International Journal of Civil Engineering

Ultimate axial load and moment interaction diagrams for

prestressed HPC thin-walled short columns
H. Akbarzadeh Bengar1,*, A. A. Maghsoudi2
Received: January 2010, Revised: February 2011,Accepted: June 2012

Abstract

In order to lighten the prestressed concrete solid members, nowadays, it is possible to make use of the advantage of HPC (fc'>60
MPa) as well as replacing the solid section with a PSC thin-walled section for certain members such as circular and box columns.
Using the strength theory of ACI, a numerical procedure along with a computer program was developed for the analysis of such
sections subjected to axial compression or tension load and bending moments. The program solves for all possible variables such
as, concrete compressive strength (fc'= 60-100 MPa), type of prestressed steel, concrete cover, ratio of wall thickness to the section
dimensions and the PS steel arrangements to satisfy the given loading cases, thus leading to an optimal cost solution. However,
since the cross section is thin-walled circular or box and the PS steel is located at discrete points along the periphery of a circle
or rectangle, the equations of equilibrium are complex for hand computations (especially for circular section) but suitable for
computer program. So, by use of MATLAB software the interaction diagrams were also drawn for the analysis of such sections
for all mentioned variables. The use of prestressed thin-walled column diagrams is a safe and easy tool for the analysis of such
columns. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing its results to those of the available
experimental values and is indicate that the proposed method predict very well the capacity of prestressed thin-walled column.

Keywords: Analysis, Prestressed HPC, Thin-walled columns, Interaction diagrams.

1. Introduction amount of stresses and hence one way to reduce the stresses,
is to increase the cross section area of the PS concrete
With the rapid development of concrete technology in recent members, which is not desired. Although, generally the PS
years, higher strength concrete can be produced much more structural concrete weights are lower than conventional RC
easily than before. Since 1980, several investigations on structures, perhaps a better solution can be achieved while
mechanical properties and structural behavior of high strength using the HSC or high performance concrete strength (HPC)
concrete (HSC) have been reported [1-5]. Considering several in PS concrete elements. The research is required to
advantages of HSC, nowadays, this type of concrete is widely understand the effect of concrete strength (i.e., strength more
accepted and is used in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. than what is recommended in current prestressed concrete
Current knowledge of HSC shows that there are definite codes) on PS concrete elements such as columns.
advantages, both technical and economical in using HSC in However, a negative structural effect occurs when using HSC
structures. Greater strength per unit cost and per unit weight, or HPC in the PS columns as will be seen, can become more
increased modules of elasticity and reduced shrinkage and problematical since the vertical stiffness of the columns is
creep are some of these advantages. These factors are more reduced [6-7]. This arises due to the reduced cross-sectional
important when calculating the losses of prestressed (PS) areas which result from the use of HSC, and the functional
concrete forces. relationship between strength and elastic modules. It is possible
Considering PS concrete, the concrete will resist a large to over come this disadvantageous, by increasing the moment of
inertia of the section, when for example using thin-walled
column sections. The well designed thin-walled sections not
* Corresponding Author: h.mazandaran@umz.ac.ir only can resist the applied stresses but is also possible to ignore
1 Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering at University of the buckling effect while the walls thickness are not narrow and
Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at Kerman University, therefore more loads can be applied. However, considering the
Kerman, Iran flexural rigidity, EI, of slender PS concrete column at their

