I can use such word as "beauty", that's a really
arrogant word. And no one knows what beautiful is. It's all in the eye of
beholder. I couldn't help but think that actually. Well, you know that we all
attempt to agree that Rome is nice than Milky kings, and San Francisco has the
edge of Frankfurt, so we can make that sort of generalization, surely they are
something we can say about why a building work or why it doesn't. So the
book's really attempt to suggest why architecture works when it does and what
might be going to be wrong when it doesn't work.

30. Climate Change:

Now we spend a lot of time thinking about how climate will affect crops. But
crops affect climate themselves and they do this in two ways. First of all, about
one-quarter of the land surface is used for growing crops. Another 10-15 % are
used for pasture. So a substantial amount of the land surface is used in crop and
agricultural production. And how we used that climate affects our climate? If we
were, for example, to deforest a substantial area and replace it with a natural
crop such as soybean. Then we would alter the characteristics of the land
surface, alter the way that water and heat flows from the land surface to the
atmosphere and back. And ultimately change the regional climate change if
there is a large enough change the land surface. So this is an absolutely
fascinating topic and one that’s really quite difficult to understand because of the
complexity. It’s difficult because it needs us as crops scientists to work even
more closely with our climate scientist, colleagues. And it’s difficult because we
have to join our models together.
31. Environment’s law:

Before we consider international environmental law and climate change we need

to consider domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that
international law is put into practice. This reflects the environmentalists' maxim,
'think globally act locally'. United Kingdom legislative control over the impacts of
mans' activity on the environment is not new. As long ago as the reign of
Charles II the main concern was the production of smoke from the burning of
'sea coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry were subject to very detailed
legislative controls at that time, although some were governed by 'self-
regulation' in the form of guilds, who regulated both supply and methods of
production. However, the measures implemented were mostly ineffective
because then, as now, the specifying of legal duties and standards without
providing any appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions but
were of little practical effect. The next stage was prompted by the Industrial
Revolution with the urbanization of society and its profound effects on the
environment. Local industrialists used the Adam Smith model to maximize their
economic benefit, but this was to the detriment of the local environment with
the operation of 'Gresham's Law' that is, the bad drives out the good. Those
industrialists who were concerned for either the health of their employees or the
local environment faced higher costs than their competitors. The result was the
need for increasingly comprehensive statutory controls on the discharge of
pollutants into various receiving media.

32. Human’s right:

he Human Rights Act can be seen as far-reaching; some would argue

controversial in the UK’s history of rights. At the same time, it can be described
as a somewhat cautious document that provides the starting point for a wider
application of law to rights. In many ways, the freedom protections contained in
the Human Rights Act were not new to people in the UK. The Act puts into UK
law most of the clauses of the European Convention on Human Rights. The
convention itself was devised following the end of the Second World War by the
Council of Europe. UK law has played a significant role in the drafting of the
Convention and the UK was among the first governments to ratify the
convention in 1951. Rights are sometimes described as being of a positive or a
negative nature. That’s to say some can be expressed as a right to and others as
freedom from. The 1998 act puts into place 15 specific rights and freedoms
which include rights to liberty and security, a free trial, free expression, free
elections and the right to marry and found a family. There are also freedoms
from torture, from slavery or forced labour and from discrimination on grounds
such as race, sex, religion, political opinion or social origin. The Human Rights
Act has been described as the start of a process. The act itself does not expand
on the provisions made by the European Convention which some would consider
is following a baseline or a minimum standard for human rights.
33. Pollution:

About 20 years ago Kent Anger and Barry Johnson came up with 750 chemicals
that could harm the brain during development. Nobody has since then dared to
update that number, it’s just a guess today, there has to be more than a
thousand if there was 750 twenty years ago. But the problem is also that we
have put too little emphasis on this type of, uh, research. For example, it has
taken so far the OECD 10 years to devise a battery of tests that they could
recommend for systematic testing of chemicals for developmental neurotoxicity.
That panel, that battery, has not yet been completed and authorized by OECD so
it’s taking way, way, way too long because it is complicated. But there is so
much at stake. Children are just losing IQ points and losing their concentration
span, memory or motor functions. But in the present world where there’s so
much emphasis on knowledge and brain functions this can also translate into
dollars. The EPA has calculated that every time a child loses one IQ point
because of chemical pollution it costs society something like $8,000 or $10,000.

34. Einstein’s work:

For thousands of years, philosophers and astronomers and thinkers of all sorts
have imagined that the universe, the space around us was rather like this floor
in front of us. It was fixed and unchangeable and things happen on it, just as
people walk around. So the stars, the comets, and the planets, and the other
heavenly bodies moved around and traced down their parts on this completely
unchanging stage of space. In the 20th century, as the result of Einstein’s work,
that view of the universe was completely transformed. We began to understand
that there was no absolutely fixed stage of space at all on which all celestial
notions were played out. But in some sense on the larger scale in the universe,
the space itself was in this state of a continuous dynamic change. That was a
prediction made by Einstein. However, Einstein was not the first person who
proposed the relativity theory, but Edwin Hubble, the astronomer in the 1920s.

One of the most surprising insights from Einstein is that time is not what we
intuitively think it is, right? Most of us have this sense that time for you is the
same as time for me. And sometimes there is a cosmic clock that out there
taking second after second after second, dragging it's all in exactly the same
way into the future. Einstein found that if you and I are moving relative to each
other, however, our clocks don't take off the time at the same rate. Our watches
if they were once in sync if we're moving relatively to each other, they fall out
synchronization. And what is that mean? All that means that what I consider to
be happening right now at a given moment, from your perspective, that might
be the past or might be the future? What you consider to be happening right
now to me that may be the past or the future. Now since your view of reality is
every bit as valid as my view of reality. That means you cannot really say the
past is gone because that might be your now, your reality. You cannot really say
that the future is yet to be, maybe the future to me might be your now, your
reality at that given moment, so in a sense past, present and future are all
equally really, all exist, all out there.
35. Implicit and explicit memory:

There are two main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that can be
intentionally and consciously recalled. This is your memory of riding a bike and
falling over the handlebars, and skinning your knee. The other is implicit
memory which is an exponential functional form of memory that cannot be
consciously recalled. This is your memory of how to ride a bike or how to
balance. These are often not tied to a visual memory, but more like muscle
memory. Examples of implicit memory include using language naturally, driving
and reading, and answering multiple questions in the test. Let’s look at explicit
and implicit memory in a little more detail, and see how age influences these. It
is an experimental or functional form of memory. Explicit memory consists of a
great deal of highly personal memories related to time, space and people. It is
totally different from implicit memory. Now, if we look at the examples of explicit
memory, it includes remembering people’s birthdays and answering multiple
questions in a test.
Answer short Question:
1. What do we use to test the body temperature? - thermometer

2. Which organs of the body pumps the blood? - HEART

3. Scientist where experiment laboratory- Laboratory

4. How many years are there in the passage of a decade? - 10 Year

5. What is the opposite to “predecessor”? – successor

6. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people
together as a sporting event? -Olympics

7. what do we call the thread in the center of the candle? – Wick

8. Which part of a birds' body used for flying- Wings

9. What do you call the strap that circulates a person in a car or an aero plane?
- Seatbelt.

10. years in a millenium- thousand years

11. mammal liquid feed -fuelled rockets

12. last paragraph of essay known as? – conclusion

13. if a magazine published quarterly, - Four times a year

14. What do you call a piece of equipment we use to look at stars? – Telescope

15. What does ASAP mean? - As soon as possible

16 What financial institution do people usually go to save money? - Bank

17. What stellar system does the earth belong to? - Solar system

18. Which one would a vegetarian most likely eat, sandwiches or fruit salad? -
Fruit sand

19. What do you call a piece of equipment we use to look at stars? – Telescope

20. What can you normally find the index in a book? -At the end (of the book)

21. Where does crocodiles live? In forest or swamp? – swamp

22. What do you use to test the body temperature? – Thermometer

23. What does a Sundial measure according to the shadow in the sunlight? –
Time

24. What can bring astronauts to space? – Spacecraft

25. What is the habitat of camels? - desert

26. if a figure is pentagon, how many sides does it have? - Five

27. What literacy genre describes all details of a famous person's life? –
Biography

28. What do we call the thread in the center of the candle? – Wick

29. What is more fuel efficient, a small car or a large truck? - A small car

30. What one would you use to describe the desert, aridity or humidity? –
Aridity

31. If you have a toothache, who would you go to? – Dentist

32. Who is the person who works in a hospital and can-do operations? –
surgeon

33. What is the device that shows the time of the day according to the shadow
of sunlight? – Sundial

34. What are the strings on shoes called? – Shoelace

35. What is the opposite direction to where the sun rises? – West

36. Would you go to a pharmacist or a surgeon to get a prescription filled after

visiting a doctor? – A pharmacist.

37. What is the legal documents protecting someone's inteelectual property? –

palant/copyright

38. animals with white ivory and long trunk? - Elephant

39. How many days added in February during a lap year? - one day

40. Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the other day which
commonly starts a week? – Monday

41. What are the instructions that tell you how cook food? – Recipe

42. What is the job title for someone who makes meals in a restaurant? – Chef

43. What's the name of the building where you can borrow books? – Library
44. What do we call a book that contains lots of words with their meanings? –
Dictionary

45. What is the natural material used to make a car tire? – Rubber

46. When the writer of the book is unknown, what word do we use to describe
the writer? – Anonymous

47. What do we call the frozen water? – lce

48. What is the joint between your shoulder and your forearm? - Elbow

49. before airplanes were invented, how did people travel from America to
Europe? - By ship

50. How would you describe the process by which snow becomes water? –
Melting.
Summarize Written Texts:
1. Vitamin D:

50% of the world’s population is Vitamin – D deficient and we believe that it has
serious health consequences for both children and adults alike. Major cause is
lack of sun exposure humans have always depend on the Sun for their vitamin D
requirement and it’s over the past forty years that it’s been suggested that you
should never be exposed to direct sunlight that is one of the major causes of the
vitamin D deficiency pandemic. Again, everybody thinks about vitamin D
preventing rickets in children. We don’t see rickets any longer so people are not
thinking about vitamin D. It’s incomprehensible to physicians as to how vitamin
D could reduce risks of heart attack by fifty percent, reduce risk of common
cancers like colon, prostate, breast by as much as fifty percent reduce risk of
infectious diseases including influenza by as much as 90%, reducing risk of type
I diabetes 78%, if a child is get adequate vitamin D during the first year of life
reduces risk of type II diabetes.

2. Misuse of drug:

But what are the dangers of keeping these drugs at home?”

“There are a number of dangers. Parents should know that leftover drugs are
dangerous because they may be accidentally ingested by children. Either adults
don’t keep the bottles properly closed and stored or because even many kids can
sometimes open childproof lids. Patients may use the drugs after their expiration
date. The leftover drugs may be taken for the wrong reasons. For example,
someone may have a viral infection and self-prescribed to left over into microbial
that was prescribed for a bacterial infection. But that drug will have no effect as
the viral infections. Drugs that are left over might be given to or taken by
someone else who may have a serious allergy to the medicine and who for that
reason would not be prescribed to medicine under the supervision of a physician.
Finally, inappropriate use of drugs promotes drug resistance if the drug is taken
for the wrong indication, the wrong duration, or in the wrong dosage.
“Todd, what can people do about this how can the situation be improved?”
“I think physicians, patients and parents of patients can take steps to improve
the situation. First of all, physicians should prescribe the drug only when
appropriate, only in the correct amount and only for the correct duration. Also,
the physician must stress to the patient that the full course of the drug must be
taken. This is recommended even if symptoms resolved before the end of the
prescription and parents of children on antibiotics need to ensure they complete
their course as well.”

3. American english:

American English is, without doubt, the most influential and powerful variety of
English in the world today. There are many reasons for this. First, the United
States is, at present, the most powerful nation on earth and such power always
brings with it influence. Indeed, the distinction between a dialect and a language
has frequently been made by reference to power. As has been said, a language
is a dialect with an army. Second, America’s political influence is extended
through American popular culture, in particular through the international reach
of American films (movies, of course) and music. As Kahane has pointed out, the
internationally dominant position of a culture results in a forceful expansion of its
language... the expansion of language contributes... to the prestige of the
culture behind it. Third, the international prominence of American English is
closely associated with the extraordinarily quick development of communications
technology. Microsoft is owned by an American, Bill Gates. This means a
computer’s default setting for language is American English, although of course
this can be changed to suit one’s own circumstances. In short, the increased
influence of American English is caused by political power and the resultant
diffusion of American culture and media, technological advance, and the rapid
development of communications technology.

4. America and India IT (Computer programming):

Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States,
engineers and technicians in India have the capacity to provide both computer
programming and innovative new technologies. Indian programmers and high-
tech engineers earn one-quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United
States; Consequently, India is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar cost than
the United States: India has absolute advantage in both. In other words, it can
produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the Unites States, and it
can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that
mean that the United States will lose not only programming jobs but innovative
technology job, too? Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the
United States and India engage in the international trade? David Ricardo would
have answered no to both questions - as we do today. While India may have an
absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what
India or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in
doing programming in part because of such activity requires little physical
capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative advantage in
technology innovation partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this
country to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that Indian
programmers will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been doing
in the past. In contrast, American firms will shift to more and more innovation.

5. Plug-in Vehicle:

Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the
acronym PEV. It's what you and many other people will drive to work in ten
years and more from now. At that time, before you drive off in the morning you
will first unplug your car - your plugin vehicle. Its big on board batteries will
have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100
kilometres through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this time into a
socket that allows power to flow from your car's batteries to the electricity grid.
One of the things you did when you bought your car was to sign a contract with
your favourite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of
power from your car's batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a
blackout, or very high wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the
power the distributor buys from your car would not only be most attractive to
you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative being very expensive
power form peaking stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your
batteries looked like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient
engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed natural gas, even bio-fuel, would
automatically cut in, driving a generator that supplied the batteries so you could
complete your journey.
Concerns over 'peak oil', increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the
likelihood that by the middle of this century there could be five times as many
motor vehicles registered worldwide as there are now, mean that the world's
almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport is, in every
sense of the word, unsustainable.

