Civil Final Year Project

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI
A PROJECT REPORT ON
Advanced Earthquake Resistance Technique

SUBMITTED TO
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DIPLOMA CERTIFICATE
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING BY

GROUP NAMES
1.) Sakshi Bhosale
2.) Sarthak Kulat
3.) Rohini Bansode
4.) Rahul Dongare
5.) Ishwar Abhange
Under the guidance of

Mrs.S.S.KADAM
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JSPM’s RAJARSHI SHAHU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
POLYTECHNIC
(Academic Year- 2020 - 2021)

Jaywant ShikshanPrasarak Mandal’s
RAJARSHI SHAHU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
POLYTECHNIC
S.No.80, Pune-Mumbai Bypass Highway,Tathawade Campus, Pune.
Affiliated to MSBTE, Mumbai, Approved by AICTE, DTE & Govt. of Maharashtra.
Phone:020-67127777 Email:rscoepoly@jspmrscoe.edu.in
Website: www.polytechnic.jspmrscoe.edu.in
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project titled “Advanced Earthquake Resistance Technique” has been
completed in the academic year 2020 -2021 by
1.) Sakshi Bhosale
2.) Sarthak Kulat
3.) Rohini Bansode
4.) Rahul Dongare
5.) Ishwar Abhange
in partial fulfillment of the Diploma in the Civil Engineering as prescribed by the

MSBTE, Mumbai.
NameofGUIDE HOD
ExternalExaminer Principal
Acknowledgement
I have a great pleasure in presenting this project report on “Advanced Earthquake
Resistance Technique” and to express my deep regards towards those who have offered their
valuable time and guidance in my hour of need because when any work is to be successfully
completed, it should be supported and guided by proper persons. For completing this project, I
really got inspiration and guidance from manypersons.
I would like to express my sincere and whole hearted thanks to my guide Mrs.S.S.
Kadam without whose support I was unable to express my ideas in this project. I also thank
Mrs. L. K. More, Head of Department for her support and encouragement.
I am also glad to express my gratitude and thanks to my parents and my friends who
directly or indirectly supported me for completion of this project.
POLYTECHNIC
Certificate by Guide
This is to certify that Mr./Ms/……………………………………………………………...has completed

the Project work under my guidance and supervision and that, I have verified the work for its originality
in documentation, problem statement, implementation and results presented in the Project. Any
reproduction of other necessary work is with the prior permission and has given due ownership and
included in the references.
Place:
Date:
Name and Signature of Guide

POLYTECHNIC
Institute’s Vision and Mission Statements:
Vision
To satisfy the aspirations of youth force, who want to lead the

nation towards prosperity through techno-economic
development
Mission
To provide nurture and maintain an environment of high

academic excellence, research and entrepreneurship for all
aspiring students, which will prepare them to face global
challenges maintaining high ethical and moral standards
RAJARSHI SHAHU COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,POLYTECHNIC
Department’s Vision and Mission Statements:
Vision
To develop self-reliant, innovative, quality conscious Civil

Engineers useful to the industry and society
Mission
M1- To impart quality and real time education to contribute to
the field of Civil Engineering
M2- To impart soft skills & professional ethics among the

students for successful career including entrepreneurship
M3- To create mind-set among the students for life-long

learning considering social factors
POLYTECHNIC
PO Program Outcomes
PO1:- Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and

engineering specialization to solve the engineering problems.
PO2:- Problem analysis
Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified standard

methods.
PO3:- Design/development of solutions
Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist with the design of
systems components or processes to meet specified needs.
PO4:- Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
Apply modern engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard

tests and measurements.
PO5:- Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment
Apply appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and

ethical practices.
PO6:-Project Management
Use engineering management principles individually, as a team member or a leader

to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined engineering
activities.
PO7:- Life-long learning
Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the context of

technological changes.
POLYTECHNIC
Program Specific Outcomes
1. Plan, analyse, design, prepare cost estimate & execute all kinds of civil
engineeringprojects.
2. Provide sustainable solutions to the civil engineeringproblems.
Program Educational Outcomes
1. Provide socially responsible, environment friendly solutions to Civil

engineering related broad-based problems adapting professionalethics.
2. Adapt state-of-the-art Civil engineering broad-based technologies towork

in multi disciplinary work environments.
3. Solve broad-based problems individually and as a teammember

communicating effectively in the world of work.
POLYTECHNIC
Course Outcomes of CPP
1. Write the problem/task specification in existing systems related tothe

occupation
2. Select, collect & use required information knowledge to solve the
problem/complete thetask
3. Logically choose relevant possiblesolution
4. Consider the ethical issues related to theproject
5. Assess the impact of the project onsociety
6. Prepare project proposals with action plan
7. Communicate effectively & confidently as a member & leader ofteam
POLYTECHNIC
Course Outcomes of CPE
1. Implement the planned activity individually & or asteam