International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2012

ultimate capacity, a new method was proposed for computing since the column cross section of this study are thin-walled
the EI values by shuraim et al [7]. The proposed EI model was circular and box shapes and the PS steel is located at discrete
used with the moment magnification formula to obtain moment points along the periphery of a circle and rectangular, the
versus axial load interaction diagrams for a number of slender equations of equilibrium are complex and no explicit solutions
PS concrete columns. The diagrams were compared with those can be determined. It is therefore necessary to use trial-and-error
obtained from a finite element analysis and with available technique which becomes too lengthy for hand computation, but
experimental test result and good agreement was observed. which can be efficiently solved using a computer.
Comparison with current code formulations, ACI committee The analysis of PS thin-walled sections especially circular
318-1995 and PCI recommendations are made, and they columns is quiet tedious while compare either to the PS or RC
proposed a new procedure [8] and [9]. solid columns, it is mainly because the time assumed to
Wiggins developed an approximate procedure for the determine the properties and neutral axis of the sections.
design of cast-in-place reinforced concrete piers (for Imagine the work involved in a design situation where various
transmission tower foundations) subjected to bending and axial sizes, shape of cross-section, concrete strength, steel
compression/tension [10]. He substituted circular cross sections percentages and wall thickness need to be considered. Hence,
with equivalent rectangular sections. The results obtained by his the simple and easy method of using interaction diagrams to
procedure are highly conservative and approximate. Moreadith analysis of RC columns is well established and such diagrams
presented recommendations for the design of reinforced are available for solid reinforced normal concrete columns but
concrete members subjected to combined bending and tension no theoretical and such diagrams were observed for thin-
[11]. Gouwens and Cichy developed a computer program for walled PS concrete circular and box columns made of HPC.
determining the strength and stiffness of round columns [12]. This paper briefly reviews the analysis of PS concrete thin-
They replaced the discrete reinforcing bars by a thin continuous walled circular and box columns with particular emphasis
ring of reinforcement. Hsu developed a computer program to given to the buckling effect made of HPC, a concrete strength
study the three-dimensional strength interaction diagrams and more than 60 MPa. It is reminded that, in available PS concrete
failure surfaces for reinforced concrete members subjected to codes and standards, the permitted range of concrete strength
biaxial bending and tension, and proposed design formulas for is 30-60 MPa, and hence a revise is necessary while using
square and rectangular cross sections [13]. Ehsani and Ross et al HPC in PS concrete.
developed computer programs for the analysis and design of
columns subjected to axial compression and uniaxial/biaxial 2. The prestressed concepts and materials used
bending [14] and [15]. The Precast and Prestressed Concrete
Institute 1999, the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute 1984, Prestressed concrete is defined as: the concrete in which there
and the American Concrete Institute published tables and charts have been introduced internal stresses of such magnitude and
for the analysis and/or design of reinforced concrete solid distribution that the stresses resulting from given external
circular columns under combined bending and axial loadings are counteracted to a desires degree. Different concepts
compression [16] and [17]. Xiao et al investigated the full scale may be applied to explain and analyze the basic behavior of the
experimental studied on high-strength concrete columns [18]. prestressed concrete [28, 29]. However, the concept-
Gupta et al developed a computer program and a numerical prestressing for combination of high-strength steel and concrete
procedure for analysis/design of RC circular cross section is shown more similarity between prestressed and reinforced
subjected to axial loads and bending moments [19]. Design and concrete. This concept is to consider prestressed concrete as a
behavior of thin-walls in hollow concrete bridge piers and combination on the steel and concrete, similar to RC, whit steel
pylons was studied by Taylore et al [20]. The behavior of thin- taking tension and concrete taking compression so that the two
walled segmentally constructed post-tensioned bridge piers was materials form a resisting couple against the external moment.
reported by Rowell [21]. The behavior of thin-walled concrete As mentioned earlier, to produce, the PS concrete elements, the
box piers were investigated experimentally and analytically and use of high strength steel and concrete is necessary. For the
reported by Taylor et al [22]. The use of partially prestressed purpose of this paper high performance concrete is defined as
reinforced concrete columns to reduce post-earthquake residual concrete with a characteristic compressive strength more than
displacement of bridges was investigated by Mahin et al [23]. 60 MPa. However, such strength is the upper limit of concrete
The partially and fully prestressed concrete sections under strength permitted in the available PS codes. Hence the validity
biaxial bending and axial load were studied by Rodriguez- of PS codes needs to be reviewed for the new definition of HPC.
Gutierrez et al [24]. Lateral load tests on prestressed concrete Considering the advantageous of HPC in PS columns, it is
piles supporting integral abutments was investigated and possible to reduce not only the weight of the structures but also
reported by Burdette et al [25]. The behavior of precast their performance and durability will be increased. Therefore,
prestressed concrete pile to cast-in-place pile-cap connection the stress-strain diagrams for HPC, and tensile prestressed
was reported by Harries et al [26]. Experimental studies on steels which are differ from the normal RC is assumed, and
precast prestressed concrete pile to cast-in-place concrete pile- briefly the analysis of thin-walled circular and box PS high
cap connections was reported by Xiao [27]. performance concrete columns discussed and then based on
Application of basic principles of equilibrium and the latest version of ACI standard a computer program is
compatibility offers the most direct approach for analyzing and generated (see Figures 1 and 2) to analyze such columns
designing reinforced concrete members subjected to an axial shape, and their relative columns interaction diagrams are
force and a bending moment, using strength theory. However, plotted and presented using MATLAB software [30, 31].

264 H. Akbarzadeh Bengar, A. A. Maghsoudi

 Insert Ctu , f c, εsh, εcu, Te, εpy, fpy, εpu, fpu, Ap Insert Ctu , f c, εsh, εcu, Te, εpy, fpy, εpu, fpu, Ap

Calculate εpe Calculate εpe

λ=0 λ=0

X=D-λ X=b-λ

Calculate β1 X Calculate Δεi Calculate β1 X Calculate Δεi

Calculate Ac, x based on condition a-e Calculate Ep1 or Ep2 Calculate Ac, xo based on condition a-d Calculate Ep1 or Ep2