6. Malaysia Tourism:

Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast

Asia. Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the
most superb beaches, mountains and national parks in the region. Malaysia is
also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20 million
visitors here this year.
Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where
you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world tallest
buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar
1,480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The
limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-
high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a 141-foot-tall gold-
painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves, visitors have to climb a
steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to be confused
with Indonesia’s Borneo you'll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan island,
off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world.
Sipadan is the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in
the Celebes Sea. You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in
Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting
and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in
Borneo with a huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange
honking sounds.
While you're in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern
state was a powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in the region.
Facing the Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a place of intriguing
Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of European colonial
powers. Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the Pearl of the
Orient. This island off the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese
cultural heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
7. Methods and technology teachers:

What makes teaching online unique is that it uses the internet, especially the
World Wide Web, as the primary means of communication. Thus, when you
teach online, you don’t have to be someplace to teach. You don’t have to lug
your briefcase full of paper or your laptop to a classroom, stand at a lectern,
scribble on a chalkboard (or even use your high-tech, interactive classroom
“smart” whiteboard), or grade papers in a stuffy room while your students take a
test. You don’t even have to sit in your office waiting for students to show up for
conferences. You can hold “office hours” on weekends or at night after dinner.
You can do all this while living in a small town in Wyoming or a big city like
Bangkok, even if you are working for a college whose administrative office is
located in Florida or Dubai. You can attend an important conference in Hawaii on
the same day you teach your class in New Jersey, logging on from your laptop
via the local café’s wireless hotspot or your hotel room’s high-speed network. Or
you may simply pull out your smartphone to quickly check on the latest
postings, email, or text messages from students.
Online learning offers more freedom for students as well. They can search for
courses using the Web, scouring their institution or even the world for programs,
classes, and instructors that fit their needs. Having found an appropriate course,
they can enroll and register, shop for their books, read articles, listen to
lectures, submit their homework assignments, confer with their instructors, and
receive their final grades-all online.

8. Beauty contests:

Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss
Universe and Miss Teen International respectively, there has been a dramatic
increase in interest in beauty pageants in this country. These wins have also
sparked a debate as to whether beauty pageants are just harmless reminders of
old fashioned values or a throwback to the days when women were respected for
how good they looked.
Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether Miss Universe or Miss Teen
International, are demeaning to women and out of sync with the times. They say
they are nothing more than symbols of decline.
In the past few decades Australia has taken a real step toward treating women
with dignity and respect. Young women are being brought up knowing that they
can do anything, as shown by inspiring role models in medicine such as 2003
Australian of the Year Professor Fiona Stanley.
Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the message that
thin equals beautiful. This ignores the fact that men and women come in all sizes
and shapes. In a country where up to 60% of young women are on a diet at any
one time and 70% of school girls say they want to lose weight, despite the fact
that most have a normal BMI, such messages are profoundly hazardous to the
mental health of young Australians. Opponents argue that beauty pageants,
whether Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are demeaning to women and
out of sync with the times.
9. Voting rights in UK:

Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to the problem of declining

turnout. But how are individuals and countries affected by compulsory voting
beyond boosting electoral participation? Shane Singh investigates the social,
economic, and political consequences of compelling citizens to vote.
There has been a lot of discussion about compulsory voting these days. In the
United Kingdom, in particular, as voter turnout rates have declined, many
commentators and politicians have begun advocating for mandatory electoral
participation. Those in favor of compulsory voting often adduce the importance
of participation among all segments of society. Citizens of democracies are
forced to do many things in the interest of the public good, they maintain,
including serving on juries and educating their children, and full participation
serves the country as a whole. Those opposed to compulsory voting often argue
that, from a democratic theory perspective, the right to vote implicitly includes a
right not to vote. Such a right of abstention, they argue, is more important than
any societal good that might accompany high turnout. In fact, opponents of
compulsory voting often contend that the country may be better off if those who
are disinclined to vole are not pushed to participate in public affairs.
Regardless of whether one of these sets of arguments is more persuasive than
the other, compulsory voting is commonly used around the world. Several
European democracies mandate voting, as do Australia and most of the
countries in Latin America. By evaluating results from these countries, it is
possible to assess the mechanics and effects of compulsory voting.

10. Raw Honey:

According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M.D., M.P.H. the average American consumes
more than 150 pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high
fructose corn syrup every year. In comparison, we consume only around 1.3
pounds of honey per year on average in the U.S. According to new research, if
you can switch out your intake of refined sugar and use pure raw honey instead,
the health benefits can be enormous.
What is raw honey? Its a pure, unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by
bees from the nectar of flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed
honey that's been heated and filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike
processed honey, raw honey does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional
value and health powers. It can help with everything from low energy to sleep
problems to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw honey may even help weight-
loss efforts when compared to diets containing sugar or high fructose corn
syrup. I'm excited to tell you more about one of my all-time favorite natural
sweeteners today.
11. Tree Rings:

Here’s how tree ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology (from the
Greek roots dendron = tree, and chronos = time), works. If you cut a tree down
today, it’s straightforward to count the rings inwards, starting from the tree’s
outside. But it’s less straightforward to attach a date to a particular ring in an
ancient Anasazi wooden beam, because at first you don’t know in what year the
beam was cut. Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross-section is like a
message in Morse code formerly used for sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-
dash-dot-dash in the Morse code, wide-wide-narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring
sequence. (Actually, the tree ring sequence is even more diagnostic and richer in
information than the Morse code, because trees actually contain rings spanning
much different width, rather than the Morse code choice between dot and dash.)
Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochronologists) proceed by noting the
sequence of wider and narrower rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year,
and also noting the sequences in beams from trees cut down at various times in
the past. In that way, dendrochronologists have constructed tree ring records
extending back for thousands of years in some parts of the world. A bonus of
dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflects the
amount of rain and the season at which the rain fell during that particular year.
Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct the past climate.

12. School Liaison Police NSW:

Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and
educate students. The 40 School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been
allocated to public and private high schools across the state. Organisers say the
officers, who began work last week, will build positive relationships between
police and students. But parent groups warned of potential dangers of armed
police working at schools in communities where police relations were already
under strain. Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention
workshops, talking to students about issues including shoplifting, offensive
behaviour, graffiti and drugs and alcohol. They can also advise school principals.
One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last
week, including at Alexandria Park Community School's senior campus.
Previously stationed as a crime prevention officer at The Rocks, he now has 27
schools under his jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings
Cross. Constable Purvis said the full time position would see him working on the
broader issues of crime prevention. "I am not a security guard," he said. "I am
not there to patrol the school. We want to improve relationships between police
and schoolchildren, to have positive interaction. We are coming to the school
and giving them knowledge to improve their own safety." Parents' groups
responded to the program positively, but said it may spark a range of
community reactions. "It is a good thing and an innovative idea and there could
be some positive benefits," Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer.
13. Grass & Cows:

The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature’s

underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just
about everything about modern meat. For the grasses, which have evolved to
withstand the grazing of ruminants, the cow maintains and expands their habitat
by preventing trees and shrubs from gaining a foothold and hogging the
sunlight; the animal also spreads grass seed, plants it with his hooves, and then
fertilizes it with his manure. In exchange for these services the grasses offer
ruminants a plentiful and exclusive supply of lunch. For cows (like sheep, bison,
and other ruminants) have evolved the special ability to convert grass – which
single-stomached creatures like us can’t digest – into high-quality protein. They
can do this because they possess what is surely the most highly evolved
digestive organ in nature: the rumen. About the size of a medicine ball, the
organ is essentially a forty-five-gallon fermentation tank in which a resident
population of bacteria dines on grass.

14. Skipping breakfast:

Skipping Breakfast Has Drawbacks - It's no mystery why so many people

routinely skip breakfast: bad timing. It comes at a time when folks can be more
occupied with matters of grooming, attire and otherwise making themselves
presentable for a new day. However, studies conducted both in the United States
and internationally have shown that skipping breakfast can affect learning,
memory and physical well-being. Students who skip breakfast are not as
efficient at selecting critical information for problem-solving as their peers who
have had breakfast. For school children, skipping breakfast diminishes the ability
to recall and use newly acquired information, verbal fluency, and control of
attention, according to Ernesto Pollitt, a UC Davis professor of pediatrics whose
research focuses on the influence of breakfast on mental and physical
performance. Skipping breakfast can impair thinking in adults, also. For both
children and adults, a simple bowl of cereal with milk goes a long way toward
providing a sufficiently nutritious start to the day. Green-Burgeson recommends
choosing a cereal that's low in sugar — less than five grams per serving — and
using nonfat or one percent milk. Frederick Hirshburg, a pediatrician at UC Davis
Medical Group, Carmichael, says that babies and other preschoolers rarely skip
breakfast because "they're usually the hungriest at the beginning of the day.
Breakfast then becomes more of a "learned experience" than a response to a
biological need, Hirshburg says.

15. Vividness experience printing media and television:

To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated by
television is so different from the one that emerged in the world dominated by
the printing press, it is important to distinguish the quality of vividness
experienced by television viewers from the “vividness” experienced by readers. I
believe that the vividness experienced in the reading of words is automatically
modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning centers of the brain that
are used in the process of concreating the representation of reality the author
has intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on television has the
capacity to trigger instinctual responses similar to those triggered by reality
itself—and without being modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought. The
simulation of reality accomplished in the television medium is so astonishingly
vivid and compelling compared with the representations of reality conveyed by
printed words that it signifies much more than an incremental change in the way
people consume information. Books also convey compelling and vivid
representations of reality, of course. But the reader actively participates in the
conjuring of the reality the book’s author Is attempting to depict. Moreover, the
parts of the human brain that are central to the reasoning process are
continually activated by the very act of reading printed words: Words are
composed of abstract symbols—letters—that have no intrinsic meaning
themselves until they are strung together into recognizable sequences.
Television, by contrast, presents to its viewers a much more fully formed
representation of reality—without requiring the creative collaboration that words
have always demanded.

16. Parent’s Born Order Affects Their Parenting:

Parents' own born order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they
are raising replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common
examples, such as a firstborn parent getting into "raging battles" with a firstborn
child. "Both are used to getting the last word. Each has to be right. But the
parent has to be the grown up and step out of that battle," he advises. When
youngest children become parents, Agati cautions that because they "may not
have had high expectations placed on them, they in turn may not see their kids
for their abilities." But he also notes that since youngest children tend to be
more social, "youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who may have a
harder time with social situations. These parents can help their eldest kids
loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth
order didn't seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three
children, Julie, was born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz's oldest,
Joshua, mirroring the age difference between Susan and her own older brother.
"I would see Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me," she says of the
taunting and teasing by a much older sibling." I had to try not to always take
Julie's side." Biases can surface no matter what your own birth position was, as
Lori Silverstone points out. "As a middle myself, I can be harder on my older
daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me," she says of her reactions to her
daughters' tussles.

17. Back to Countryside:

I knew it was a good idea because I had been there before. Born and reared on
a farm I had been seduced for a few years by the idea of being a big shot that
lived and worked in a city rather than only going for the day to wave at the
buses. True, I was familiar with some of the minor disadvantages of country
living such as an iffy private water supply sometimes infiltrated by a range of
flora and fauna (including, on one memorable occasion, a dead lamb), the
absence of central heating in farm houses and cottages, and a single track farm
road easily blocked by snow, broken down machinery or escaped livestock. But
there were many advantages as I told Liz back in the mid Seventies. Town born
and bred, eight months pregnant and exchanging a warm, substantial
Corstorphine terrace for a windswept farm cottage on a much lower income,
persuading her that country had it over town might have been difficult.

18. Citizenship curriculum:

Citizenship education is important subject in schools as compared to the past.

However, only 1/5 of schools have such courses that provide student right skills
and attitudes. In the past, people were reluctant to teach. It is important for
students in this changing world . There are still problems in teaching this subject
due to lack of commitment and lack of teachers to teach. Criticism about the
theory of citizenship education is ineffective, unless schools themselves reflected
democratic practices by giving children the opportunity to have a say over
decision making. It suggests that schools are fundamentally undemocratic
institutions, and that such a setting cannot instil in children the commitment and
belief in democratic values that is necessary for citizenship education to have a
proper impact. Citizenship education is one critical element, and students will
acquire knowledge of civics, including the principles of democracy and associated
local, state and Australian government structure and processes. In addition,
students will also learn to participate responsibly and cooperatively in
community.
Citizenship curriculum is very important for students, but it is neglected by many
schools. There are only 1/5 schools introduced this class to campus and
allocated less time than other subjects. Moreover, the professor pointed out if
given enough time in citizenship curriculum, it will be beneficial to improve
student's skills and install positive attitude towards the changing world and
tackle the issues such as lack of leadership.

19. Technology Prediction:

As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted

in the fifties that the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen
computers, that the British Department for Education seemed to think in the
eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and that in the
nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could
have predicted that one major effect of the automobile would be to bankrupt
small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the telephone have
foreseen its development as a medium for person to person communication,
rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the 'experts',
seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our
technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate
from experience of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the
technology of the Internet with the development of other information and
communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio
and print. But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question.
You might conceivably find the history of the British and French videotext
systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced
that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can find information about
them online, so, rather than take up space here, I've briefly described them in a
separate article.

20. Columbus:

When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola during his first transatlantic

voyage in the year A.D. 1492, the island had already been settled by Native
Americans for about 5,000 years. The occupants in Columbus’s time were a
group of Arawak Indians called Tainos who lived by farming, were organized into
five chiefdoms, and numbered around half a million (the estimates range from
100,000 to 2,000,000). Columbus initially found them peaceful and friendly,
until he and his Spaniards began mistreating them. Unfortunately for the Tainos,
they had gold, which the Spanish coveted but didn’t want to go to the work of
mining themselves. Hence the conquerors divided up the island and its Indian
population among individual Spaniards, who put the Indians to work as virtual
slaves, accidentally infected them with Eurasian diseases, and murdered them.
By the year 1519, 27 years after Columbus’s arrival, that original population of
half a million had been reduced to about 11,000, most of whom died that year of
smallpox to bring the population down to 3,000.