2. Select, collect & use required information/knowledge tosolve the identified
problem
3. Take appropriate decisions based on collected &analysedinformation.
4. Insure quality inproduct.
5. Incorporate energy & environment conservationprinciples.
6. Consider the ethical issues related to theproject
7. Assess the impact of the project on society
8. Communicate effectively & confidently as a member & leader ofteam.
9. Prepare project report after performing due plagiarism checkusing
appropriatetools
Index
1. Introduction 1-2
1.1. Purpose and scope 3
1.2. Earthquake resistance technique 3
1.2.1. Types of earthquake resistance techniques 4-5
1.3. Earthquake 6
1.3.1. Generation of earthquake 6
1.3.2. Source of generation of earthquake 6-7
1.4. How to prevent earthquake 8
1.4.1. Problems faced during earthquakes 8
1.5. History 9
1.6. Advantages of earthquake resistance 9
techniques
1.7. Disadvantages of earthquake resistance 9-10
techniques
1.8. Scope 10
1.9. Objective 10
2. Literature review 11-16
3. Environmental issues / Needs 17
3.1. Needs 18
4. Methodology
4.1. Problem 20
4.2. What are earthquake resistance techniques 21
4.3. The need 21
4.4. Flow chart of methodology 22
5. Materials and method used
5.1. Material 24
5.2. Methods/Techniques used 25
6. Experimental investigation 27
7. Result and discussion
7.1. Result 29
7.2. Discussion 36
Reference 49
List of Tables
Sr. Table Title Page
No. No. No.
1. 01 Top floor acceleration response 31
of non-isolated models
2. 02 Top floor acceleration responses 31
of base-isolated models
3. 03 Top floor acceleration response 33
reductions in models (%)
4. 04 Top floor Displacement 34
Response Reductions in models
List of Figures
Sr. Table Title Page
No. No. No.
1. 1. Response spectrum of earthquake waves a) 30
Wave 1 b) Wave 2 c) Wave 3 d) Wave 4 e)
Wave 5.
2. 2. Plot between top floor acceleration responses 32
of top floor V/s various wave excitations a) 4
storey (iron) b) 6 storey (iron) c) 8 storey
(iron) d) 8 storey (wood) e) 8 storey (core).
3. 3. Percentage reduction in accelaration response 34
in base isolated models.
4. 4. Percentage reduction in displacement 35
response in base isolated models.
5. 5. Comparison between acceleration response in 35
metal and wooden models of the same height.
List of Photos
Sr. Photos Title Page
No. No. No.
1. 1 Model 38
“Advanced Earthquake Resistance Technique”
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page1

“ Advanced Earthquake Resistance Technique”
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A natural calamity known as earthquake has taken the toll of millions of lives through the ages in the
unrecorded, and recorded human history. A disturbance that causes shaking of the top surface of the
earth where major manmade engineering structures are constructed. Due to underground seismic
energy transformation the movement along a fault plane or from volcanic activity is called
earthquake. As two faults plane rub on each other create huge amount of energy beneath the ground
surface which converts the waves. The P Waves and S Waves travel thought the Epi-centre to top of
the ground, which shake the affected earth surface to certain magnitude. The nature of forces induced
is reckless, and lasts only for a short duration of time. Yet, bewildered are the humans with its
uncertainty in terms of its time of occurrence, and its nature. However, with the advances made in
various areas of sciences through the centuries, some degree of predictability in terms of probabilistic
measures has been achieved. Further, with these advances, forecasting the occurrence and intensity
of earthquake for a particular region, say, has become reasonably adequate, however, this solves only
one part of the problem to protect a structure - to know what’s coming! The second part is the
seismic design of structures - to withstand what’s coming at it! Over the last century, this part of the
problem has taken various forms, and improvements both in its design philosophy and methods have
continuously been researched, proposed and implemented. In this chapter, the concept of base
isolation for earthquake-resistant design of the structures is presented. The modeling and analysis of
multi-storey building, bridges and tanks supported on isolators is developed and demonstrated the
effectiveness of seismic isolation.

1.1 Purpose andscope:
To withstand collapse, buildings need to redistribute the forces that travel through them during
a seismic event. Shear walls, cross braces, diaphragms, and moment-resisting frames are
central to reinforcing a building. ... Made of panels, these walls help a building keep its shape
during movement.
Construction, the fabrication of a building or structure that is able to withstand the sudden
ground shaking that is characteristics of Earthquake, thereby minimizing structural damage ,
human deaths and injuries. Suitable construction methods are required.
1.2 Earthquake resistant Technique:
Earthquake resistant design consists of an evaluation of the earthquake excitation and the
structure response to this excitation at a particular site in order to provide a structural system
that will not collapse, that may prevent loss of life and will limit economic loss during an
earthquake.