λ=λ+ε λ=λ+ε
Calculate Ti Calculate Ti
Calculate Fc Calculate Fc

Calculate Pn, Mn Calculate Pn, Mn

NO NO
If X<0.001 If X<0.001

YES YES
Plot figure Plot figure

Fig. 1. Flow chart for the computer program for interaction diagram Fig. 2. Flow chart for the computer program for interaction diagram
of PS thin-walled circular columns PS thin-walled box columns

2.1. steels prestressing walled columns the assumed bi-linear PS steel stress-strain
diagram shown in Figure 3, was used and the program was
High-tensile steel for prestressing usually takes one of these testified with the worked example given in Nilson, for square
forms: wires, strands or bars. While the ultimate strength of prestressed columns section [32]. For simplicity the worked
high-tensile steel can be easily determined by testing, its elastic example is reproduced here, and the comparison of the results
limit or its yield point can not be so simply ascertained, since it is shown in Table 1. It is clear that, a much closed agreement
has neither a yield point nor a definite proportional limit. The is achieved.
selected steel types used for PS are the three types (i.e., wires,
strands and bars) conform to ASTM Specification A-416.
For the purpose of analyzing and plotting of the PS concrete f
columns interaction diagrams and for every load increments, fpu
the bi-linear steel stress-strain curves shown in Figure 3 was fpy
assumed for all the three types of PS steels.
Where
fpu = ultimate stress in prestressed steel ; fpy = yield tensile
stress in prestressed steel
εpu = ultimate strain in prestressed steel ; εpy = yield tensile
εpy εpu ε
strain in prestressed steel
For analysing and design purpose of prestressed HPC thin- Fig. 3. Prestressed steel stress-strain curves

Table 1. Comparison of worked example and proposed method [32]

    

 

   

'
$# &#$ %$#%

!#

$#" #%$ !"#$$
( 
)  '
$# &$# %$#%

!
#
$#" %#$ !"$#$
( )
  '
&#%% #"% %#

!#

$#" #%$ !"#$$
 '
&%#% "#% %#

!
#
$#" %#$ !"$#$
$#

#%"
#$&
#
# !#"% #
* ( 
$
#
%#"
$#&
#
# !"#% #
# 
)
  #!"
#$
#$!
#
# !#"% #
(#
 !#"
#$
$#!
#
# !"#% #

X is the neutral axis depth Ep= 2.03×106 kg/cm2, (2.03×105 N/mm2)

b=300 mm fpe= 10500 kg/cm2, (1050 N/mm2)
prestressed steel= 8 cable 3/8 in., (9.53 mm) epe= 0.0052
fpu=17500 kg/cm2, (1750 N/mm2) f'c= 420 kg/cm2, (42 N/mm2)

International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2012 265
2.2. Applied assumption in computer program To analysis the members, an equivalent rectangular stress
block coefficients proposed by ACI code was used for
Based on the equilibrium of forces, strains compatibility and compression zone (Figures 4-b and 5-b).
strength reduction coefficients using equivalent rectangular
stress block ACI for different variables such as, concrete a=0.85 (1)
compressive strength (fc'= 60-100 MPa), type of prestressed
steel, concrete cover, ratio of wall thickness to the section b1=1.09-0.008 fc' MPa 0.65≤b1≤0.85 (2)
dimensions and the PS steel arrangements, a computer
program was developed that can analyse a PS thin-walled K3 =0.6+10 / fc' MPa K3≤0.85 (3)
circular and box concrete cross section subjected to axial
compression/tension combined with a moment. The columns Where, factor K3 is used to consider the different between the
interaction diagrams are also plotted by the MATLAB column actual concrete compressive strength and the standard
software for the analysis of prestressed HPC thin-walled cylinder strength.
circular and box columns (see Figure 1 and 2). The analysis is
based on the following assumptions: 3. Analysis of prestressed hpc thin-walled section
1. The relationship between concrete compressive stress
distribution and concrete strain is assumed to be rectangular, It is seldom that a prestressed concrete member is utilized to
with the equivalent rectangular stress block satisfying the stand compression and is prestressed for compression’s sake.
requirements of ACI for HSC. Evidently, concrete can carry compressive load better without
2. Tensile strength of concrete is negligible. being precompressed by steel. And it is difficult to conceive of
3. Strain in PS steel and concrete is assumed directly steel wires as addiding any appreciable strength to a member
proportional to the distance from neutral axis. carrying axial compression. In other words, some compression
4. Maximum strain in extreme concrete compression fiber for members like most of the structural columns are actually
HSC is 0.003 [33]. flexural members, and all the advantageous of prestressing a
5. The bi-linear stress-strain curve for PS steel is assumed. beam would apply to the prestressing of those members.
6. The amount of jacking force is the minimum values For analyses purpose, assuming that, cross section shape and
(0.94fpy, 0.85fpu) suggested by the ACI-05. PS steel arrangements are symmetry, the strain in the section
7. Total prestressed losses to reach the effective prestresseing due to effective prestressed force can be obtained which has a
during the service state assumed to be 20%. uniform strain distribution (Figure 4 and 5-b) by;
The procedure can be employed with any grade of concrete
Te
strength (fc'= 60-100 MPa), or any three PS steel type. Thus, ε ce = + ε sh + ε cc (4)
Ec Ag
the solution obtained is exact enough, for the assumptions
made. However, it is reminded that an exact calculation for Te (5)
ε cc = Ctu
finding the prestressed losses is not possible as this can be only Ec
estimated [28, 32]. Where, Te is the effective PS force at service, EC is concrete