21. Overqualified employees:

If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience—a near
certainty in this weak labor market—you should consider a response that runs
counter to most hiring managers’ MO: Don’t reject those applicants out of hand.
Instead, take a closer look. New research shows that overqualified workers tend
to perform better than other employees, and they don’t quit any sooner.
Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic—empowerment—can mitigate any
dissatisfaction they may feel.
The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to
prefer an applicant who is a “perfect fit” over someone who brings more
intelligence, education, or experience than needed. On the surface, this bias
makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider
themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example, over-
qualification correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-
center reps by Israeli researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike
discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified workers is
perfectly legal.
But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified candidates
was a global problem, particularly in developing economies, where rising
education levels are giving workers more skills than are needed to supply the
growing service sectors. If managers can get beyond the conventional wisdom,
the growing pool of too-good applicants is a great opportunity. Berrin Erdogan
and Talya N. Bauer of Portland State University in Oregon found that
overqualified workers’ feelings of dissatisfaction can be dissipated by giving
them autonomy in decision making. At stores where employees didn’t feel
empowered, “overeducated” workers expressed greater dissatisfaction than their
colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention to quit. But that
difference vanished where self-reported autonomy was high.

22. Greenhouses gases individual’s responsibility:

When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an aerosol hair spray,
greenhouse gases are produced. In economic terms, this creates a classic
negative externality. Most of the cost (in this case, those arising from global
warming) are borne by individuals other than the one making the decision about
how many miles to drive or how much hair spray to use. Because the driver (or
sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activities but suffers only part of the cost,
that individual engages in more than the economically efficient amount of the
activity. In this sense, the problem of greenhouse gases parallels the problem
that occurs when someone smokes a cigarette in an enclosed space or litters the
countryside with fast-food wrappers. If we are to get individuals to reduce
production of greenhouse gases to the efficient rate, we must somehow induce
them to act as though they bear all the costs of their actions. The two most
widely accepted means of doing this are government regulation and taxation,
both of which have been proposed to deal with greenhouse gases.
Summaries Spoken Text:

1. Climate change law:

Technological nature ... you may have heard this term... it's a term used to
describe a picture of a natural scene that’s been produced using computer
graphics so that basically it isn't a real view - say of a garden or field - it's a
virtual one - it's a picture that looks like a real scene, Now, looking at scenes of
nature is known to have an effect on people's health and well-being. So for
someone who's ill, for a patient in a hospital, does a virtual view of a garden
have the same impact as a real one? Does it have the same beneficial effects
when you look at it? Because that would be good. Well, um, if you test this out,
if you put a group of people in a room with a real view and another group of
people in a room with a virtual view - an unreal view - you can see what
happens when they get stressed. If you give both groups a task that is slightly
stressful and increases their heart rate and, um, what you'll find is that the
people who have the real garden scene outside their window to look at - their
heart rate goes back to normal more quickly than those of the people in the
other group who only have a virtual view to look at. So, yes, there is a
difference - people's recovery from stress is faster in the room with the real
view.

2. Implicit explicit memory:

There are two different systems of memory: implicit and explicit. Implicit
memory is called procedural memory, including using language naturally or
driving automatically. Implicit memory is about cultural and sociological norms,
which is hard to explain how and why. Explicit memory is also called episodic
memory, including remembering birthdays and multiple choices questions.
Explicit memory is highly personalized and is related to time and space. (65
words)

3. Pollution:

About twenty years ago, it was estimated that there are 750 chemicals that can
affect the developing human brain, and today there may be over 1000. There is
little emphasis on the possible damage caused to developing children from these
chemicals. It has taken the OECD ten years to develop an index to test for
developmental neurotoxicity. Economically, each IQ point lost to
chemical poisoning has an impact of $8,000-$10,000.

4. Aus housing prices:

Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over
the past 15 years when the mortgage rate was half and everyone could afford to
borrow money from banks. Secondly, the increasing immigration and the falling
size of household average led to a higher demand for accomodation. increasing
the purchasing power. As demand grows higher than the supply of housing,
Australian housing price has gone up significantly.
5. Novelists secret life of bees:

I've been written non-fictions for years actually and but secretly I wanted to be
a novelist. When I first started writing at the age of thirty was with the intension
of writing a fiction. But I took a long detour and for ten or twelve years and
wrote non- fiction which I absolutely had no regret about it at all. I think it
exactly the right thing for me to do. But that was that dream took away and side
of me to do this. Now I remember reading something that Eudora Welty wrote,
who is, you know, the great novelist who has a big influence on me actually, and
she said 'No art ever came out of not risking your neck.' And I think she is
absolutely right about that. It doubts that way to me at that time and it actually
feels that way to me every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the
early 90s, I took my deep breath and started writing fiction. It felt risky to me at
the time to do that. And one of the very first things that I wrote was what I
thought was going to be, the first chapter of the novel called 'The Secret Life of
Bees'. I wrote it in 1992 and it is actually an essentially the first chapter of the
novel, as it is now.

6. Human memory:

In criminal trials, memory becomes an important factor. as witnesses are often

used to prove evidence. However. memory can be unreliable if witnesses need to
recall events that happen sometime in the past. It has been demonstrated that
when retelling events. witnesses may include objects that were never there in
real. They may therefore distort reality.

7. Shortage of talent:

Talent is a premium and there is a war for talents in 1990s. Companies and
countries are recruiting young talented people, and some young people
immigrated after graduation. Talented people are in primary positions and the
collapse of loyalty makes employees happy to change workplace. The reasons
include the change of nature of economy, the shrinking labour force after the
baby-boom and the mismatch between schools and companies. (69 words)

8. Democrats and Republicans:

The devolution is to reduce and move governmental power from federal to the
state level. This philosophical issue divides the Democrats and Republicans.
Specifically, the Republicans believe in getting power down to the people and
States, while Democrats believe in big government and entitlements. However,
there is a hidden part of the power system that the US should consider, which is
private power. (63 words)

9. Novelist:

It is almost impossible to talk about the history of the novel without starting with
a definition of it, which is by no means easy to do. We all know what we
ourselves mean by a novel and have our favorite novelists, whether they are
from the heyday of Victorian fiction - Dickens, say, or George Eliot - or someone
more modern or postmodern, for example, B. S. Johnson, who is famed for
writing a novel that was bought in a box, with loose pages that you could read in
any order. Again, you might be a fan of crime or detective fiction, which brings
the added complication of genre. That is, does the fact that a work of fiction is
comedy, tragedy, satire, ghost story, and so on, affect our definition? Anyway,
as far as the history of the English novel is concerned, we're on fairly solid
ground when we date the first novels to the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
The first that is still read as a novel in the way we read novels now is Bunyan's
Pilgrim's Progress, which did have an enormous effect on English prose writing,
but for me it would be Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. Now, people have tried to
locate the beginnings even earlier than this, to Elizabethan prose writing and
even further back, but I think this is to lose sight of what a novel is and does
and confuses any kind of fiction with the true novel.

10. Big Bang Theory

One of the most amazing things in the speaker's life is studying cosmology.
Studying cosmology is the most amazing thing for the speaker because the
universe is mysterious. Scientists previously believed the big bang happened 10
to 20 billion years ago. However, a more precise measurement indicates the
universe is 13.8 billion years old (instead of 14). (And has kept changing ever
since.) Which is perfectly matched the university is little older than the oldest
star (which has 13 billion years old), the Big Bang theory. Even when the
universe begins is known) People still need to understand how the big bang
happened and how the universe works. And know about the future.

11. Hookham (Female novelist):

THE BOOKSELLERS OF HOOKHAM AND CARPENTER (hereafter referred to only

as Hookham) were located on New Bond Street in London, and their records
span the most politically turbulent decade of the eighteenth-centurythe 1790's.
Clients who frequented Hookham were primarily from the aristocratic or gentry
classes. In fact, of Hookhams total buyers, 22% were aristocracy, and 35% of
the aristocracy purchased novels. We can also confidently assume that untitled
female customers were of gentry income because their addresses were primarily
in London's fashionable West End.
Hookhams ledgers not only reveal a dramatic increase in the proportion of
female purchasers of novels by comparison to earlier studies of provincial
women, but they also reveal a remarkable increase in the proportion of female
purchases of novels authored by females. Such a marked increase illustrates
that Hookhams leisured female customers were able to buy more 2. novels.
Furthermore, the fact that these female aristocrats and gentry have accounts
under their own name, not their husbands, demonstrates the greater degree of
agency and independence that these urban, moneyed women had relative to
provincial women. However, because our study does not include an examination
of male customers, we are very limited in what claims we can make about
whether or not these women behaved according to the clich that women were
the predominant consumers of novels in the eighteenth-century.
Moreover, while more disposable income and leisure time certainly accounts for
the significant increase in female purchases of novels authored by women in the
1790s, this increase also strongly suggests a desire on the part of women
readers to engage in this politically charged decade. Thus, novel-reading
provided women readers with the means through which they were able to
participate in the male-dominated world of politics. The latter part of our paper
will more fully explore this hypothesis in the context of certain recent literary
scholars’ claims that both Gothic and sentimental novels are actively engaged in
political debate and discussion.

12. Sound receptor:

You’ve got sound receptors in your ear, and they are beautiful. We’re not going
to talk about them at any length, but there’s little flappy, these little spiky things
going along in your ear and they can translate vibrational energy coming from
your ear, hurting your eardrum, being translated into a vibration into the fluid in
your ear into a physical motion of these little receptions there into an electrical
motion, into an electrical signal that goes into your ear. SO all of that, all of
that’s pretty impressive stuff. We are not going to talk about the details of it, but
I invite some of you who want to learn more about this, particularly MIT
students I think to find receptors really quite remarkable kinds of devices.

13. Definition of risk (Translator and Interpreter):

Hello, it's Megan. This week I'm going to talk about the difference between
translators and interpreters. It's a common misconception that translators and
interpreters do the same thing. So I just like to highlight a few similarities and
differences between the two. Firstly, translation refers to written communication
whereas interpreting refers to verbal communication. So, for example, a
translator will not attend a court hearing to verbally translate between the
parties involved. But would translate the written evidence used in the case.
Secondly, both jobs require different skills. I translate to require the ability to
write well and comprehensively into a target language. This means that they
need to have an excellent command of their native language. For example,
although I can speak French to a good standard. I cannot translate from English
to French although I could translate from French to English, which means I'm
only halfway there to being an international player. An interpreter needs to be
able to speak both languages proficiently. Thirdly, the qualifications and
experience required to become either a professional translator or interpreter do
differ. Both roles acquire years of training, the resulting qualification. But what
they can learn from the training will be completely different. So just to be clear,
translators will translate written texts and interpreters will translate a verbal
communication.

14. International environmental law:

Before we consider international environmental law and climate change we need

to consider domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that
international law is put into practice. This reflects the environmentalists' maxim,
'think globally act locally'. United Kingdom legislative control over the impacts of
mans' activity on the environment is not new. As long ago as the reign of
Charles II the main concern was the production of smoke from the burning of
'sea coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry were subject to very detailed
legislative controls at that time, although some were governed by 'self-
regulation' in the form of guilds, who regulated both supply and methods of
production. However, the measures implemented were mostly ineffective
because then, as now, the specifying of legal duties and standards without
providing any appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions but
were of little practical effect.The next stage was prompted by the Industrial
Revolution with the urbanization of society and its profound effects on the
environment. Local industrialists used the Adam Smith model to maximize their
economic benefit, but this was to the detriment of the local environment with
the operation of 'Gresham's Law' that is, the bad drives out the good.Those
industrialists who were concerned for either the health of their employees or the
local environment faced higher costs than their competitors. The result was the
need for increasingly comprehensive statutory controls on the discharge of
pollutants into various receiving media.

15. Talent War:

The war for talent refers to an increasingly competitive landscape for recruiting
and retaining talented employees. In the book, Michaels, et al., describe not a
set of superior Human Resources processes, but a mind-set that emphasizes the
importance of talent to the success of organizations. The war for talent is
intensified by demographic shifts (primarily in the United States and Europe).
This is characterized by increasing demand along with decreasing
supply(demographically). There are simply fewer post-baby-boom workers to
replace the baby boom retirement in the US and Europe (though this is not the
case in most of East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Central America, South
America, or the Middle East; Eastern Europe also tends to have similar
demographics, namely an aging and/or shrinking lab or force).While talent is
vague or ill-defined, the underlying assumption is that for knowledge intensive
industries, the knowledge worker (a term coined by Peter Drucker) is the key
competitive resource (see the Resource-based view of the firm). Knowledge-
based theories of organizations consistently place knowledge workers as a
primary, competitive resource. Talent is never explicitly defined in the book,
though the Preface notes, "A certain part of talent elude description: You simply
know it when you see it." After several further caveats, the authors go on: "We
can say, however, that managerial talent is some combination of a sharp
strategic mind, leadership ability, emotional maturity, communications skills, the
ability to attract and inspire other talented people, entrepreneurial instincts,
functional skills, and the ability to deliver results." The authors offer no outside
support for this assertion. A 2006 article in The Economist, which mentions the
book, notes that, "companies do not even know how to define "talent", let alone
how to manage it. Some use it to mean people like Aldous Huxley's alphas in
"Brave New World"—those at the top of the bell curve. Others employ it as a
synonym for the entire workforce, a definition so broad as to be meaningless."
The 'War for talent is seen by various sources as becoming irrelevant during
economic downturns. However, there have been highly visible talent poaching by
solvent firms of others who have economic hardship.

16. England population:

South Korea is planning to move its capital from Seoul to a new site in the
middle of the country. Although Seoul has been the capital since the fourteenth
century, the city of over 20 million is now very crowded, and also close to the
hostile armies of North Korea. The new capital is planned to cost $45 billion, with
construction finishing by 2012.There is, however, strong opposition to the
project, since similar schemes in other countries have taken far longer and cost
much more than originally planned. Australia, for example, took over 70 years to
finish building Canberra, while Nigeria has never completed its planned new
capital, Abuja. Both Brazil and Malaysia have found that the building of new
capitals (Brasilia and Putrajaya) can sharply increase the national burden of
debt. Even if the government does eventually move to the new capital, it is
unlikely that South Korea’s main businesses will follow it, so Seoul will probably
continue to be the country’s principal city.

