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M.Tech Project Report on

SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURAL BLOCK

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
by
Majin Mathew 1867303

Under the Guidance of

Prof Raghunandan Kumar

and
Father Antony Varghese

Department Name
School of Engineering and Technology,
CHRIST (Deemed to be University),
Kumbalagudu, Bengaluru - 560 074

April-2020
 Pictures/cufe_logo.jpg

School of Engineering and Technology

Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Majin Mathew has successfully completed the project work enti-
tled “SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURAL BLOCK” in partial fulfillment
for the award of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in STRUCTURAL ENGINEER-
ING during the year 2018-2020.

Prof Raghunandan Kumar Father Antony Varghese

Head of the Department Co-Guide Designation

Prof Raghunandan Kumar Dr. Iven Jose

Head of the Department Dean

i
 Pictures/cufe_logo.jpg

School of Engineering and Technology

Civil Engineering

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

It is to certify that this project titled ”SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURAL

BLOCK” is the bonafide work of

Name Register Number Department

Majin Mathew 1867303 Civil Engineering

Examiners [Name and Signature] Name of the Candidate :

1. Register Number :
2. Date of Examination :

ii
IndustryCertificate.pdf
 Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Dr. Rev. Fr. Abraham V M, Vice Chancellor, CHRIST (Deemed
to be University), Dr. Rev. Fr. Joseph CC, Pro Vice Chancellor, Fr. Benny Thomas,
Director, School of Engineering and Technology and Dr. Iven Jose, Dean, for their
kind patronage.

I would also like to express sincere gratitude and appreciation to Prof Raghunandan
Kumar, Head of the Department of the Civil Engineering for giving me this opportu-
nity to take up this project.

I also extremely grateful to my guide, Prof Raghunandan Kumar, who has supported
and helped to carry out the project. His constant monitoring and encouragement helped
me keep up to the project schedule.

I also extremely grateful to my co-guide, Father Antony Varghese, who has supported
and helped to carry out the project. His constant monitoring and encouragement helped
me keep up to the project schedule.

iv
 Declaration
I, hereby declare that the project titled “SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF ARCHITEC-
TURAL BLOCK” is a record of original project work undertaken for the award of the
degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in Civil Engineering . Ihave completed this
study under the supervision of Prof Raghunandan Kumar, Civil Engineering and Fa-
ther Antony Varghese, Civil Engineering.

I also declare that this project report has not been submitted for the award of any degree,
diploma, associate ship, fellowship or other title anywhere else. It has not been sent for
any publication or presentation purpose.

Place: School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University),

Bengaluru
Date: 14-05-2020

Name Register Number Signature

Majin Mathew 1867303

v
 Abstract

This thesis presents the development of a building’s structural design, based on an ar-
chitectural project. The scope of this work is to create a structural solution that ensures
the safety of the building when facing regulatory actions.The purposed study object has
a very irregular geometry, both in plan and in its height development.

In this work, the theoretical knowledge platform gained over the Structural Engineering
course, its goal is to understand the applicability of this platform to the practical activ-
ity of structural design. Therefore, the different phases of a building’s structural design,
from its initial conception to the final design, are presented.The first step of a building’s
structural design is the resolution of a Structural Solution with quality and economi-
cally viable that, according to its architecture, guarantees the safety of the building, its
comfort of use and a proper functioning. It consists of choosing the location, size and
arrangement of different structural elements, respecting the architectural project and the
structural design of all the elements

Keywords: Word1, Word2

vi
Contents

CERTIFICATE i

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE ii

INDUSTRY CERTIFICATE ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

DECLARATION v

ABSTRACT vi

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF TABLES x

GLOSSARY xi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Problem Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Problem Statement & Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4

3 LITERATURE SURVEY AND REVIEW 6

3.1 Literature Collection & Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Critical Review of Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 ACTUAL WORK 8
4.1 Architectural features and the requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Design strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 Relevant IS codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4 Soil investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.5 Calculations of loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

vii
 4.6 Analysis and the grouping of the columns and the footings . . . . . . . 12
4.7 Design of the Structural components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.8 Drawings of the various structural components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5 RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 16

5.1 Results & Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2 Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3 Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.5 Scope for Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

BIBLIOGRAPHY 17

PUBLICATION DETAILS 21

A Appendix A Title 22
A.1 Appendix A Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
A.1.1 Appendix A Subsection for Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
A.2 Appendix A Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

B Appendix B Title 23
B.1 Appendix B Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B.2 Appendix B Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B.3 Appendix B Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Index 24
LIST OF FIGURES

4.1 Flowchart of Manual Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.2 Relay Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

ix
LIST OF TABLES

4.1 Student Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

x
GLOSSARY
.