a) Cross section b) Strain distribution and stress block c) Force distribution

Fig. 4. Thin-walled circular sections

a) Cross section b) Strain distribution and stress block c) Force distribution

Fig. 5. Thin-walled box sections

266 H. Akbarzadeh Bengar, A. A. Maghsoudi

modulus of elasticity ( E c = 3320 f c′ + 6900 M Pa ), Ag is gross P0=Fc+Ti (9)
cross sectional area of column, εsh is the concrete shrinkage strain or
(for HPC a typical value of 500G10-6 can be assumed), εcc is the P0=K3fc'(Ag -Ap) + ApEpl (εpe -0.003+εce) (10)
concrete creep strain, and Ctu is the ultimate creep coefficient [30].
The effective prestressed steel strain is given by; Where, Ap and Ag are total PS steel area and the gross cross
f pe sectional area of column respectively.
Te
ε pe = = (6)
Ep Ap E p 3.1.1 Thin-walled circular column
Where, Ep is the modulus of elasticity of PS steel and AP is
area of PS steel. The different positions of x̄ in PS circular thin-walled HPC
An arbitrary value for neutral axis depth, X, can be selected column of points A to B in Figure 6, are shown in Figure 7.
(theoretically for pure compression load, it can be reached infinity Thus, using the equivalent rectangular stress block, the values
however, for calculating purpose, the maximum value of depth of of compressive concrete area , Ac and the resultant concrete
concrete compression stress block, a, is assumed to be same as the compressive force, Fc are given as;
external circular column diameter, D or section height of box, b),
and then the strain variation for each PS steel row (Api) while the a) If b1x ≤ t (Figure 7-a):
member is loaded towards ultimate is obtained by;
Ac=D2 (q - sinq cosq ) /4 (11)
X − di
Δε i = ε ce − ε cu (7)
X D sin 3 θ (12)
x=
Now, based on net strain, it is possible to compute the tensile 3(θ − sin θ cos θ )
force in each PS steel row;
2 β1 x
θ = Arc cos(1 − ) (13)
Ti = A pi f pi = Api ( E p1 or E p 2 )ε spi = A pi ( E p1 or E p 2 )(ε pe + Δε i ) (8) D
b) If t < b1x ≤ D / 2 (Figure 7-b):
A negative and positive sign convention is used for
D2 ( D − 2t ) 2
compression/tension force respectively. The PS steel rows are Ac = (θ1 − sin θ1 cos θ1 ) − (θ 2 − sin θ 2 cos θ 2 ) (14)
4 4
numbered from bottom to top of section (i.e., row 1 is for the
farthest distance of extreme concrete compressive fiber
(Figures 4 and 5)). D 3 sin 3 θ1 − ( D − 2t ) 3 sin 3 θ 2 (15)
x=
Where, X is the neutral axis depth from the extreme concrete 3[ D (θ1 − sin θ1 cos θ1 ) − ( D − 2t ) 2 (θ 2 − sin θ 2 cosθ 2 )]
2

compressive fiber, εspi is the PS steel strain in ith row, and di is

the ith distance of PS steel row from the extreme concrete 2 β1 x (16)
θ1 = Arc cos(1 − )
compressive fiber. D
To draw thin-walled circular and box columns interaction D / 2 − β1 x (17)
θ 2 = Arc cos( )
diagrams for failure cases shown in Figure 6, a value of X D/2 − t
equal to the column circular diameter or section height for box
is assumed and in each step the value of neutral axis depth is
decreased until it is become to zero.

3.1 Solution method

The following equations are based on the equilibrium of

forces and compatibility of strains. The pure (obsolete) axial
load strength of PS cross section Po is equal to the sum of
compression strength of concrete Fc and the axial load strength
of PS steel Ti. Thus, the pure compression column capacity at
point A, in Figure 6 can be calculated as; Fig. 6. A typical column interaction diagrams indicating the
failure types

a b c d
-
Fig. 7. Different positions of x in PS thin-walled circular column

International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2012 267
c) If D / 2 < b1 x ≤ D - t (Figure 7-c): Ac =2ah+2bh-4h2 (33)

D2 ( D − 2t ) 2 (18) x0=b /2 (34)