17. Genes (human evolution):

The pace, the pace of which that the human minds have evolved over the last
half-million years and more recently last 200.000 years has been so
frighteningly rapid that the evolution of cognitive function and perception in
different ways. It can only happen to the actions of a small number of genes. if one needed
to adapt a dozens of genes changes and concert, in order to acquire the penetrating minds that we
now have, which our ancestors 500.000 years ago didn’t have, the evolution could not have taken,
could not have occurred so quickly. And for that reason alone, one begins to suspect that the genetic
differences between people who lived 500,000 years ago sever that cognitive functions than ours
are not so large. Therefore, a rather small number of genes. May be responsible for comforting us
that powerfull minds which we now, which the most of us now processed

18. Citizenship curriculum:

Citizenship education is important subject in schools as compared to the past.

However, only 1/5 of schools have such courses that provide student right skills
and attitudes. In the past, people were reluctant to teach. It is important for
students in this changing world. There are still problems in teaching this subject
due to lack of commitment and lack of teachers to teach. Criticism about the
theory of citizenship education is ineffective, unless schools themselves reflected
democratic practices by giving children the opportunity to have a say over
decision making. It suggests that schools are fundamentally undemocratic
institutions, and that such a setting cannot instil in children the commitment and
belief in democratic values that is necessary for citizenship education to have a
proper impact. Citizenship education is one critical element, and students will
acquire knowledge of civics, including the principles of democracy and associated
local, state and Australian government structure and processes. In addition,
students will also learn to participate responsibly and cooperatively in
community.
Citizenship curriculum is very important for students, but it is neglected by many
schools. There are only 1/5 schools introduced this class to campus and
allocated less time than other subjects. Moreover, the professor pointed out if
given enough time in citizenship curriculum, it will be beneficial to improve
student's skills and install positive attitude towards the changing world and
tackle the issues such as lack of leadership.

19. Drug Advertisements:

The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent
years. And it's no wonder: studies show the commercials' work: consumers go to
their doctors with a suggestion for a prescription drug they saw advertised on
TV. Now a study in the Annals of Family Medicine raises questions about the
message these ads promote, NPRs Patty Neighmond reports. You're most likely
to see drug ads during prime time, especially around the news. Researchers
analysed 38 ads aimed at people with conditions like hypertension, herpes, high
cholesterol, depression, arthritis, and allergies. The drug industry says the ads
arm consumers with information. But researchers found that though the
information was technically accurate, the tone was misleading. UCLA
psychologist Dominick Frosch headed the study. "What we would see in these
ads is that before taking the prescription drug, the character's life was out of
control and the loss of control really extended beyond just the impact of the
health condition, " For example, herpes patients were portrayed as being
incapacitated for days, insomniacs utterly out of synch on the job and depressed
patients friendless and boring at parties. "When the character is then shown
taking the drug, he then magically regains complete control of his life." None of
the ads, of course, mentioned lifestyle changes that could also help treat the
condition. After that, it's mass marketing. But in this case, Frosch says,
prescription medications are not soap.

20. Competition in schools:

Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in

competition for the best students, all of whom have choices they can exercise,
and many of them choices which run across national and continental borders.
We are in competition, too, for staff. The academic job market is one of the most
global 25 there is. And in the 21st century English is the new Latin, so
universities in English speaking countries are exposed to more intensive
competition than those elsewhere. We are in competition for government
funding, through the assessment of research quality. We are in competition for
research contracts, from public and private sector sources, and indeed we are in
competition for the philanthropic pound. Many of our own donors were at more
than one university, and indeed think of the LSEs requests alongside those of
other charities to which they are committed. That is a competitive environment
which is particularly visible to a vice-Chancellor.

21. Devolution of power:

Well that's one aspect of what's called reducing government modifying

government to be more precise another aspect of it is what's called devolution
reducing moving governmental power from the federal to the state level and
that has a kind of a rationale which you hear all over the time a place for
example there was an op-ed a couple of weeks ago in the New York Times by
John Cogan those Hoover Institute at Stanford whose pointed out what he called
a philosophical issue that divides the Democrats and the Republicans the
philosophical issue is that the Democrats believe in big government and
entitlement and the Republicans believe in getting power down closer to the
people to the states because they're kind of populist types well it takes about
maybe three seconds thought to recognize that realize that moving power down
to the states in funding and so on is just moving it away from the people for
perfectly elementary reason there's a hidden part of the system of the power
system that you're not supposed to know about or think about and that's private
power.

22. Stanford University management

The Education Leadership Initiative was started by Dean Bob Joss, of Stanford
Graduate School of Business. He talked a lot about the importance of education
leadership. Education leaders need to be dynamic and entrepreneurial change
agents. Managing is not enough --increasingly leaders must rise to the challenge
of changing their organizations through innovative, problem-solving strategies.
So we are combining forces from our School of Education and School of Business
to support the development of management skills and leadership capacity for
current superintendents and other central office leaders. The purpose of School
of Education is learning while the purpose of School of Business is management.
Now many institutes are providing education leadership learning opportunities,
for profit or non-profit. We want to make sure that here at Stanford, we are not
only delivering the services but with good quality. The program incorporates
case-studies and research-based presentations, discussions, and exercises.
Participants also collaborate and build relationships through group work.
However, they must realize that it is their own responsibility to achieve and
accomplish – what others can do does not indicate what you are capable of.

23. Poverty control in china:

Poverty control is a crucial topic in the emerging world of the global community.
With a large total population, the poverty population in China is huge. China has
promised to halve poverty by taking action in poverty reduction, and the goal
was met. While doing this, they also created opportunities for middle-income
people. This has also generated new opportunities for other economies, such as
Australia.
24. Think globally:

Globalization, what is globalization? I think that it takes on a few different

definitions in one sense of the word. Globalization means proliferation of
transactions across country. So, one way of thinking about globalization is a way
to describe, increase international communications, more trade happening
between countries and be less self-sufficient in providing goods and services to
their people and more companies that have offices in multiple countries, which
we call multinationals. So, the source of growth in travel and communication and
corporate trade across borders. And this way of thinking about globalization is
the continuation of thinking that has been around for a long time, such as when
the Europeans went to the Orient, to find spices, which was also an example of
global trade and communication. Another way to think of globalization though, is
an economic system. It is a system in which countries become integrated in a
way that never had been before. In this system, we see a global split in the
process between consuming and producing goods. Some countries produce
goods, some countries consume goods, and then these countries in different
areas of the globe depend on each other in a kind of organic solidarity rather
than having an economic system being just inside your country The system is
the way economy in your country functions depends on economy of another
country. And in fact this way of thinking about globalization represents a new
area of economic progression. The past industrialist economy has been a global
issue.

25. Shakespeare's work:

The lecturer speaks about interest and he begins with the definition that Irving Fisher
gave which is that the interest is crystallized impatience. The view is different from that
of Marx and the lecturer says that this is discovered by Shakespeare in his work. The
merchant of Venice, according to authors this book was a lot about economics in topics
such as interest because of this the lecturer even thinks that Shakespeare is not only an
author but also a great economist.
26. Face recognition:
How people can recognize human faces? this is a hard but brilliant question.
People should appreciate something. People can get visual information from
faces and put a name on it. We can tell one’s identity, age, work, health
condition, politics, and friends. Recognizing faces is amazing, difficult and a
clever thing. In conclusion, people can get a lot out of faces.

27. Globalization:

What is Globalization? Globalization can usefully be conceived as a process (or

set of processes), which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of
social relations, and transactions, generating transcontinental or interregional
flows and networks of activity, interaction and power. It is characterized by four
types of change: First, it involves a stretching of social, political and economic
activities across political frontiers, regions and continents. Second, it suggests
the intensification, or the growing magnitude, of interconnectedness and flows of
trade, investment, finance, migration, culture, etc. Third, the growing extensity
and intensity of global interconnectedness can be linked to a speeding up of
global interactions and processes, as the evolution of world-wide systems of
transport and communication increases the velocity of the diffusion of ideas,
goods, information, capital, and people. -Fourth, the growing extensity, intensity
and velocity of global interactions can be associated with their deepening impact
such that the effects of distant events can be highly significant elsewhere and
even the most local developments may come to have enormous global
consequences. In this sense, the boundaries between domestic matters and
global affairs can become increasingly blurred. Globalization has three
definitions. There are more trade transactions, communications, services and
multinational companies across the border. There are more travels and
cooperation between different countries. A global and integrated economic
system has been formed in the world. One country does not depend on itself
only, but countries interact more with each other in terms of production and
consumption.

28. Ocean environment: (National Oceanography Center)

The National Oceanography Center (NOC) is engaged in research into the

potential risks and benefits of exploiting deep-sea mineral resources, some of
which are essential for low-carbon technology, as well as using ocean robots to
estimate the environmental impact of these potential deep-sea mining activities.
Late last year the NOC led an expedition on the RRS James Cook that found
enough of the scarce element Tellurium present in the crust of a submerged
volcano that, if it were all to be used in the production of solar PV panels, could
provide two-thirds of the UK's annual electricity supply. Recently, the NOC also
led an international study demonstrating deep-sea nodule mining will cause
long-lasting damage to deep-sea life, lasting at least for decades. These nodules
are potato-sized rocks containing high levels of metals, including copper,
manganese and nickel. They grow very slowly on the sea-bed, over millions of
years. Although no commercial operations exist to extract these resources,
many are planned. Professor Edward Hill, Executive Director at the NOC
commented, "By 2050 there will be nine billion people on earth and attention is
increasingly turning to the ocean, particularly the deep ocean, for food, clean
supplies of energy and strategic minerals. The NOC is undertaking research
related to many aspects and perspectives involved in exploiting ocean resources.
This research is aimed at informing with sound scientific evidence the decisions
that will need to be taken in the future, as people increasingly turn to the oceans
to address some of society's greatest challenges.”

29. Shortage of talent:

I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented
and most intellectually able people. There is a time when I think companies have
many of the adventures in the world. That involves the companies' world. It was
the bosses' world.
Now I think it reverses the case. We have a shortage in talent base within
countries and between countries, have an intense battle between companies to
hire the most talented workers and also between countries, which are looking to
recruit talented young people, talented young immigrants. We have this sense of
immigrants being things that countries are battled to keep out, and immigrants
want to get in, climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn't that the case. And
the topic is that countries are trying to lure bright young people to get them to
go to universities and get them to become immigrants. So, on many levels,
talent is a premium. There is a shortage of talent, and so countries, companies,
all sorts of organizations, of course, volunteer organizations as well as, are
competing to hire the best and the brightest. You know we have a baby-boom
population which is aging. We have an economy which is becoming more
sophisticated. And so, for all those sorts of reasons, talent is a premium.

30. Invention washing machine:

But in the household before running water and electricity washing clothes took a
staggering amount of labor to wash boil and rinse. A single load of clothes could
take 50 gallons of water which had to be hand carried from a pump or well. Pan
wringing, rubbing and lifting the clothes could expose women to caustic
substances in the soaps. The whole process for a households laundry could take
an entire day or more of back-breaking labor. In 1846 a patented washing
machine imitated the human hand moving cloth over a washboard using a lever
to rub the clothes between two rib surfaces this machine was sold in the US. As
late as 1927 the first electric clothes washers in which a motor rotated the tub
were introduced into America about 1900.
Essay:
1) Television has become an essential part of life. Medium to spread news &
awareness and for some it acts like a companion. People differ as to decide
whether television is good or bad for the future of a child. Television has both
advantages and disadvantages.

2) Some people say that law affects the behaviour of a person. But some believe
society plays an important role to build a good behaviour rather than the law.
Give your opinion?

3) It is usually foolish to get married before completing your studies and getting
established in a good job. Do you agree or disagree?

4) To encapsulate, learning through books and implementing the knowledge

accordingly to create something new is the best way for effective learning.

5) The university will deduct the student's score for late assignments, opinions
and solutions. Or Should University penalize students for late submission of their
work?

6) For instance, an incomplete Task 1 with very good grammar, coherency etc is
going to still get a better score than an incomplete Task 1 which is also poor in
other respects.

7) In a cashless society, people use more credit cards, do you think cashless
society is realistic and why? What are the advantages and disadvantages?

8) To sum up, there are many benefits of shopping malls. It saves your time,
money and also create employment. Therefore I believe that shopping malls are
better than small shops.

9) Global Warming is the gradual process of raising the level of earth

temperature caused by greenhouse gases (GHGs). Global Warming is one of the
greatest environmental problems that we are facing today.

10) In today’s world, different government and international organizations are

confronting many global problems. What is the most pressing problem among
them and give solutions?

11) Some people think that experiential learning (learning by doing) can work
well in formal education; however, others think that traditional form of teaching
is the best. Discuss whether or not you think experiential learning can work well
in high school and college?

12) It is important to maintain the balance between work and other aspects of
one's life such a family and leisure activities. Please give your opinion about how
important to maintain balance and why some people think it is hard to do so?

14) What is your opinion on deducting marks on late assignment?

15) The time people devote to the job leaves very little time for personal life.
How widespread is the problem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?

16) Arge Shopping Malls Are Replacing Small Shops. Your Opinion? Good Or
Bad.

17) Advantages & Disadvantages of Cashless Society.

18) Doing a part-time job while studying is important and useful for most
university students. How far do you agree with this statement? Support your
opinion with reasons and examples from your own experience.

19) So in my opinion knowledge can be gained both by reading books and by

experience but the knowledge gained through experience is more important.

20) To put it in a nutshell, personally I think that relationships between parents

and a child play a crucial role in child's success in school and future life.

21) In a cashless society, people use more credit cards. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon?

22) City are now expanding; the government should make better network for
public transport or should build more roads to facilitate car ownership? Agree or
disagree?

23) Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can
teach more effectively than books or formal school education. How far do you
agree with this idea? Support your opinion with reasons and/or your personal
experience.