1.2.1 Types of Earthquake Resistance Techniques:

The Earthquake Resistance Techniques may be classified into following different
ways:
1. Floating Foundation
2. Shock Absorption
3. Rocking Core-Wall
4. Pendulum Power
5. Symmetry, Diaphragms And Cross-Bracing
Floating Foundation:
The levitating or floating foundation separates the substructure of a building from its superstructure.
One way of doing this is by floating a building above its foundation on lead-rubber bearings that comprise a solid
lead core covered in alternating layers of rubber and steel. The bearings are attached to the building and its
foundation with the help of steel plates. So, when an earthquake occurs, the floating foundation can move
without moving the structure above it.
In Japan this base isolation system works at a whole new level. Their design allows buildings to float mid-air.
The system levitates, keeping the building on a cushion of air. The system has in-built sensors for detection of
seismic activity and these sensors communicate with the air compressor that creates the layer of air between the
building and its base.
Shock Absorption:
Similar to the shock absorbers used in vehicles, buildings also makes use of this technology. This earthquake
resistant technology helps buildings slow down and reduce the magnitude of vibratory motions. Ideally shock
absorbers should be placed at each level of the building – one end attached to the beam and the other end to the
column. Each comprises a piston head that moves inside a cylinder full of silicone oil. During earthquakes, the
horizontal motion of building will make the piston push against the oil, transforming mechanical energy from the
quake to heat.
Rocking Core-Wall:
Modern high-rise buildings use this technique to improve seismic resistance at a low cost. To make this work, a
reinforced concrete core is set through the heart of the structure, surrounded by elevator banks. Many modern
high-rise buildings use this technique to increase seismic resistance in an affordable way. It works most
effectively when used together with base isolation. For base isolation, elastometric bearings are built with
alternating layers of steel and natural rubber/neoprene. The bearing thus created has low horizontal stiffness and
vertical rigidity. The combination is highly effective, cost-friendly and simple to implement.

Pendulum Power:
The pendulum power technique works by suspending a huge mass near the top of the structure. This
mass is supported by steel cables and viscous fluid dampers are placed between the mass and the
building that it protects. In case of any seismic activity, the pendulum moves in the opposite direction
to balance the energy. Each of the pendulums are tuned to sync with the natural frequency of the
structure and these systems are called tuned mas dampers. Their goal is to counter resonance and
reduce the structure’s dynamic response.
Symmetry, Diaphragms And Cross-Bracing:
Generally one common criterion for seismic designs is symmetry. Seismic risks of asymmetrical
designs are higher. L-Shaped, T-Shaped and split-level structures may be more visually appealing but
they are also prone to torsion. Thus engineers design symmetrical structures to keep the forces equally
distributed through the structure and limit ornamental elements like cornices, cantilever projections
etc.
An earthquake has a significant lateral force. Seismic designing counteracts these forces in both
horizontal and vertical structural systems. Diaphragms are integral to horizontal structures – such as
floors of a building or roof. Engineers design each diaphragm on its own deck and strengthen it
horizontally so it can distribute sideways forces with vertical structure parts.
With vertical structures, engineers have several approaches. Braced frames are often used in building
walls. Braced frames rely on trusses for resisting sideways motion. Cross-bracing is a technique that
uses two diagonal members in an X-shape to build wall trusses and it is a popular technique to
build earthquake resistant structures.

1.3 Earthquake
1.3.1 Generation of Earthquake:
Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of
energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing
against each other, they stick a little. ... When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs.
1.3.2 Sources of generation of earthquake:

1.Volcanic Eruptions
2. Tectonic Movements
3. Geological Faults
4. Man-Made
5. Minor Causes
1. Volcanic Eruptions
The main cause of the earthquake is volcanic eruptions. Such type of earthquakes occurs in areas, with
frequent volcanic activities. When boiling lava tries to break through the surface of the earth, with the increased
pressure of gases, certain movements caused in the earth’s crust. Movement of lava beneath the surface of the
earth can also cause certain disruptions. This sends shockwaves through the earth, causing damage. These
earthquakes are mild. Their range is also limited. However, there have been certain exceptions, with volcanic
earthquakes bring havoc and death to thousands of people.
2. Tectonic Movements
The surface of the earth consists of some plates, comprising of the upper mantle. These plates are always
moving, thus affecting the earth’s crust. These movements categorized into three types: constructive,
destructive, and conservative. Constructive is when two plates move away from each other, they correspond to
mild earthquakes. When two plates move towards each other and collide, this is known as destructive plate
boundaries. This is very destructive. Conservative corresponds to passing by of plates of crust. Earthquakes
of this type have varying intensities.