Ac = (θ1 − sin θ1 cosθ1 ) − (θ 2 − sin θ 2 cos θ 2 )
4 4

Considering the equilibrium of effective PS forces about the

D 3 sin 3 θ1 − ( D − 2t ) 3 sin 3 θ 2
x= (19) centroidal area of the section, it is possible to calculate the
3[D (θ1 − sin θ1 cosθ1 ) − ( D − 2t ) 2 (θ 2 − sin θ 2 coθ 2 )]
2
nominal axial load (Pn) as;
2β1 x
θ1 = π / 2 + Arc sin( − 1) (20) Fc=a.fc' Ac (35)
D
n
β1 x −
D p n = Fc − ∑ Ti (36)
θ 2 = π / 2 + Arc sin( 2) (21) i =1
D
−t Similarly, the nominal flexural moment Mn is equal to the
2
sum of the nominal flexural moment due to concrete Mc and
d) If D - t < b1 x ≤ D (Figure 7-d): the nominal flexural moment due to PS steel Mps.
D2 π ( D − 2t ) 2
Ac = (θ − sin θ cosθ ) − (22) Mn = Mc + Mps (37)
4 4

D 3 sin 3 θ
For circular thin-walled column:
x= (23) n
3[ D (θ − sin θ cosθ ) − π ( D − 2t ) ]
2 2
M n = Fc x + ∑T s i ( D / 2 − d i ) (38)
i =1
 


 8     
 (24) For box thin-walled column:


n
b
e) If D <b1 x M n = Fc ( − x 0 ) + ∑T s i ( b / 2 − d i ) (39)
2 i =1

Ac=p (tD - t2 ) (25)

4. Interaction diagrams for anlyzing the prestressed
x̄=0 (26) hpc thin-walled circuiar and box coulmns

3.1.2 Thin walled box column Based on the above mentioned equations and variables, a
computer program was developed for drawing interaction
The different positions of ` x in PS box thin-walled HPC diagrams by MATLAB software for analyzing prestressed HPC
column of points A to B in Figure 6, are shown in Figure 5. thin-walled circular and box columns. Figure 1 and 2 show
Thus, using the equivalent rectangular stress block, the values flow chart of a computer program for this purpose. Some
of compressive concrete area , Ac and the resultant concrete typical interaction diagrams of both sections are shown in
compressive force, Fc are given as; Figures 8-10 and 11-13 respectively. In Table 2 and 3 for
different type of PS steels, the maximum allowable PS steel
a) If b1x ≤ h: amount, so that the column section is not located in the tensile
zone of the interaction curves, and the maximum resisting force
Ac=ab1x (27) and moment (for ρ=  1%) are given. As an example, if the used
steel amount in column section is more than allowable amount,

 8  4 (28) the column design is controlled by tension zone.
For instance, if a circular HPC column section includes 8
a: section width stranded cables of type Grade 270 with diameter of 15.24 mm,
fc'=70 MPa, g=0.8 and t/D=0.2, the maximum allowable PS
b) If h≤b1x≤b- h: steel amount which can be used is 4%. Also for this column
with maximum allowable PS steel amount of 4%; the
Ac=ah + 2hb1x-2h2 (29) maximum axial load and bending moment are 17.28, 3.19 MPa
respectively (to coincide with the RC interaction diagrams the
a ( β 1 x) 2 − (a − 2h)(β 1 x − h)(h + β 1 x)
x0 = (30) vertical and horizontal axis of PS interaction diagrams are
2(( β 1 xa ) − (a − 2h)( β 1 x − h )) drawn in terms of stress).
c) If b-h≤b1x≤b :
5. Comparison with test result
   
  7    (31)
To testify the proposed method, available experimental data

  
       on prestressed thin-walled column is selected. The test
4 (32) specimen was contracted at the large scale structures
 
       laboratory at the University of Nevada, Reno [34]. The details

268 H. Akbarzadeh Bengar, A. A. Maghsoudi

 27.5
25
ρ= 0.01 t/D=0.2 25 ρ= 0.01 t/D=0.2
22.5
f ′ c =70 Mpa f ′ c =70 Mpa
22.5
20 No.=8 No.=8
e/D=0.1 20 e/D=0.1
17.5 WAφ 4.8&
& 4.98 Grade145
Φ 15.88

Pn /D (MPa)
γ =0.8 17.5
Pn/D (Mpa)

15
γ =0.8 e/D=0.2
e/D=0.2 15
12.5
2

2
12.5
10
10
7.5
ρ= 0.04
7.5
5
5
2.5
1
2.5
ρ= 0.07 1
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 0
Mn/D (Mpa)
3 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4
3
M n /D (MPa)

27.5
27.5
25 t/D=0.2
ρ= 0.01 f ′ c =70 Mpa
25 ρ= 0.01 t/D=0.2
22.5
22.5 f ′ c =70 Mpa
No.=8
20 e/D=0.1 No.=8
BAφ 4.98&6.35 20
17.5 ρ= 0.02 e/D=0.1 Grade160
Pn/D (Mpa)