24) Parents should be held legally responsible for their children’s acts. What is
your opinion? Support it with personal examples.

25) Do you think design of buildings have positive or negative impact. Which
way it can effect on work and live?”

26) Experience is a more effective way to teach, compared to books? Agree or

disagree

27) Medical technology can increase the human’s life expectancy. Is it blessing
or curse?

28) In recapitulation, although universities should legally penalize students for

late submission of their files yet such rules should not be strict and proper
guidance with faculty support should be provided to aspirants for completion of
their work on timely.

29) This article on " Work & Life Balance” will boost your confidence to be
successful in Essay Writing Test.

30) From what has been discussed above, it can be concluded that the impact
of life experience is prominent, although the way formal school education
impacts should not be overlooked.
Reading: Fill in the blanks, and Reading and Writing: Fill
in the blanks
1.

Most students commencing legal studies will have some experience of crime,
whether directly, as a victim of crime or indirectly through exposure to media
coverage. This means that most offenses COVERRED on the syllabus, such as
murder, theft and rape will be familiar TERMS. This tends to give students the
impression that they know more about criminal law than they do about other
subjects on the syllabus. This can be a real disadvantage in terms of the
academic study of criminal law because it tends to lead students to rely on
preconceived NOTIONS of the nature and scope of the offenses and to reach
instinctive, but often legally inaccurate, conclusions. It is absolutely ESSENTIAL
to success in criminal law that you put aside any prior knowledge of the offenses
and focus on the principles of law derived from statutes and cases. By doing
this, you will soon appreciate just how much difference there is between
everyday conceptions of crime and its actuality.

2.

This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the

Canadian arctic and the legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations
conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of the
great OUTDOORS abroad the Russian-flagged. Academic ICoffee, designed and
built in Finland as a scientific research vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to
passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on BOARD presented on topics
including climate change, wildlife. Inuit and culture and history, and early
European explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of
arctic sovereignty, a GROWING cause of debate as ice melts new shipping
routes open, and natural resources BECOME accessible. Recommended pre-trip
reading was hue UBC alumnus Pierre Breton’s book, The Arctic Grail.

3.

The electrons that orbit closest to the nucleus are strongly ATTRACTED They
are called bound electrons. The electrons that are father away from the pull of
nucleus can be forced out of their ORBITS These are called free electrons. Free
electrons can MOVE from one atom to another. This movement is known as
electron FLOW Electricity is the movement or flow of electron from one atom to
another.

4.

High emotional intelligence can help a manager IMPROVE workplace

communication skills, employee motivation and organizational effectiveness. If a
manager has high EMPATHY, a key component of emotional intelligence, he or
she will be able to LISTEN to the concerns of employees and will be more
understanding of their needs, wants and concerns. This will most likely translate
into INCREASED motivation and satisfaction of employees and ultimately will
have a (5 positive effect on the effectiveness of the business.

5.

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs.
Some eat only bird's eggs, which they have to swallow whole as the snake has
no teeth. Instead, these snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone.
The spines crack the egg open as it passes through the throat.

6.

The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists.
Though it lies with its HEAD buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision
as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul
Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed a
computer model of the snake’s auditory SYSTEM to explain how the snake
“hears” its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the vipers
have INTERNAL ears that can hear FREQUENCIES between 200 and 1000
hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting.
“The snakes don’t have external EARDRUMS,” says Van Hemmen. “So unless
the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won’t hear it.”

7.

The emperor is the giant of the penguin world and the most iconic of the birds of
Antarctica. Gold patches on their ears and on the top of their chest brighten up
their black heads. Emperors and their closest relative, the king penguin, have
unique breeding cycles, with very long chick-rearing periods. The emperor
penguins breed the furthest south of any penguin species, forming large colonies
on the sea-ice surrounding the Antarctic continent. They are true Antarctic birds,
rarely SEEN in the subantarctic waters. So that the chicks can fledge in the late
summer season, emperors breed during the cold, dark winter, with temperatures
as low at - 50°C and winds UP to 200 km per hour. They trek 50-120 km (30-75
mls) over the ice to breeding colonies which may include thousands of
individuals. The female lays a single egg in May then passes it over to her mate
to incubate WHILST she goes to sea to feed. For nine weeks the male fasts,
losing 45% of his body weight. The male balances the egg on his feet, which are
COVERED in a thick roll of skin and feathers. The egg can be 70°C warmer than
the outside temperature.

8.

Most people assume, correctly, that flowers look the way they do to attract
insects that pollinate them. But that’s not the whole story. Scientists have now
discovered that plants have another “trick up their leaves” to make themselves
IRRESISTIBLE to even the choosiest insect solar power. Cambridge University’s
Beverly Glover and her RESULT recently set up some fake flowers filled with a
sugar solution, which they kept at different temperatures. Unleashing a team of
bumblebees on their floral OFFERINGS, they watched as the insects visited the
flowers to drink the surrogate nectar. Very quickly, it became obvious that the
bees were concentrating on the flowers with the warmest nectar. Just in case it
was something to do with the colour of the fake flowers, the scientists also tried
a different colour combination and got the same COLLEAGUES.

9.

Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The UN Environment Program

(UNEP) has pointed out that about one-third of the world's population lives in
countries with moderate to high water stress. with a disproportionate impact
on the poor. With current projected global population growth, the task of
providing water for human sustenance will become increasingly difficult. And
increasing competition over this scarce but vital resource may fuel instability and
conflict within states as well as between states. The UN is doing a great deal in
both areas to proactively foster collaboration among Member States. UNEP has
long been actively addressing the water issue together with partner UN
agencies and other organizations. Looking ahead, the UN can do more to build
synergies of technology, policy and capacity in this field. In this regard, events
like the annual World Water Week in Stockholm come to the forefront of the
public mind when talking about championing water issues.

10.

Since the 18th century, the Swiss Alps have attracted more people and
fascinated generations of climbers and explorers. The Matterhorn remained little
known until 1865, but the triumphant ascent followed by the tragic accident of
the climb led by Edward Whymper caused a rush on the peaks surrounding
Zermatt. The construction of the rail linking the town of Visp to the village of
Zermatt started in 1888. On July 18,1891, the first train reached Zermatt and
the entire train line was electrified in 1930. Since 1930, the Glacier Express
panoramic train directly connects the village to St. Moritz However, no
connection exists with the village of Breuil-Cervinia on the Italian side. Travelers
need to hire guides to cross the glaciated Theodul Pass, separating the resorts.
Zermatt remains almost free of internal combustion vehicles and is only
connected by train. Apart from the local police which uses cars, only electric
vehicles are used. Cable-car and rail facilities have been built to make the area
mare accessible. In 1898, the Gornergrat railway, reaching a record altitude of
3,100 meters, was inaugurated. Areas served by cable car are the Klein
Matterhorn and the Unterrothorn.

11.

Drive down any highway, and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—
most likely, if you travel long and far enough, you’ll see McDonald’s golden
arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee’s, and Wendy’s, the “big four” of
burgers. Despite its name, though, Burger King has fallen short
of CLAIMING the burger crown, unable to SURPASS market leader McDonald’s
No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King
Remains No. 2.

12

Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in

customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the
other three CONTENDERS have increased.1 The decline has
been ATTRIBUTED to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service.
Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an
UNDERSTANDING of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would
suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need
to be RECTIFIED before a UNIFIED, long-term strategy can be put in place.

13.

Colourful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great DIVERSITY to ancestors
that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last
10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests.
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of
diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest RESERVOIRS of biological
diversity on Earth. The finding runs COUNTER to the idea that Amazonian
diversity is the result of evolution only within the TROPICAL forest itself.
“Basically, the Amazon basin is a ‘melting pot’ for South American frogs,” says
graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. “Poison frogs there have
come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many
millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian
biodiversity by looking only in the BASIN. Adjacent regions have played a major
role.”

14.

Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book “The Language
Instinct”, has called music “auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted
to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental faculties.” If it
VANISHED from our species, he said, “The rest of our lifestyle would be
VIRTUALLY unchanged.” Others have argued that, on the CONTRARY music,
along with art and literature, is part of what makes people human; its absence
would have a brutalizing effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and an avid
music enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is
ingrained in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We have a music
INSTINCT as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it if we
tried.

15.

In our studies, those people on a higher-protein diet lost the same amount of
weight as those on a higher -carbohydrate diet. This is because the two diets
OFFERED an equal amount of fat. However, body composition (that is, the ratio
of fat to muscle) SHOWED greater improvement among those people on the
higher-protein diet. When the participants in other studies were allowed to eat
until they were no LONGER hungry, those on the higher-protein diet lost more
weight than those on the higher carbohydrate diet, even after more than a year.
The REDUCTION in hunger and the beneficial effect on muscle provided by the
higher-protein diet 1s mostly related to its protein content, while the
ENHANCED

fat-loss seems to be related to its lower amounts of carbohydrate. The diet is

HEALTHY because its protein comes from lean red meat fish, chicken and low-
fat dairy products, all of which provide good nutrition. A high- protein diet in
which the protein comes from protein powders and SUPPLEMENTS is unlikely to
be healthy, unless the supplements are fortified with vitamins and minerals.

16.

In reality, however, the causes of truancy and NON-ATTENDANCE are diverse

and multi-faceted. There are as many causes of non-attendance as there are
non-attendee. Each child has his/her own unique story, and whilst there may
often be certain identifiable factors in common, each non-attending child
demands and DESERVES an Individual response, tailored to meet his/her
individual needs. This applies EQUALLY to the 14-year-old who fails to attend
school because a parent is terminally ill, the overweight 11-year-old who falls to
attend because he is EMBARRASSED about changing for PE in front of peers,
the 15-year-old who is ‘bored’ by lessons, and to the seven-year-old who is
teased in the playground because she does not wear the latest designer-label
clothes.

17.

When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they EXPECT a
simple answer. AFTER ALL we’ve EXPLORED the whole planet, we have
international travel, SATELLITE and plenty of global organizations like the
United Nations, so we should really know how many countries there are!
However, the answer to the question VARIES according to POINT Most people
say there are 192 countries: but others WHOM that there could be more like
260 of them.So why isn’t there a STRAIGHTFORWARD answer?The
problem ARISES because there isn’t a universally agreed definition of ‘country’
and because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize
or not recognize other countries.

18.

So that the chicks can fledge in the late summer season, emperors breed during
the cold, dark winter, with temperatures as low at -50°C and windsSEEN to
200km per hour. They trek 50-120 km (30-75 mls) over the ice to breeding
colonies which may include thousands of individuals. The female lays a single
egg in May then passes it over to her mate to incubate UP she goes to sea to
feed. For nine weeks the male fasts, losing 45% of his body weight.The male
balances the egg on his feet, which are COVERED in a thick roll of skin and
feathers. The egg can be 70°C warmer than the outside temperature.

19.

Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as

the corn people. The phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's meant to
acknowledge their abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the staple of
their diet for almost nine thousand years. Forty percent of the calories a Mexican
eats in a day comes directly from corn, most of it in the form of tortillas. So
when a Mexican says I am maize or corn walking, it is simply a statement of
fact: The very substance of the Mexicans body is to a considerable extent a
manifestation of this plant.

20.

When it comes to job-hunting, first impressions are critical. Remember, you

are marketing a product - yourself - to a potential employer. The first thing the
employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus, you must make every
effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing
properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge
and a positive first impression. How should you dress? Dressing conservatively
is always the safest route, but you should also try and do a little investigating of
your prospective employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you
look as though you fit in with the organization. If you overdress (which is rare
but can happen) or under dress (the more likely scenario), the potential
employer may feel that you don't care enough about the job.

21.

Since the dawn of human civilization, human beings have consistently been
interpreting their dream faculty. In the Aryan society too, the dreams
mystified the human beings. The coming of Christianity itself was a great event
in the history of mankind. The crucifixion of Jesus was seen in the dreams of the
chosen and blessed who had fathomless faith in Jesus, they had been informed
in the dream that there would be a resurrection of Jesus and his sacrifice for the
sins of humanity would not go wasted

22.

The exponential growth of the internet was heralded in the 1990’s, as

revolutionizing the production and dissemination of information. Some people
saw the internet as a means of democratizing access to knowledge. For people
concerned with African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of
leapfrogging over the technology gap that separates Africa from advanced
industrialized countries.
23.

Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere every year but the gas is usually harmless. When a volcano
erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and is not
concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped underground
under enormous pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense cloud, it can
push out oxygen rich air and become deadly.

24.

Sportswomen’s records are important and need to be preserved. And if the

paper records DON’T exist, we need to get out and start INTERVIEWING
people, not to put too fine a. point on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if
the RECORDS aren’t kept in some form or another, then the stories are solo
too.

25.

Complementary therapies – such as those PRACTICED by naturopaths,

chiropractors and acupuncturists – have become increasingly popular in Australia
over the last few decades Interest initially coincided with ENTHUSIASM for
alternative lifestyles. While immigration and increased contact and trade with
China have also had an INFLUENCE. The status of complementary therapies is
being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors’
associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research into
their EFFICACY

26.

Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the
appropriate price to sell it. The price is set by balancing many factors including
supply and demand, cost, desired profit, competition, perceived value, and
market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determined by what the market is
willing to exchange for the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex
because so many factors influences what the purchaser decides is a fair value.

27.

Human history is replete with instances of how diffusion of general purpose

technologies transformed commonality and society. Take the US where
electricity metamorphosed the way factories were organized in the 19th
century, while assembly lines transformed manufacturing. In communications
and logistics, the telegraph enabled rapid conveyance of goods in stock and
instructions to employees.

28.

Brain concussion is a brain dysfunction which does not have any macroscopic
structural damage but is caused by mechanical force. Post traumatic amnesia
was a condition to diagnose the brain concussion. Patients with brains
concussion have always amnesia with normal neurological status. One form of
memory left intact in patients is the ability to learn skills called procedural
memory.

29.

It’s no secret that battlefield trauma can leave veterans with deep emotional
scars that impact their ability to function in civilian life. But new research led by
Washington University in St. Louis suggests that military service, even without
combat, has a subtle lingering effect on a man’s personality, making it
potentially more difficult for veterans to get along with friends, family and co-
workers.