Item Description
Atomic Weight The atomic weight is the average of the isotope weights weighted
for the isotope distribution and expressed on the 12C scale
Ohms Law Voltage Prop to current
IC Engine Internal Combustion Engine
AIR All India Radio
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization
CT Current Transformer
RDBMS Relational DataBase Management System
DSM Demand Side Management
PLC Peak Load Controller
GUI Graphical User Interface
Speed of Light, c 2.997 924 58 × 108 ms−s
π = 3.14
P Power in W (Js−1 )
ω Angular frequency in rads−1

xi
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

At present world, there is rapid emersion of the new technologies related to safe, eco-
nomical, stable construction. In such a trend, earthquake has become one of the natural
challenging factor for the efficient construction works.It is one of the dominant con-
straints while designing the frame building in the earthquake prone zone like Nepal.
Earthquake is a natural phenomenon as old as the history of the earth itself and is
considered to be most unpredictable one among all other natural disasters. Now a
days,designers and engineers are giving more emphasis towards the earthquake resis-
tance while analyzing and designing any structure to minimize the seismic impact. One
being a good designer has to deal with various structures ranging from simple ones like
the curtailment rods, and electric poles to more complex ones like multi-storied frame
buildings, shell roofs, bridges etc. These structures are subjected to various loads like
concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads, uniformly varying loads, internal or
earthquake load and dynamic forces which are considered during the design phase. The
structure transfers its load to the supports and ultimately to the ground. While transfer-
ring the loads, the members of the structure are subjected to internal forces like axial
forces, shearing forces, bending and torsional moments which are discussed while ana-
lyzing the structures. First of all the most appropriate structural system and initial pro-
portioning of members is done. Generally the initial drawing of architecture is referred.
After that the loads are estimated based on functionality and purpose of building based
on codes. Then the process of structural analysis and design evolves. Structural Analy-
sis deals with the prediction of performance of a given structure under stipulated loads
and other external effects. Structural design deals with the designing(sizing: member
sizes, reinforcement details and grading of materials) various membersof the structure
to resist various forces to which they might be subjected during the life period of the
1
structure. While analysis, frames are analyzed for earthquake as lateral or horizontal
load. During the earthquake, structural and non-structural damages occur in which both
of them are hazardous to occupants. When earthquake shaking occurs, a building gets
thrown from side to side or up and down. i.e. ground moves violently side Structural
Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance 2 by side and
building stay at rest. Thus the building gets thrown back and forth by the motion of the
ground with some part of building lagging behind and then moving in the opposite di-
rection. The level of damage depends upon how well the building has been designed and
constructed. In our context, the analysis of earthquake is based on seismic coefficient
design methodas described in IS 1893: 2002. The project report has been prepared in
complete conformity with various provisions in Indian Standards as Code of practice for
plain reinforced concrete IS 456-2000; Code of practice for Design loads IS 875 (Part
2)-1987: Design Aids for Reinforcement Concrete (SP 16) IS 456-1978; Handbook on
Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing SP34 (1987) are thoroughly referred for proper
analysis, design and detailing of structural elements viz. beam, slab, column, staircase,
foundation, basement wall, lift and shear wallwith respect to safety, strength, stability,
ductility economy in addition to adequate serviceability requirements of cracking and
deflection in concrete structures. All the codes are based on the principles of limit state
of design.

1.1 Problem Formulation

To achieve a practical knowledge on structural analysis, design and detailing of struc-

tural components using principles of Earthquake resistant design

1.2 Problem Identification

To achieve a practical knowledge on structural analysis, design and detailing of struc-

tural components using principles of Earthquake resistant design

2
1.3 Problem Statement & Objectives

Modeling of the building for structural analysis. Sectional design and structural detail-
ing of the members.

3
Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methods that will be used to achieve the objectives of the research are discussed
in this chapter.The design in mainly conducted in two phases.The first phase is the
modelling of the structure as per the architectural drawings and the second phase consist
of the structural design of the elements as per the results that is extracted from the
analysis.