γ =0.8

Pn /D (Mpa)
17.5 Φ 15.88
15
e/D=0.2 15 γ =0.8
ρ= 0.03
2

12.5 e/D=0.2

2
12.5
10
7.5
ρ= 0.04 10
7.5
5
1 5 ρ= 0.06
2.5
2.5 1
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 0
3 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4
Mn/D (Mpa)
3
M n /D (Mpa)

Fig. 8. Interaction diagrams for analysis of PS thin-walled circular Fig. 10. Interaction diagrams for analysis of PS thin-walled circular
column with rounded wires column with Alloy Steel Bars

27.5
30
ρ= 0.01 h/a=0.2
t/D=0.2 27.5
h/b=0.2
25 f ′ c =70 Mpa 25 e/b=0.1 f ′ c =70 Mpa
22.5 ρ= 0.01 No.=8 22.5 No.=8
Grade250
e/b=0.2 WAφ 4.8&
20 & 4.98
Pn /ab (Mpa)

20
e/D=0.1 Φ 9.53 17.5 γ =0.8
Pn /D (MPa)

17.5 γ =0.8 15
15 12.5
e/D=0.2
2

12.5 10
7.5
ρ= 0.04
10
5
7.5 1
2.5
5 ρ= 0.04 0
2.5 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6

0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 M n /ab2 (Mpa)
3
M n /D (MPa)

25 30
t/D=0.2 h/a=0.2
22.5 ρ= 0.01 f ′ c =70 Mpa 27.5 ρ =0.01 h/b=0.2
No.=8 25 e/b=0.1 f /c =70 Mpa
20
Grade270 22.5 No.=8
17.5 e/D=0.1 Φ 9.53 BAφ4.98&6.35
20
e/b=0.2 γ =0.8
Pn/ab (Mpa)
Pn /D (Mpa)

15 γ =0.8 17.5
e/D=0.2 15
12.5
2

12.5
10
10 ρ =0.04
7.5 7.5

5 5
1
2.5 ρ= 0.04 2.5
1 0
0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 2
M n/ab (Mpa)
3
M n/D (Mpa)

Fig. 9. Interaction diagrams for analysis of PS thin-walled circular Fig. 11. Interaction diagrams for analysis of PS thin-walled box
column with stranded cables column with rounded wires

International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2012 269
 30
h/a=0.2 32.5
27.5 ρ= 0.01 e/b=0.1 h/b=0.2 30
ρ= 0.01 h/a=0.2
f ′ c =70 Mpa h/b=0.2
25 27.5
No.=8 e/b=0.1 f ′ c =70 Mpa
22.5 Grade250 25
Φ 9.53
No.=8
22.5 Grade145
20 γ =0.8
P n/ab (Mpa)

P n /ab (M p a )
e/b=0.2 20 e/b=0.2 Φ 15.88
17.5
17.5 γ =0.8
15
15
12.5 12.5
10 10

7.5 ρ= 0.04 7.5

5 5 ρ= 0.07 1
1 2.5
2.5
0
0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 2
Mn /ab (Mpa)
2
M n/ab (Mpa)
32.5

30
30 ρ= 0.01 h/a=0.2
h/a=0.2 h/b=0.2
27.5
27.5
ρ= 0.01 h/b=0.2 e/b=0.1 f ′ c =70 Mpa
25
25 e/b=0.1 f ′ c =70 Mpa No.=8
22.5 22.5 Grade160
No.=8

P n /a b (M pa)
20 Grade270 20 e/b=0.2 Φ 15.88
Pn /ab(Mpa)

17.5
e/b=0.2 Φ 9.53 17.5 γ=0.8
15
γ =0.8 15
12.5 12.5
10 10
7.5 7.5 ρ= 0.06
5
ρ= 0.04 5 1
2.5 1
2.5
0
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5
2 2
M n /ab (Mpa) M n /ab (Mpa)

Fig. 12. Interaction diagrams for analysis of PS thin-walled box Fig. 13. Interaction diagrams for analysis of PS thin-walled box
column with stranded cables column with Alloy Steel Bars

Table 2. Maximum allowable amount of PS steel (for r =1%) for different PS steel types (thin-walled circular column)

 2
  (+   * +  ) -3 * -3
 -3
*)
      +   ,
1 ,
1
4+ 5
% 56&#"" 7&#!" #" # " &
"#
#

% 56$# #" # " &
"#" #

% 56%#
#" # " &
"#% #

% 86&#!" 7$# #" # " &
"#! #

0 
% 9 $# #" # " &
%#$ #
!
% 9 !# #" # " &
%#$% #
!
9
% #" # " &
%#$% #
!

#&
% 9% !# #" # " &
%#& #
!
9%
% #" # " &
%#" #
!