30.

History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything
that happened, but what historians have selected. They cannot put in
everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be made about
which aspects of the school. curriculum for England and Wales was first
discussed at the end of the 1980s, the history curriculum was the subject of
considerable public and media interest. Politicians argued about it; people wrote
letters to the press about it, the Prime Minister of the time, Management
Thatcher, intervened in the debate.

31.

In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time
of unprecedented growth in home grown Australian fiction. And everybody was
reading and talking about books by young Australian women. But it was not until
recently that a researcher was able to measure just how many novels were
published in that decade, and she found that there had been a decline in novels
by Australian writers overall, but confirmed an increase in women's novels. It is
this sort of research - testing ideas about literary history - that is becoming
possible with the spread of 'Digital Humanities.' The intersection of Humanities
and digital technologies is opening up opportunities in the fields of literature,
linguistics, history and language that were not possible without computational
methods and digitised resources to bring information together in an accessible
way. Transcription software is being developed for turning scans of books and
documents into text, as the field of digital humanities really takes off.

32.

Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since

the early 1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding
for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for
funding higher education abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making
university accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to
participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s, there has been a move
towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, the
Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme
(HECS), which included a loans scheme to help students finance their
contributions. This enabled universities to remain accessible to students by
delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002,
the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for
postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS).
Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines
the three main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and
charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS
is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students'
university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years
after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university
students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS
debt.

33.

The last tourists may have been leaving the Valley of the Kings on the West
Bank in Luxor but the area in front of the tomb of Tutankhamun remained far
from deserted. Instead of the tranquillity that usually descends on the area in
the evening it was a hive of activity. TV crews trailed masses of equipment,
journalists milled and photographers held their cameras at the ready. The
reason? For the first time since Howard carter discovered the tomb in 1922 the
mummy of Tutankhamun was being prepared for public display. Inside the
subterranean burial chamber Egypt's archaeology supremo Zahi Hawass,
accompanied by four Egyptologists, two restorers and three workmen, were
slowly lifting the mummy from the golden sarcophagus where it has been rested
-- mostly undisturbed -- for more than 3,000 years. The body was then placed
on a wooden stretcher and transported to its new home, a high- tech, climate-
controlled plexi-glass showcase located in the outer chamber of the tomb where,
covered in linen, with only the face and feet exposed, it now greets visitors.

34.

Life expectancy: Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and
internationally recognized indicators of population health. It focuses on the
length of life rather than its quality, and provides a useful summary of the
general health of the population. While an indicator describing how long
Australians live that simultaneously takes into account quality of life would be a
desirable summary measure of progress in the area, currently no such measure
exists, and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the Main Progress
Indicator here. During the decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth
improved for both sexes. A girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of
age, while a boy could expect to live to 79. 3 years. Over the decade, boys 'life
expectancy increased slightly more than girls'(3.1 compared with 2. 1 years).
This saw the gap between the sexes' life expectancy decrease by one year to 4.6
years. In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also occurred over most
of the 20th century. Unfortunately, life expectancy isn't shared across the whole
population though, being lower in Tasmania and the Northern Territory, and for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander.

An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French
impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this
June. The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the
Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir
paintings from 45 public and private collections.

35.

The sleep cycle comprises of four stages and lasts about 90 to 120 minutes.
Dreams can occur in any of the four stages of sleep. In 5 percent cases, dreams
occur in the last stage of sleep referred to as REM sleep stage. Often the sleep
cycle repeats after an hour and the process continues. That is how a person has
several different dreams in one night. Most people remember dreams that occur
in the morning when they are about to wake up. But, some persons can’t
remember their dreams. The stages in the sleep cycle are organised by the
changes in the specific brain activity. In stage one, man is in NREM when muscle
relaxation, lowered body temperature and slowed heart rate is observed. In the
dreaming process, adrenaline is secreted, blood pressure increases and heart
beats become faster. People with a weak heart may die in sleep. Researchers
have shown that people who are deprived from REM, exhibit symptoms of
irritability and anxiety. Deprivation of REM sleep causes over-senility, lack of
concentration and memory loss. So, dreaming helps tackle stress, the mind is
recharged and the body is revitalized. Dreaming transcends the mere
unconscious aspects of social, emotional and personal awareness.

36.

Dogs make great listeners Because both man and man's best friend use
analogous brain regions to process the voices. Researchers collected almost 200
sound samples, including human and canine vocalizations, as well as
environmental noises and silence. They played these clips to 22 people and 11
dogs while the subjects' brains were undergoing and functional MRI scans.
Human brains tuned in most to vocal sounds. Dog brains were most sensitive to
environmental noises. But they still had a lot in common. A dedicated brain
area reacted to the vocalizations of their own species. That area also responded
to the voices of other species. Meanwhile, a different brain region noted emotion
in a voice, with a strong response to cheery sounds like laughter and weaker
reaction to unhappy noises. The study is in the journal Current Biology.

37.

Nature is no longer an alien enigma but instead something immediately

beautiful, an exuberant opus with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have
always been called songs for a reason. As long as we have been listening, people
have presumed there is music coming out of those scissoring beaks.
38.

Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which

requires an entrance score in the top 5 per cent of students, says attendance
has been a problem since the late 1990s. "Sometimes in the lectures we've only
got about one-third of students enrolled attending;' he said. "It definitely is a
problem. If you don't tum up to class you're missing out on the whole richness
of the experience: you don't think a whole lot, you don't engage in debates with
other students - or with your teachers." It is not all gloom said Professor John
Deam, a Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Canberra, who said the Internet
was transforming the way students access and use information. "It is strange
that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, traditional lectures
seem to persist in our universities:

39.

Despite progress over the last two (time, visit, equity, decades), still more than
35 per cent of the urban population of the less developed regions was living in
slums in 2005-2007. In the least developed countries 71 per cent of the urban
dwellers lived in slums. This proportion is very high in sub-Saharan Africa,
ranging from 61 per cent in Western Africa to 71 per cent in Middle Africa. It is
also very high in Sudan, where 94 per cent of the urban dwellers live in slums.
In Asia this proportion is 33 per cent, close to the average of the less developed
regions and 22 percentage points lower than in Africa. Twenty-five per cent of
the urban population of Western Asia lives in slums, a percentage significantly
lower than the world average. Lack of access to safe drinking water and
adequate sanitation are typical characteristics of urban slums. Access to safe
water and adequate sanitation are among the indicators used to monitor
progress toward environmental sustainability. Globally, 134 million urban
dwellers (4 per cent) lacked access to an improved water supply in 2008 and
806 million (24 per cent) lacked adequate sanitation services. Most of these
people lived in informal, overcrowded urban settlements in developing countries,
particularly in Africa and Asia.

40.

If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an

unusual way, it was probably made using technology based on the work of a
Monash researcher. Professor Joseph Monaghan who pioneered an influential
method for interpreting the behaviour of liquids that underlies most special
effects involving water has been honoured with election to the Australian
Academy of Sciences. Professor Monaghan, one of only 17 members elected in
2011, was recognized for developing the method of Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics,
engineering and physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research
started in 1977 when he tried to use computer simulation to describe the
formation of stars and stellar systems. The algorithms available at the time were
incapable of describing the complicated systems that evolve out of chaotic
clouds of gas in the galaxy. Professor Monaghan, and his colleague Bob Gingold,
took the novel and effective approach of replacing the fluid or gas in the
simulation with large numbers of particles with properties that mimicked those
of the fluid. SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently
used to simulate the evolution of the universe after the Big Bang, the formation
of stars, and the processes of planet building.

41.

A big rise in state schools rated among the best institutions in the country is
revealed in the latest edition of the Good Schools Guide. Middle-class parents
facing financial pressures in the downturn are increasingly looking beyond the
private sector to educate their children. The 23 year-old Good Schools Guide — a
popular reference book for fee-paying families set on the best private school —
has increased the number of state schools in this year's edition to 251 , pushing
the figure to more than a quarter of its 1 ,000 entries for the first time,
explaining why the guide has more than doubled the number of schools it
features outside the private sector in only five years, Sue Fieldman, regional
editor, told the Financial Times: "The parents we speak to want more
information on the state sector and the best it has to offer.

42.

Bees need two different kinds of food. One is honey made from nectar, which
actually is a fluid that is collected in the heart of the flowers to encourage
pollination by insects and other animals. Secondly, come from pollen, it is fine
powdery substance in yellow, consisting of microscopic grains discharged from
the male part of a flower or from a male cone. It contains a male gamete that
can fertilize the female ovule, which is transferred by wind, insects or other
animals. Most bees get together on flowers just for pollen or nectar. Whenever
she sucks the nectar from the flower, it is stored in her body part which is
called a honey stomach. After this, she is ready to be transferred to the honey-
making bee in the hive.

43.

It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of

studying law, because far too many students are tempted to think that they can
succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability, without
bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people
prefer the more or less instant gratification which comes from watching
television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more laborious process of
reading the novel itself. Those who prefer watching television to reading the
book are less likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a taste
for text-based materials.
44.

Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to.
When you are stressed, your body responds as through you are in danger. It
makes hormones that speed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give
you a burst of energy. This is called the fight-or-flight stress response. Some
stress is normal and even useful. Stress can help if you need to work hard or
react quickly. For example, it can help you win a race or finish an important
job on time. But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad
effects. It can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back pain, and trouble
sleeping. It can weaken your immune system, making it harder fight off
disease.

45.

None of the books in my father’s dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while
I was growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. Most were massive
tomes—a comprehensive history of civilization, matching volumes of the great
works of western literature, numerous others I can no longer recall—that
seemed almost fused to shelves that bowed slightly from decades of steadfast
support. But way up on the highest shelf was a thin little text that, every now
and then, would catch my eye because it seemed so out of place, like Gulliver
among the Brobdingnagians. In hindsight, I’m not quite sure why I waited so
long before taking a look.

46.

Digital media and the internet have made the sharing of texts, music and images
easier than ever, and the enforcement of copyright restriction harder. This
situation has encouraged the growth of IP law, and prompted increased
industrial concentration on extending and 'policing' IP protection, while also
leading to the growth of an 'open access', or 'creative commons' movement
which challenges such control of knowledge and creativity.

47.

Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may
sometimes run off farmland and enter surface water bodies such as lakes and
streams. If a surface water body that is used as a drinking water supply
receives excess amounts of these herbicides, then the municipal water
treatment plant must filter them out in order for the water to be safe to drink.
This added filtration process can be expensive. Farmers can help control excess
herbicides in runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with soil more readily, are
less toxic, or degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best tillage
practice can help minimize herbicide pollution.

48.

While it’s no wonder that dogs are popular as man’s best friends, little is known
about the origins of this friendship. It is presumed that dogs were one of the
first animals to be domesticated by humans. One notable effect of this long
relationship with humans is that unlike other canine species, dogs can flourish
on a carbohydrate-rich diet. Historically, dogs have been helping us in many
ways, but recently they are also assisting people with disabilities and aiding in
therapy. Patients who were administered dog therapy demonstrated decreased
stress, increased happiness, and improved energy levels.

49.

Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of maths has led historians to false
conclusions about the mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's
final observation-that ancient Greece enjoys unrivalled progress in the subject
while failing to teach it at school-leads to a radical punchline; mathematics
could be better learnt after we leave school.

50.

The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility.

Since some people don't contribute and many are irresponsible, the choice of
those who do contribute and are responsible is either to tolerate the free riders,
refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility or trust the state to
educate them.

Hence the government campaigns against smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas
guzzling - the first two solidly in place, the other two ramping up. But the British
state now goes further: it acts in favor of sexual and racial minorities. In the
case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal
disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as a whole
observes the new order.
Reorder Paragraph:
1. Historical:

(A) Now under liberated economy, they are learning to compete domestically
and globally.
(B) In India, corporations, until recently achieved success by avoiding
competition, using protected and regulated domestic markets.
(C) The trend is irreversible.
(D) Business leaders are preparing themselves to meet competitive challenges
and to avoid being swept away.

Answer: BADC

2. Teenager accidents:

(A) The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
(B) The same problem would arise if two travellers journeyed in opposite
directions to a point on the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
(C) International date line, imaginary line on the earth's surface, generally
longitude, where, by international agreement, travellers change dates
(D) The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveller crossing the
date line change his date, thus bringing the travellers into agreement when they
meet.
(E) For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr
would elapse as it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those
in the airplane while it would be one day later for those on the ground below
them.

Answer: CAEBD

3. Scientist’s data:

(A) In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find "something

wrong", such as systematic effects, with data which do not support the
scientist's expectations, while data which do agree with those expectations may
not be checked as carefully.
(B) Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is
correct or incorrect.
(C) Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support
the hypothesis.
(D) Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the
hypothesis is true (or false), or feels internal or external pressure to get a
specific result.
(E) The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way.

Answer: CBDAE
4. Example:

(A) But we cannot deny the advantages of technology, for example phones have
brought the world closer.
(B) Technology has both advantages and disadvantages.
(C) For example, phones are known to cause problems due to radiation.
(D) I think it all boils down to how we use a particular technology.
(E) Some people also make phone calls while driving, which cause incidents

Answer: BCEAD

5. Port Macquarie teenage driver:

(A) Worms are never going to get a strong "cute response", and they won't ever
be the face of a conservation campaign.
(B) But what Darwin rightly recognized is that - panda fans avert your eyes -
worm conservation is much more important once we factor in their provision of
what we now call "ecosystem services ", which are crucial to human survival.
(C) Not all wildlife is created equal in our eyes.
(D) Take the earthworm, which doesn't have the widespread appeal of larger,
more charismatic animals such as gorillas, tigers or Pandas.