For the analysis, the 3D structure is modelled using the software ETabs as per the ar-
chitectural Plan. Various structural components such as a beam, column, slab are first
modelled into parts and finally assembled together as a whole structure.The structure is
then analysed in Etabs and the results are extracted out.As per the extracted results,the
structural elements are designed manually . The drafting of the the structural drawing
is done in the Auto-Cad.The drawings are drafted as per the required standards.

Software Used:

Etabs

ETABS stands for Extended Three-dimensional Analysis of Building Systems. ETABS

is commonly used to analyze: Skyscrapers, parking garages, steel concrete structures,
low and high rise buildings, and portal frame structures.ETABS features an intuitive and
powerful graphical interface coupled with unmatched modelling, analytical, design, and
detailing procedures, all integrated using a common database. Although quick and easy
for simple structures, ETABS can also handle the largest and most complex building
models, including a wide range of nonlinear behaviors necessary for Performance-based
design, making it the tool of choice for structural engineers in the building industry.

4
AutoCAD

AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) program used for 2-D and 3-D design and
drafting. AutoCAD is developed and marketed by Autodesk Inc. and was one of the
first CAD programs that could be executed on personal computers.This software used
for designing and drafting. It allows a user to conceptualize ideas, product designs and
drawings to the required level of technical accuracy, perform rapid design calculations
and simulations in the field of civil engineering.

5
Chapter 3

LITERATURE SURVEY AND

REVIEW

3.1 Literature Collection & Segregation

G. Guruprasad et al. (2017) performed a dynamic analysis of G+15 storied RC frame

building withL, C rectangular shapein plan with the help of ETAB software.Comparison
has been done by considering the parameters such as story drift, story shear, support
reactions, building mode, and section cut force. It has been concluded that maximum
value of story shear was observed for L-shape plan than rectangular building and C-
shape building. The stories drift values in X direction and Y direction increases for top
to bottom story in all three cases. When earthquake load is applied in Y direction, it
was found that irregular plan structure can resist more base shear than rectangular plan
structure. Regular building and L-shape buildings are gave good results than C-shaped
buildings in all aspect.

Athulya Ullas et al. (2017) performed wind analysis of buildings having various shapes
such as Y, Plus and V.Buildings of plan shapes Y, Plus and V are modeled in ETABS
2016 and analyzed. It is observed that the storey force is same for all the buildings,
i.e. the storey force does not change with the shape. The lateral displacement is found
maximum for V shape building. The storey drift is observed maximum for Y shape as
compared to that of other shapes and the lateral displacement and the storey drift are
observed minimum for Plus shape building as compared to Y and V shape buildings
and hence it is the most structurally stable shape among the selected shapes.

6
Pradeep Pujar et al. (2017) analysed G+9 storied irregular buildings to find their seismic
performance with without shear walls. Shapes of building plan considered for the
study were I, L C. Three models of bare frame three models with shear walls were
considered for the study. The models has been analysed by Equivalent static technique
with the assistance of E-tabs V 15.0.0 programming. The comparison has been done
by considering the parameters such as story displacement, story drift and base shear. It
has been concluded that L-shape, C-shape structures with Shear walls are having great
outcomes in base shear, story drift and displacement. In all shapes the I-shape building
with shear wall is having increased base shear both in X and Y direction and the L-
shape is having very less increased base shear. The building with shear wall gives better
execution against the seismic tremor when compared with bare frame building.

Aniket A. Kale et al. (2017) [4] carried out the wind seismic analysis 15, 30 45 storied
buildings of four different shapes of same area by using advance software CSI ETABS.
Response spectrum method was used to find the dynamic effects. The comparison has
been done by considering the parameters such as story displacement, story drift, base
shear, overturning moments Mz, acceleration time period. It has been concluded that
for maximum earthquake structure of 15-storey is most stable structure for maximum
wind effect triangular structure of 15-storey is most stable. For 45-storey circular rect-
angular shape building is most stable for maximum earthquake wind effect respectively.
Wind effect is critical for 45 storey building on the other hand seismic is critical at 15
storey 30 storey building. Wind effect is more critical than earthquake.