#&
62 0 8
9
&
% #" # " %
!#$ #
!

#""
9
&
% #" # " %
!#$ #
!
&#!
9
$
% #" # " $
!#& #
!

#""
9
$
% #" # " $
!#& #
!
&#!

270 H. Akbarzadeh Bengar, A. A. Maghsoudi

 Table 3. Maximum allowable amount of PS steel (for r=1%) for different PS steel types (thin-walled box column


 2
  (+   * +  ) -3 * -3
 6
*)
      +   ,
1 ,
1


4+ 5
% 56&#"" 7&#!" #" # " & #& #


% 56$# #" # " & #% #


% 56%#
#" # " & #! #


% 86&#!" 7$# #" # " & #% #


0 
% 9 $# #" # " & #&& #$
% 9 !# #" # " & # #$
9
% #" # " & # #$

#&
% 9% !# #" # " & 
#!$ #$
9%
% #" # " & # #$

#&
62 0 8
9
&
% #" # " % &#!" #$

#""
9
&
% #" # " % &#!! #$
&#!
9
$
% #" # " $ &#% #$

#""
9
$
% #" # " $ &#% #$
&#!

a- Schematic diagram of the test setup

b- Cross section of column

Fig. 14. Test setup and specimen details [34]

International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2012 271
 Table 4. Property of concrete and prestressed steel [34]

   


6 (+ 



*) 2

   (-  (-  (- 
 
&&

"$
$
&



of tested specimen are summarized in Figure 14 and Table 4. analytical capacity of axial load and bending moment are
This column is subjected to axial load before test. Amount of obtained 410 kN and 615 kN.m respectively, that amount of
axial load is 445 kN. The shake table was conducted with the error is 7 percent. Proposed method predicts capacity of
Kobe earthquake motion recorded at the Kobe Oceanic prestressed thin walled column conservatively. Therefore, the
Meteorological Observatory. The shake table testing consisted comparison of experimental and analytical result indicate that,
of fifteen runs, where the amplitude of acceleration from the the proposed method predict very well the capacity of
Kobe motion was increased until failure. The envelope of the prestressed thin-walled column.
hysteretic curve for all runs is shown in Figure 15. The Figure
is shown lateral displacement and lateral force and the amount 5.Conclusions
of lateral load and lateral displacement are 341 kN and 81 mm
respectively at peak load. Therefore, maximum bending i) In this study first; equations which are related to the
moment was obtained 660 kN.m. Amount of eccentricity for analysis of prestressed HPC thin-walled circular and box
this moment and axial load is equal 1.483 m. Analytical columns were obtained and then the column interaction
interaction diagram of moment-axial load for tested specimen diagrams for different variable were drawn.
based on proposed method was obtained and is shown in ii) For different type of prestressed steels, maximum
Figure 16. Also, the capacity of experimental axial load and allowable PS steel amount were obtained for HPC thin-walled
bending moment for tested specimen is shown in Figure 16 circular and box columns. If the amount of PS steel used in
too. Based on eccentricity of tested specimen (1.483 m), column section is more than allowable amount, the column
will be located in tension control zone.
iii) For circular and box thin-walled column; maximum
allowable PS steel amount for rounded wires of type BA, for
400
rounded wires of type WA, for stranded cables of type
350 Grade250 with diameter 9.53mm, for stranded cables of type
Lateral Load (kN)

300 Grade270 with diameter 9.53mm, for Alloy Steel Bars of type
250 Grade145 with diameter 15.88mm and for Alloy Steel Bars of
type Grade160 with diameter 15.88mm were obtained 4%,
200
4%, 4%, 4%, 7% and 6% respectively.
150 iv) The use of such diagrams is a safe and easy tool for the
100 analysis of prestressed HPC thin-walled circular and box
50 columns.
v) The comparison of experimental and analytical result
0
indicate that, the proposed method predict very well the
0 50 100 150
capacity of prestressed thin-walled column.
Lateral Displacement (mm)

Fig. 15. Envelope of the hysteresis [34] References

[1] Maghsoudi AA, Akbarzadeh H. 2006, Flexural ductility of HSC
members. Journal of Mechanic Engineering and Structure;
7000
Vol.78, No.2.
[2] Ozbakkaloglu T, Saatcioglu. 2004, Rectangular stress block for
6000 Experimental
High-Strength Concrete. ACI Structural Journal; Vol.101, No.4,
Analytical
5000 475-483.
Load (kN)

4000
[3] Ashour, AA. 2000, Effect of compressive strength and tensile
reinforcement ratio on flexural behavior of HSC beams. Journal
3000
of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 413-423.
2000 [4] Maghsoudi AA, Akbarzadeh H. 2005, Effect of ρ΄ on ductility
1000 of HSC members under bending. 7th International Symposium
on Utilization of High-Strength/High Performance Concrete.
0
Washington:ACI.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
[5] Swamy RN. 1987, High strength concrete–material properties
Moment (kN.m)
and structural behavior, HSC. ACI SP-87, American Concrete
Institute. Detroit.
Fig. 16. Comparison of analytical and experimental result