Answer CDAB

6. Regarding dad's experience:

(A) Its proponents admit, however, that sociological explanations involve some
form of intellection which is universalistic, call it ‘sociological apperception’,
‘empathy’, or ‘sociological imagination’, but simultaneously they also hold that
explanation of specific forms of change in the cultural context of a nation
requires delineation of conceptual categories applicable only to that particular
culture.
(B) The ideological orientation, however, is not only confined to the formulation
of the goals of social change, but also extends to the specific form the
sociological categories should have to analyzechange.
(c) This particularism of some Indian sociologists introduces yet another
ideological element in the analysis of change.
(D) To achieve this goal is a case for the development of a particularistic or
typical Indian sociology is made.
(E) Hence, they claim there should be an Indian sociology distinct from sociology
in the West or in other parts of the world.

Answer: BDAEC
7. both easy:

(A) During summers, trees adjacent to the wetlands drop fruit into the water.
(B) The largest fruit-eating fish are primarily responsible for seed distribution
and the growth of wetland habitat.
(C) Most plant species in tropical forests are dispersed in this way.
(D) The greatest propagators of seeds are the large fishes which swallow these
fruits which then pass through their excreta. •
(E) Freshwater fishes eat hundreds of plant species.

Answer: EBADC

8. One is arceler-mittal:

(A) First, Shareholder activism is increasing in a continent where recently it was

depressingly rare.
(B) It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by
biggest single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first
business in Indonesia.
(C) Second, and most important, the Arcelor -Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's
deepening integration into the global economy.
(D) The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally
listened to shareholders who wanted board to accept Mittal's third offer. The
story tells us two things about European business and both positive.

Answer BDAC

9. Selhi airport arrival but dust everywhere:

(A) Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously
inspected by watchdog groups.
(B) Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than
it was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
(C) Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing
their bad practices.
(D) But beginning the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.

Answer: DCAB

10. England's universities:

(A) Our Applied Computer Science major is all about giving you the skills to
solve computer related problems.
(B) With the rapid advances in technology and new applications being developed
constantly, it is hard to say what those problems will be.
(C) One thing is for sure, though, it is going to be exciting finding out.
(D) Why Applied Computer Science?

Answer: DABC

11. Wagon rails:

(A) Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as
1550.
(B) The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this
was an important design that carried over to later locomotives.
(C) By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.
(D) In 1789, Englishman, William jessup designed the first wagons with flanged
wheels.
(E) These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-
drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads.
Wagonways were the beginnings of modern railroads.

Answer: CDABE

12. Human worship Gods:

(A) This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
(B) My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are
spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that homo sapiens is also
homo religious.
(C) These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to
have been anessential component of the human experience of this beautiful
world.
(D) Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became
recognizably human; they created religions at the same time as they created
works of art.
Answer: BDAC

13. Heart attack:

(A) In the urban areas, 75 percent of individuals who have taken the test have
a heart age that is at least one year older than their real age.
(B) A campaign has been launched to help people find out their ‘heart age’.
(C) The free online heart age test asks people some basic lifestyle questions,
including blood pressure, and will give an instant estimation of someone’s heart
age.
(D) Those who have a heart age higher than their real age are at an increased
risk of heart attack or stroke.
(E) Ministry of Health has created an online test in an effort to reduce the
number of deaths from heart disease or stroke.

Answer: BECAD
14. Solar energy:

(A) The technology – a type of battery known as a flow battery has long been
considered as a likely candidate for storing intermittent renewable energy.
(B) A new combination of materials developed by Stanford researchers may aid
in developing a rechargeable battery able to store the large amounts of
renewable power created through wind or solar sources.
(C)With further development, the new technology could deliver energy to the
electric grid quickly. Cost effectively and at normal ambient temperatures.
(D) However, until now the kinds of liquids that could produce the electrical
current have either been limited by the amount of energy they could deliver or
have required extremely high temperatures used very toxic or expensive
chemicals.
Answer: BCAD

15. Sepahua (SEPAHUA IN PERU):

(A). In 2001, the government egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to

regulate logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is
allowed. It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
(B). Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with
the right to log 5% of the area each year.
(C). SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru’s Amazon jungle, nestles
in a pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into the
Urubamba.
(D). The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable
extraction.
(E). That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched
between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the
town.
Answer: CEABD
16. Human worship Gods:

(A) My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are
spiritual animals. 'Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also
Homo religious.
(B) This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
(C) These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to
have been an essential component of the human experience of this beautiful yet
terrifying world.
(D) Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became
recognizably human; they created religions at the same time as they created
works of art.

Answer: ADBC
17. Drop ship landed in Alaska:

(A) Four of the species ate plants, and four others, called theropods, preyed on
the plant eaters and other creatures.
(B) All eight date to the Cretaceous period which lasted from 145 million to 60
million years ago.
(C) No one has yet excavated a complete dinosaur skeleton from this site near
Colville River or anywhere else in Alaska.
(D)Most come from just the period lasting from 75 million to 70 million years
ago, some five million years before the famous mass demise of the planet`s
dinosaurs.
(E) Nevertheless, paleontologists have been able to identify from partial
skeletons, isolated bones, teeth and fossil footprints, eight types of dinosaurs
that lived as contemporaries in the far north
Answer: CEBDA

18. Memory and habits:

(A) Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains
where habits are stored has nothing to do with memory or reason.
(B)Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day
he didn't have the foggiest idea.
(C) In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that
wiped out his memory.
(D) Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the
kitchen to get something to eat.
(E) It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more
than a century ago — that humans "are mere walking bundles of habits".

Answer: CBDAE

19. Research on student Larson one:

(A) They may choose a university because of its interesting courses or perhaps
because they like the country and its language.
(B) Whatever the reason, thousands of :41111 s -L111114) each year make
their dream of a university education come true.
(C) They don't all have the same reasons for going or for choosing a particular
place to study.
(D) Some students go overseas because they love traveling.
(E) All over the world students are changing countries for their university
studies.
Answer: ECADB
20. Veg diet:

(A) Nutritious vegan diets are popular among the vegetarian are typically high in
fibre, low in saturated fat, full of vitamins and minerals, rich in healthy plant
protein, and completely free of cholesterol.
(B) They also like to eat peanut butter on graham crackers or celery sticks top
with raisins.
(C) School’s administration is able to implement an all-vegetarian menu with the
support of the Coalition for Healthy School Food.
(D) Vegetarians have lower rates of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity
than meat-eaters do because of this approach, and studies indicate that the
earlier children in primary level are started on a healthy diet, the better off they
will be later in life.

Answer: ABCD

21. Carbon detox:

(A) In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people
are not persuaded by information.
(B) Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix.
(C) Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to
listen to those which offer us some reward.
(D) He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should
show where the rewards might lie.
(E) We should emphasise the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a
crisis, of resourcefulness and community action.

Answer ABCDE

22. Science technology example mobile phone:

(A) But we cannot deny the benefits of MEM and technology.

(B) Technology has drawbacks but also benefits.
(C) For example, mobile phone.
(D) Someone driving a car and calling, causing an accident or hazard.

ANSWER: BCDA

23. Foreign:

(A) At the beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
(B)Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing
their bad practices.
(C) Although the system is far from perfect. it is certainly more transparent than
it was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
(D) Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously
inspected by watchdog groups.

Answer: ABDC

24. Historical records:

(A) Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help if they
exist.
(B) But even prehistoric sites contain records written in nature's hand.
(C) The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date
recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely.
(D) For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, to of a site, they
cooden artefacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in
some areas of the world, span several thousand years.
(E) However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site, they
can often go beyond simple stratigraphy.

Answer: ABCDE

25. Eating veg:

(A) With the industrial development, steel railway was invented in the year
1985, which then replaced wood railways.
(B) Later on, someone invented a new wagon.
(C) Railway can save time and money.
(D) Railway is a good invention, but there is only wood railway on the beginning.

Answer DCBA

26. Technology:

(A) The date of his baptism is unknown.

(B) Stephen I, also known as King Saint Stephen, was the last Grand Prince of
the Hungarians between 997 and 1000 or 1001, and the first King of Hungary
from 1000 or 1001 until his death in 1038.
(C) At his birth, he was given the pagan name Vajk.
(D) The year of his birth is uncertain, but many details of his life suggest that he
was born in or after 975 in Esztergom.
(E) He was the only son of Grand Prince Gaza and his wife, Sarolt, who was
descended from the prominent family of the gyulas.

Answer: BDCAE
27. Great progress in aviation:

(A) Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and
1930s, such as Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles
Kingsford Smith's transpacific flight the following year.
(B) One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3,
which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers
exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service.
(C) By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports,
and there were numerous qualified pilots available.
(D) The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft
and the first liquid-fuelled rockets.

Answer: ABCD

28. Earthquake:

(A) But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the
great fire that followed.
(B) The fire lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines and, in
some cases, was helped along by people hoping to collect insurance for their
property they were covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage.
(C) At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906 the people of San Francisco were awakened by
an earthquake that would devastate the city.
(D) The main temblor having a 7.7-7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and
was the result of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the mile San
Andreas fault.

Answer: CDAB

29. While science is dishonest:

(A) Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to

negotiate.
(B) It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of
Timbuktu, the ancient city on the Niger River.
(C) The "Festival in The Desert" is a celebration of the musical heritage of the
TouaregS, a fiercely independent nomadic people.
(D) The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day
feast of music and dance.

Answer: CBAD
30.

(A) This very insatiability of the photographing eye changes the terms of
confinement in the cave, our world.
(B) Humankind lingers unregenerately in Plato’s cave, still revelling, its age-old
habit, in mere images of truth.
(C) But being educated by photographs is not like being educated by older
images drawn by hand; for one thing, there are a great many more images
around, claiming our attention.
(D) The inventory started in 1939 and since then just about everything has been
photographed, or so it seems.
(E) In teaching us a new visual code, photographs alter and enlarge our notions
of what is worth looking at and what we have a right to observe.

Answer: BCDAE
Listening: Fill in the blanks:
1.

Land reclamation has been carried out along the coast of Tokyo Bay since the
Meiji period. Areas along the shore with a depth of less than 5 metres are
simplest to carry out landfill, and sand from the floor of Tokyo Bay is used for
these projects. The topography of the shoreline of Tokyo Bay differs greatly
from that of the pre-modern period due to ongoing land reclamation projects.
Tokyo Bay includes about 249 square kilometres of reclaimed land area in
2012. Aggregate household waste production is enormous in Greater Tokyo,
there is little room for traditional garbage disposal sites; waste is rigorously
sorted at the household, much of it is turned into ash and further recycled into
bay landfill.

2.

If you are carrying out building work personally, it is very important that you
understand how the building regulatory system and material applies to your
situation as you are responsible for making sure that the work complies with
the building regulations. If you are employing a builder, the responsibility will
usually be theirs – but you should confirm this at the very beginning. You should
also bear in mind that if you are the owner of the building, it is ultimately you
who may be served with an enforcement notice if the work does not comply
with the regulations. Some kinds of building projects are exempt from the
regulations, however generally if you are planning to carry out 'building work' as
defined in regulation 3 of the building regulations, then it must comply with the
building regulations.

3.

All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release
painful knots OF muscle known as "trigger points". 'Trigger points are tense
areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting," says Kipper. "The
contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious
circle. This is what deep tissue massage aims to break." The way to do this, as I
found out under Ogedengbe elbow, is to apply pressure TO the point, stopping
the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the affected
area WITH blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says
Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle INTO relaxing by applying pressure to a
complementary one nearby.

4.

Capital, resources, extensive and successful risk-based management are

common denominators among successful entrepreneurs such as Howard
Schultz and Donald Trump. These things, however, can be best equated and
explained by Peter F. Drucker’s famous quote: “Whenever you see a successful
business, someone once made a courageous decision”. Their businesses
started by another common factor – a right amount of courage used at the right
time, a pint of courage to return a million-dollar profits.

5.

The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1,
Kimball (Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs
as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than
hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains
three paths that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities,
investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-
based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a
structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital
photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas but
does not recognize students as design innovators The assessment sheet
includes holistic impressions as well as details about "having, growing, and
proving" ideas. colloquial Judgments are evident in terms such as "WOW" and
"yawn" and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term, "spikiness",
which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging.
In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity
control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just the
generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as "technical “and
"aesthetic" pertaining to users. are too narrow and ill-defined. The author
provides examplesof the project, its features and structures. notes and
judgments, and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages,
in the Appendix.

6.

Milk production (i.e., lactation) is a major component of reproduction in

mammals. In contrast to all other animals, mammals-including connections
mammals, such as the duckbill platypus and the spiny anteater-nourish their
molecules with a liquid that is secreted by specialized glands. Milk production
and energy are complex, multistage processes that are controlled by several
hormones, the most important of which are matter and oxytocin.

7.

The task of clearing section 1 was made possible with NORTHRAIL’s close
coordination with other government agencies such as National Authority,
Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council, Presidential
Commission for the Urban Poor, Commission on Human Rights, Department
of Budget and Management, Office of the Government Corporate Counsel,
Department of Justice, Bases Conversion and Development Authority,
Development of Transportation and Communications, Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board, Bureau of Internal Revenue, Commission on Audit,
Department of Finance and National Economic and Development Authority
(NEDA).
8.
Learning to write well in college means learning (or re-learning) how to write
clearly and plainly. Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style,
or that you should become a slave to spare unadorned writing. Formality and
ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can take us on
a dizzying, breath-taking journey. But most students, most of the time should
strive to be sensibly simple to develop a baseline style of short words, active
verbs and relatively simple sentence conveying clear actions or identities. It's
faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy
reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you pay more attention on your
moments of rhetorical flourish which do not advise abandoning altogether.

9.

Secure financial messaging services provider SWIFT said today that it has
expanded the GPI Tracker system to help banks track their
global transactions at all times, keeping full vigil on the payments activity.
Extension of its GPI Tracker will cover all payment instructions sent across the
network, SWIFT said in a statement. The introduction of the unique end-to-end
transaction reference in all payment instructions will be effected through
the mandatory annual standards update in November 2018.SWIFT GPI
improves customer experience by increasing speed, transparency
and automatically provides status updates to all GPI banks involved in any GPI
payment chain, it said.

10.