3.2 Critical Review of Literature

7
Chapter 4

ACTUAL WORK

Upon completion of identifying & formulating the research problem, and carrying out
the necessary literature survey and review, the actual work on the project is taken-up.
This chapter is dedicated to the actual work done by students. Hence, the chapter name
and sub-chapter names are not fixed. It is left to the discretion of the students with
appropriate guidance from their respective supervisors. However, one or more of the
following aspects (as applicable) shall be covered in this chapter:

• Methodology of the study or actual work (different from research methodology)

• Experimental and/or analytical work completed in the project

• Modeling, Analysis and Design

• Prototype and testing

4.1 Architectural features and the requirements.

Type of the Project : Structural Analysis and design of Architectural Block

Building type : Educational building
Location : Banglore,Karnataka
Structural type :Moment resisting RCC framed
No. of storey : 5
Floor to floor height
Basement : 4

8
Type of slab 1) Two way slab
2) One way slab
Type of beam :
1) Primary: 725x800mm (X and Y-axis)mm
2) Secondary: 400x500mm (X and Y-axis)
3) Curve beam: 550x650mm
4) Machine room’s beam: 250x300mm (X and Y-axis)
Type of column :
1) 800x800mm(Interior Column and Isolated Column)
2) 700x700mm(Exterior Column)
3) 900x925mm(Exterior Column at Grid line 2A, 2B
and 2C)
4) 650mm dia.(Middle circular and Dome’s circular column)
5) 375x375mm
Type of foundation : Raft Foundation
Method of analysis : Static Analysis (SAP 2000 V14)
Design concept : limit state design
Concrete Grade used : M25
Reinforcement : Fe415
Dead load : calculated as per IS 857 part I 1987
Live load : calculated as per IS 857 part II 1987
Seismic load : calculated as per IS 1893 (part I) 2002 using Seismic coefficient method

9
4.2 Design strategy

4.3 Relevant IS codes

4.4 Soil investigation.

4.5 Calculations of loads

After the study of architectural drawing and preliminary design, load calculations were
done using the IS 875:1987 as reference. The exact value of unit weights of the mate-
rials from the code was used in the calculation. The thickness of materials was taken
as per design requirement. Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for
Earthquake Resistance
Gravity load calculation are three types of loads for which are considered in this analy-
sis.
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Lateral load
Dead load
Dead load consists of the self-weight of the column, beam, slab and wall. Dimensions
of column, beam, and slab weretaken from preliminary design. For wall load, thickness
of wall was taken from plan,deduction of opening was done according to the average
size of opening in the outer and inner walls and deduction was not made in solid wall.
In the case of the partition wall in the middle of slab, the total weight of the wall was
calculated as uniformly distributed load and assign over the nearest beam.
Live load
Live load was determined by using code for design loads (IS 875:2000 part 2) for vari-
ous types and purposes of rooms.
Lateral load
Lateral load acting in the building is earthquake/seismic load and wind load. Earth-
quakeload is determined by calculating lumped mass at floor level and horizontal base
shear (IS1893). It was done by Seismic Coefficient Method. Wind load (IS 875 Part 3)
is obtained by design wind speed and design wind pressure. Earthquake load being the
pre-dominant one between the two lateral loads, hence its effect was only considered.

10
For the analysis of earthquake load, following methods is generally carried out:
1. Seismic Coefficient method (Static)
2. Response Spectrum method (Dynamic)
In this project we used seismic coefficient method (linear static method).
Loading pattern
The loading is applied to the slab elements directly. The load on slab is taken as per the
requirement stated in IS875:1987(Part I II).Structural Analysis and Design of Com-
mercial Building for Earthquake Resistance The uniformly distributed dead and live
load acting on the slab are transferred to the beams holding the slab. The slab load is
distributed on the floor beams as shown in figure below. The smaller beam holds the
triangular load and the longer beams hold the trapezoidal load as shown in figure. The
beam element also resists the self-weight and the wall load including all the finish loads
on wall such as external and internal plaster
Load Cases cases are independent loading for which the structure is explicitly anal-
ysed.Earthquake forces occur in random fashion in all directions. For building whose
lateral load resisting elements are oriented in two principal directions. It is usually suf-
ficient to analyze in these two principal directions (X and Y direction) separately one at
a time. Thus the load cases adopted are as follows.
1. Dead load(DL)
2. Live load(LL)
3. Earthquake load in X direction (EQX)
4. Earthquake load in Y direction (EQY)
Following load combination are adopted for design
a) 1.5(DL±LL)
b) 1.5(DL+LL±EQX)
c) 1.5(DL+LL±EQY)
d) 1.2(DL+LL±EQX)
e) 1.2(DL+LL±EQY)
f) 0.9(DL±EQX)
g) 0.9(DL±EQY)