272 H. Akbarzadeh Bengar, A. A. Maghsoudi

[6] Shuraim AB, Naaman AE. 1989, Analysis of slender prestressed Texas, Austin.
concrete columns. ASCE Seventh Structures and Pacific Rim [21] Rowell RB. 1990, Behavior of thin-walled, segmentally
Engineering Congress, Volume on Analysis, Design and constructed post-tensioned bridge piers. MSc thesis,
Testing, San Francisco, 231-240. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas.
[7] Shuraim AB, Naaman AE. 2003, A new design methodology for [22] Taylore AW, Rowell RB, Breen JE. 1995, Behavior of thin-
the ultimate capacity of slender prestressed concrete columns. walled concrete box piers. ACI structural Journal; May.-
PCI Journa; January-February, 64-76. June¬,319-330.
[8] ACI 318-1995. Building code Requirements for reinforced [23] Mahin S, Sakai J, Jeong H. 2006, Use of p artially prestressed
concrete. ACI, Detroit. reinforced concrete columns to reduce post-earthquake residual
[9] PCI Committee on Prestressed Concrete Columns, 1988, displacement of bridges. Proceedings of Fifth National Seismic
Recommended practices for the design of prestressed concrete Conference on Bridges & Highways, San Francisco, CA.
columns and walls. PCI Journal, July-August, 56-95. [24] Rodriguez-Gutierrez JA, Aristizabal-Ochoa JD. 2000, Partially
[10] Wiggins RL. 1969, Analysis and design of tower foundations. and fully prestressed concrete sections under biaxial bending
ProceedingsASCE; Vol.95, No.1, 77-100. and axial load. ACI Structural Journal, Vol.97 No.4, 553-563.
[11] Moreadity FL. 1978, Design of reinforced concrete for [25] Burdette EG, Howard SC, Tidwell JB, Wasserman EP, Ingram
combined bending and tension. ACI Journal, Vol.75, No.6, 251- EE, Deatherage JH, Goodpasture D.W. 2004, Lateral load tests
255. on prestressed concrete piles supporting integral abutments. PCI
[12] Goywens AJ, Cichy NT. 1984, Strength and stiffness of round Journal, September-October, 70-77.
columns (A Computer Program for Apple II Computer). Rocker [26] Harries, K., Petrou MF. 2001, Behavior of precast prestressed
Engineering Associater, Chicago. concrete pile to cast-in-place pile cap connection. PCI Journal ,
[13] Hsu CT. 1986, Reinforced concrete members subject to July-August, 82-92.
combined biaxial bending and tension. ACI Journal, Vol.83, [27] Xiao Y. 2003, Experimental studies on precast prestressed
No.1, 137-144. concrete pile to CIP concrete pile-cap connection. PCI Journal,
[14] Ehsani MR. 1986, CAD for columns. Concrete International: November-December: 82-91.
Design and Construction, Vol.8, No.9, 43-47. [28] Lin TY, Burns NH. 1981, Design of prestressed concrete
[15] Ross DA, Yen JR. 1986, Interactive design of reinforced structures. John Wiley and Sons Publication.
concrete columns with biaxial bending. ACI Journal, Vol.83, [29] Naaman AE. 2004, Prestressed concrete analysis and design:
No.6, 988-993. fundamentals. Techno Press,.
[16] Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute. 1999, PCI design [30] ACI 318-05. 2005, Building code requirements for reinforced
handbook-precast and prestressed. Fifth Edition, Chicago: IL. concrete. ACI, Detroit.
[17] Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute. 1984, CRSI handbook [31] Ghyori. 2006, A guide for MATLAB. Canon nashre olom
based upon the 1983 ACI building code. Schaumburg. Publications, Iran.
[18] Xiao Y, Yun HW. 2002, Full-scale experimental studies on high- [32] Nilson AH. 2001, Design of prestressed concrete. Jon Wiley and
strength concrete columns. ACI Structural Journal, Vol.99, Sons.
No.2, 199-207. [33] ACI-1992. 1992, State-of-the-art report on high-strength
[19] Gupta SRD, Murty KSM. 1989, Analysis and design of concrete. ACI 363R, Detroit.
reinforced concrete circular cross section. ACI Structural [34] Yamashita R. 2005, Shake table and an analytical study of
Journal, Nov.-Dec, 617-624. unbonded prestressed hollow concrete columns constructed
[20] Taylore AW, Rowell RB, Breen JE. 1990, Design and behavior with precast segment, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Nevada,
of thin-walls in hollow concrete bridge piers research report Reno.
1180-1F. Center for Transportation Research: University of

International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2012 273