Early adolescence is considered a tumultuous developmental period due to the

psychological, social, and physical changes that adolescents experience as they
go through puberty and increase independent living skills. The transition to
high school requires them to interact with a new and larger peer group and
manage greater academic expectations. For students enrolled in rigorous
academic programs, such as the International Baccalaureate High School
Diploma Program, the amount of stress perceived durings adolescence may be
even greater compared to that of students enrolled in general education
programs.

11.

In every recession marketer find themselves in poorly charted waters because

no two downturns are exactly alike. However, in studying the marketing
successes and failures of dozens of companies as they’ve navigated recessions
from the 1970s onward, we’ve identified patterns in consumers’ behaviour and
firms’ strategies that either propel or undermine performance. Companies need

to understand the evolving consumption patterns and fine-tune their strategies

accordingly. During recessions, of course, consumers set stricter priorities and
reduce their spending. As sales start to drop, businesses typically cut costs,
reduce prices, and postpone new investments. Marketing expenditures in areas
from communications to research are often slashed across the board—but
such indiscriminate cost cutting is a mistake. Although it’s wise to contain
costs, failing to support brands or examine core customers’ changing needs can
jeopardize performance over the long term. Companies that put customer needs
under the microscope, take a scalpel rather than a cleaver to the marketing
budget, and nimbly adjust strategies, tactics, and product offerings in response
to shifting demand are more likely than others to flourish both during and after a
recession.

12.

In 2005, Victoria introduced the offence of ‘defensive homicide’. More recently,

in 2010, Queensland introduced a defence titled ‘killing for preservation in an
abusive domestic relationship’. If successful, these approaches result in a
conviction of defensive homicide and manslaughter respectively. While
defensive homicide has been explored in a number of cases in Victoria; the
Queensland defence has only been considered on a few occasions to date.

13.

Leadership quality surely works fast because of the involvement of employees in

the decision-making process. Employees frequent meetings with the managers
help to solve various problems of organization. Trust plays an important role
between leader and teammates for better results. Leadership is based on
respect for history and the knowledge that true growth builds on existing
strengths. Leaders expect and require innovation from their teams and find
simple ways to perform same work in less period of time.

14.

Radon is a naturally occurring, colourless, odorless, and tasteless radioactive

gas derived from the decay of thorium and uranium, which are common
elements found in rock and soil. Radon gas becomes entrapped in houses and
other buildings by seeping into cracks in foundations or basements or by
entering through sump pumps or other drainage systems. Though most people
have heard of radon, very few test their homes for the radioactive gas. One
study reported that 82% of respondents had heard of radon but only 15% had
tested for radon.

15.

Basic understanding of the concept of qualitative research methodology is

necessary to appreciate the program. Hence, the workshop will start with some
theoretical input sessions so as to help the participants to brush the knowledge
in basic research methods These sessions will be followed by software enabled
practical training with demonstration. Thus both theoretical and practical
sessions will be arranged so that the participants could understand appreciate
and able to meaningfully interpret the output.
16.

One seminal difference in policy remains; the coalition has not matched what is
Labour’s most important innovation promise. That is to bring together
responsibilities for innovation, industry, science and research under one single
federal minister. Innovation responsibilities currently lie within the powerful
Department of Education and Science, and while there is a separate industry
department, it has little influence within Cabinet. This has hampered policy
development and given Australia’s innovation policies a distinctly science and
research bias. It is the scientists rather than the engineers who call the tune in
innovation policy in Canberra, so it’s no surprise our policies are all
about boosting government funded research and later commercializing their
results.

17.

Along the way, we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which
have won and been runner-up in the prestigious United Nations World Habitat
Award: the first time an Australian building has received that international
honor. We rely on older concepts of Australian architecture that are heavily
influenced by the bush. All residents have private verandas which allow them to
socialize outdoors and also creates some “defensible space” between their
bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural or soft materials and build
beautiful landscaped gardens.

18.

There are plenty of treatment for insomnia. Basic good sleep habits and a
healthy diet is the best remedy to cure many cases of insomnia. First of all, it is
very important to determine what an underlying issue or condition is causing
your insomnia. There are cases of insomnia which is a result of stress,
emotional pressure or physical condition which need other treatment. Sleeping
patterns return to normal when treatment is done. Positive result starts when
people think they are tired and go to bed. Each and everything is related to
timely sleep.

19.

Elbert sanitary limited is a small size sanitary and bath ware manufacturing
company situated in Sydney, Australia. The company has two hundred semi-
skilled labour and ten supervisors. Mr. Luiz Head of Marketing department
control all supervisors and make deals with other companies. Today Mr.
Hasten, one of the supervisor approached Mr. Luiz with the request of leaving
office early due to some urgent personal issues. Mr. Luiz refused his request
because he is not bothered about domestic issues at the cost of official work. Mr.
Luiz advised, he should make alternative methods to deal with his personal
issues.
20.

I was shopping with my father in my hometown, when I heard a weird sound

voice boom from across the aisle,” Mum, come here, there’s a lady my size.”
The mortified mother rushed to the girl who looked about ten; then she turned
to me to apologise. First, I shocked, then smiled and told her,” It’s okay.” Then
I looked at her but she studied me already from head to toe and asked,” Why
are you so little?” I replied, “It’s the way God made me. Some people are little
and some are tall. After few minutes of questioning, she returned to his family.

21.

For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious
figure with regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for
information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and church documents
that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in
this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.

22.

Now that story’s been scotched, as only part of contingency planning. But it was
a symptom of the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out
other remarks from water academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating
that things were really much worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier
this year. So is Adelaide, let alone some whole regions of South Australia, in
serious bother? Considering that the vast amount of its drinking water comes
from the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside the State may not
have quite realized. Is their predicament something we have to face up to as a
nation?

23.

Many different types of bar code scanning machines exist, but they all work on
the same fundamental principles. They all use the intensity of light reflected
from a series of black and white stripes to tell a computer what code it is seeing
White stripes reflect light very well, while black stripes reflect hardly any light at
all. The bar code scanner shines light sequentially across a bar code,
simultaneously detecting and recording the pattern of reflected and non-
reflected light. The scanner then translates this pattern into an electrical signal
that the computer can understand. All scanners must include computer software
to interpret the bar code once it's been entered. This simple principle has
transformed the way we are able to manipulate data and the way in which many
businesses handle recordkeeping.

24.

That brings us to the CEO's second duty: building everyone or more accurately,
building the senior team. All the executives report to the CEO, so it's the CEO's
job to hire, fire, and manage the executive team. From coaching CEOs, I
actually think this is the most important skill of all. Because when a CEO hires
an excellent senior team, that team can keep the company running. When a CEO
hire a poor senior team, the CEO is up spending all of their time trying to do
with the team, and not nearly enough time trying to do with other elements of
their job. The senior team can and often does develop the strategy for the
company, but ultimately it's always the CEO who has the final "go-no-go"
decision on strategy.

25.

We can gain an accurate knowledge of the past only if we know the age of the
different sources being investigated. Without this information, historians and
archaeologists could not be sure of the order in which different areas were
settled, used and abandoned. They would not always be sure if a particular
object was real or forgery.

26.

Having a kid changes everything, from your sleep schedule to the status of that
formerly spare room. The stable of bacteria that live in a woman’s gut is also
transformed when their host becomes pregnant. So finds research in the
journal Cell. The study looked at women in Finland. The women’s microbial
makeup changes dramatically between the first and third trimesters. The array
of microbes in the gut went from looking normal in the first three months of a
pregnancy to resembling what’s found in Patients suffering from metabolic
disease in the last three. But some of the symptoms of that condition—like
weight-gain and slower sugar metabolism— can be beneficial to pregnant
women, supporting energy storage that helps a fetus develop. Other symptoms,
like inflammation, demonstrate that the immune system is functioning
properly as a pregnancy comes to term. Scientists don’t yet fully understand
what brings about the changes in gut bacteria—immune function is a suspect,
but factors like hormonal signals aren’t ruled out. The research suggests that
other changes to the body, like puberty or old age, could also bring about
microbial makeovers.

27.

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between

standardand language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a
transitional point between two eras. Weseem to be leaving an era when the
rules of Standard English. As elected anddefined by prescriptive grammarians,
totally conditioned our sense of acceptable usage. So that all other usagesand
varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and excluded fromserious
consideration. And we seem to be approaching an era when nonstandardusages
and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a newpresence
and respectability within society, reminiscent of that found in MiddleEnglish,
when dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentions. But we
are not there yet. The rise of standard English has resulted in aconfrontation
between the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language has lasted
for over 200 years, and this has had traumatic conesquences Which will take
some years toeliminate Once people have been given an inferiority complex
about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off.

28.

People were so afraid of using federal funds to sponsor the kind of research that
a certain subset of the population would find objectionable, the government
basically advocated all responsibility in research. They b basically said, we are
not going to use federal funds to support any research involving human
embryos and fetuses. So what resulted from that was that IVF still funding, you
know, just sort of the marketplace of the fertility clinic and there was no
regulation. if there had been federal funds for research grants, then there
would have been certain restrictions on federal funding and also would have
been an opportunity for scientists to actually talk to each other, you know. When
people get NIH grants, they often have conferences and they have, you know
some sort of public forum in which they describe some of the things they are
been learning. But this put everything sort of under the radar and back into the
private marketplace, which was not necessarily good for this kind of research.

29.

As we grow spiritually what intrinsically happens is that the darkness of the

five senses, mind and intellect begins to reduce and consequently the Soul (i.e.
the God) within us begins to illuminate Refer to the diagram below. This is also
known as the dissolution of the five senses, mind and intellect. We refer to the
five senses, mind and intellect as darkness or ignorance as they keep us away
from identifying with our true state, i.e. the God within us or the Soul.

30.

Understanding Migration was conceived in response to numerous requests from

educators and curriculum specialists concerning the presentation and
discussion of issues related to human migration in the social studies classroom.
What are the reasons that large groups of people have found themselves moving
from place to place? What effects does this movement have? And most
importantly, how can such a fluid and nebulous concept be presented in a
classroom in an easy-to-follow manner with clear lesson objectives and
outcomes? Regional case studies were chosen to address these, and
other, essential questions. Where possible, we have used primary source
documents to present the information in each case study.
Write form dictation:
1. A number of students have some volunteer jobs.

2. You will need to read chapter one before the management class.

3. The student welfare officer can help with questions about exam
techniques.

4. Please return the reference book to the correct position on the shelf.

5. Teaching assistant will receive a monthly stipend for housing.

6. People with active lifestyles are less likely to die early or have major
illnesses.

7. Native discourse continues to be predominant in discussion of gender.

8. Art students often display/exhibit their works on the university buildings.

9. Before submitting your assignment, your advisor should approve it.

10. University department should carefully monitor articles and other

publications by the faculty

11. Carefully rub contact lenses with your fingers for a thorough cleanse.

12. The article reflects/refers to/extrapolates a number of very interesting

experiments.

13. In the last few weeks, we've been looking at various aspects of the social
history london.

14. This advanced course requires a basic knowledge of economic theory.

15. Remember review all sources before drawing any conclusions.

16. It is important to allocate your time wisely when revising.

17. Our study program equips students withessential skills for university.

18. Final year business student have to write a five-thousand-word essay on

market trends.

19. The plight of wildlife has been ignored by developers.

20. An aerial photograph was promptly registered for thorough evaluations.

21. The area photograph was promptly registered for evaluation.

22. While reconciliation is desirable, basic underlying issue must first be

addressed.

23. The campus tour runs daily during summer for perspective students.

24. A balanced diet and regular exercise are necessary for good health.
25. There is no criterion passed for qualified journalists.

26. When workers ask for higher wages, the companies raise its prices.

27. The toughest part of postgraduate education is funding.

28. He is constantly looking for the way bring agriculture and industry
together.

29. Assignments should be submitted to the department before deadline.

30. The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing.

31. The Synopsis contains the most important information.

32. The city’s founder created a set of rules that became to law.

33. Many graduates studying journalism get jobs in the communication field.

34. Control system in manufacturing can increase the accuracy.

35. A party is thrown in the small meeting room.

36. She used to be the editor of the student newspaper.

37. All students have their own style of learning.

38. The course dates are available on the college website.

39. The island is located in the south end of the bay.

40. Some methods for clinical applications have been presented as well.

41. Rivers provide habitats and migration pathways to fish and numerous
aquatic species.

42. Remember, the prestigious selection has strict eligibility criteria.

43. Tribes vied with each other to build up monolithic statues.

44. Tribes worked with each other to build up monolithic statues.

45. Scientific experiments are repeated in order to find results.

46. It is clear that the human population impacts on the environment.

47. submission of assignments due day is mid of Friday.

48. It was hard to anticipate how odd the characters would behave.

49. He wrote poetry and plays as well as scientific newspapers.

40. They were struggling since last year to make their work paid.

51. The teacher asked the group to commence the task.

52. A group meeting will be held tomorrow in the library conference room.
53. Despite protest, the chemistry department was closed down.

54. Elections of president take place once every four years.

55. Experts believe that industry development will help economy.

56. Final year business students have to write a five-thousand-word essay on

market trends.

57. Free campus tour runs daily during summer for prospective students.

58. Heavy rain will fall across the city next week.

59. Mutually exclusive events can be described as either complementary or

opposite.

60. Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among a group of

reputable scientists.

61. Synopsis contains the most important information.

62. The massive accumulation of data was converted to a communicable

argument.

63. This morning’s lecture on economic policy has been cancelled.

64. The railway makes long distance travel possible for everyone.

65. The finding shows that chocolate can improve memory, immunity and
mood.

66. Students have options to live in college residence or apartments.

67. Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among reputable

scientists.

68. journalism students get jobs in communications field.

69. I thought it was thrown in a small meeting room.

70. She used to be the editor of the student newspaper.

71. The course dates are available on the college website.

72. The island is located at Southend of the bay.

73. Undergraduates may pursue specific interests within.

74. A synopsis conveys the narrative arc, an explanation of the problem

or plot, the characters, and how the book or novel ends.

75. The Egg Eating Snake must be one of the nicest snakes we have ever
come across.

76. the state of being globalized especially.

77. These are words often used in combination with parenting

78. A short, standardized nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA.

79. to separate into two or more parts, areas, or groups.

80. Journalism students get jobs in communications field.