11
4.6 Analysis and the grouping of the columns and the
footings

4.7 Design of the Structural components

4.8 Drawings of the various structural components

Figure Vector Graphics EPS Format [Figure 4.1]

Figures/manualtrip-eps-converted-to.pdf

F IGURE 4.1: Flowchart of Manual Controller

Figure JPEG/JPG Format [Figure 4.2]

Table Refer [Table 4.1]

TABLE 4.1: Student Marks

Name Marks
Ajay 10
Vinay 20

12
 Figures/relay.jpg

F IGURE 4.2: Relay Board

Cross References: Citation, Index, Reference, Equation reference This is the

methodology for the entire project work which includes even the process of deciding
on the project title, objectives , etc. This is mandatory for MTech and optional for
BTech)[2]. The data is shown in Table 4.1. The equation shown in Equation (4.1)

" #
1 χ
Inline Equation This is my equation. f = ma ± α∆ ,which is appearing
−1 0
in between some text.

Equation without Numbering

√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a

Equation with Numbering

" #" #
1 p x1
Ẋ = + Bu (4.1)
2 α x2

Algorithm 1 Addition of two 8 bit numbers

1: Start
2: Input a and b
3: c=a+b
4: Output c
5: stop

Algorithm Format

13
Enumeration Format The following are the different flavor of Tex systems

1. TeXLive TeX System

(a) TeXLive for Windows

i. TeXLive
ii. ProTex
(b) MacTeX for Mac

2. MikTeX TeX System

Bullets Format The following are the advantages of LaTeX,

• LATEX is highly portable and free.

– Contribute to TUG
– Promote Free Softwares

• Operating-system independent.

• Complex scientific documents can be created automatically.

• High quality math typesetting.

Program Inclusion Program file present in other directory can be embedded into the
report.

Verbatim Text Include text as it is.

The additional database schema is shown below which is used to store all the configu-
ration and transaction data.

CREATE TABLE ‘controller_config‘ (

‘load_id‘ int(11) NOT NULL,
‘ct_constant‘ double DEFAULT NULL,
‘pt_constant‘ double DEFAULT NULL,
14
‘samples‘ int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
‘delay‘ double DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (‘load_id‘)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
SELECT * FROM loadcontroller.load_details;

15
Chapter 5

RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS AND

CONCLUSIONS

Here, the results of the project work (literature survey and review along with actual
work) shall be listed and discussed in detail with appropriate arguments (result analysis)
leading to logical conclusions. The list of conclusions should sync with the project
objectives. The scope for future research and development in the field of the current
project work must also be included in this chapter.

5.1 Results & Analysis

5.2 Comparative Study

5.3 Discussions

5.4 Conclusions

Conclusion should be on new page and the same should come here.

16
5.5 Scope for Future Work

Future scope should be on new page and the same should come here.

17
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[4] S.K. Kenue and J.F. Greenleaf, “Limited angle multifrequency diffiaction tomogra-
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[16] B. Tsikos, “Segmentation of 3-D scenes using multi-modal interaction between

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[17] R. Finkel, R. Taylor, R. Bolles, R. Paul, and J. Feldman, “An overview of AL,
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[18] L.O. Norman, U.S. Patent 4 379 752, 1983. [Title of patent may be included.]

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[22] Letter from J. M. Beck, Project Manager, TI, Bedford, Utah, Sept. 3, 1996.

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20
PUBLICATION DETAILS
S.K. Kenue and J.F. Greenleaf, “Limited angle multifrequency diffiaction tomography,”
IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason., vol. SU-29, no. 6, pp. 213-2 17, July 1982.

21
Appendix A

Appendix A Title

Since the chapters are numerically numbered, the appendices shall be numbered using
alphabets (English capital letters). The items that can be inserted as appendices are (list
is not exhaustive):

• Project synopsis or proposal (if submitted before starting the project)

• Photos

• Software model analysis reports (these shall not be inserted in the main body of
the report)

• Project schedules

• Selected material from the data collected

• Miscellaneous analysis and reports

A.1 Appendix A Section 1

A.1.1 Appendix A Subsection for Section 1

A.2 Appendix A Section 2

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Appendix B

Appendix B Title

B.1 Appendix B Section 1

B.2 Appendix B Section 2

B.3 Appendix B Section 3

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Index

Methodology, 8 Ojectives, 13

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