3. Geological Faults
A geological fault is known as the displacement of plates of their original plane. The plane can be horizontal or
vertical. These planes are not formed suddenly but slowly develop over a long period. The movement of rocks
along these planes brings about tectonic earthquakes. These faults occur due to the impact of geological
forces. The displacement of plates creates the fracturing of rocks, which releases a lot of energy. This type of
earthquake can be disastrous.
4. Man-Made
The interference of man with nature can also become a cause of the earthquake. The disturbance of crustal
balance due to heavy clubbing of water in dams can cause earthquakes. Nuclear bombing can send specific
types of shockwaves throughout the surface of the earth, which can disturb the natural alignment of tectonic
plates. Mining can also cause disturbance due to the extensive removal of rocks from different areas.

1.4 How to Prevent Earthquake:

We cannot prevent natural earthquakes from occurring but we can significantly mitigate their effects
by identifying hazards, building safer structures, and providing education on earthquake safety. By
preparing for natural earthquakes we can also reduce the risk from human induced earthquakes.
1.4.1 Problems Faced During Earthquake:
1. Ground shaking is one of the cause which is created by the earthquake where all the buildings,
houses, people, animals has been destroyed.
2. Landslides are also caused by earthquakes where millions of building and lives were destroyed
even can dam rivers on occasion.
3. Tsunamis are a series of water waves caused when the seafloor moves vertically in an
earthquake.
4. Liquefaction and subsidence of the ground are important effects which often are the cause of
much destruction in earthquakes
5. Fire catching is also one of the major cause of earthquake.

1.5 History
The first seismograph in India was installed in 1898 at the Colaba Observatory in Bombay.
The first major initiatives for earthquake resistant constructions emerged after the
Baluchistan (now in Pakistan) earthquakes of the 1930's. After the Mach earthquake of
1931 (M7.
1.6 Advantages of Earthquake Resistance Technique
1. The earthquake resistant buildings can easily tolerate the shocks of earthquake by
taking the minimum amount of structural damages.
2. Due to the strong structure the earthquake resistant buildings are also resistant to
other natural disasters also and the longevity of such buildings is also great.
3. The structural degradation over time is very minimum for these bulidings so there
are minimum costs for maintenance such buildings.
1.7 Disadvantages of Earthquake Resistance Technique
The major disadvantage in my opinion based on my experience in Japanese infrastructures

is that earthquake-proof buildings are designed to move.
When the earthquake strikes an earthquake-proof building where you’re currently at, you
are bound to feel the earthquake more as the building will intentionally sway and “go with
the flow” of the earthquake. The disadvantage is merely psychological, for occupants
feeling the earthquake raw and being more aware of it happening compared to a static
building that can withstand a mild earthquake. The problem with the former is that
furniture need to be properly secured as well as the utilities running in the building. Often

these are left out of consideration. Most of the non-severe earthquake deaths are the result of heavy
furniture collapse and gas fire due to utility damage which are more prone to happening if the
building where these are installed moves aggressively during the earthquake.
1.8 Scope
The goal of earthquake-resistant buildings is to preserve life. That means a building that
doesn't collapse and allows its inhabitants to escape is considered a success -- even if it
ends up being demolished. But what if a building could experience deformation during a
quake, then return to its original shape? For some researchers, such as Greg Deierlein of
Stanford University and Jerome Hajjar of Northeastern University, that's the future of
seismic engineering.
1.9 Objectives
• Earthquake resistant structures are structures designed to protect buildings from

earthquakes.
• The building shall withstand with almost no damage to moderate earthquake which
have probability of occurring several times during life of building.
• Special structures like high level bridges, tall dams, Nuclear Power Plant need
specific design procedure (site specific) supported by detailed investigation.

CHAPTER- 2
LITERARURE REVIEW

1. A Study on Earthquake Resistant Construction Techniques by Mohammad Adil Dar1, Prof (Dr) A.R. Dar2 , Asim
Qureshi 3 ,Jayalakshmi Raju4 1PG Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Kurukshetra University,
Haryana, India 2Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Srinagar, India 3PG Research Student,
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Maharashtra India 4UG student, Department of Civil Engineering,
MSRIT, Bangalore, India
Apart from the modern techniques which are well documented in the codes of practice, there are some other old
traditional earthquake resistant techniques which have proved to be effective for resisting earthquake loading and are
also cost effective with easy constructability Disasters are unexpected events which have adversely affected humans
since the dawn of our existence. In response to such events, there have been attempts to mitigate devastating effects of
these disasters. Results of such attempts are very encouraging in developed countries but unfortunately and miserably
poor in developing countries including ours. Earthquakes are one of the nature’s greatest hazards on our planet which
have taken heavy toll on human life and property since ancient times. The sudden and unexpected nature of the
earthquake event makes it even worse on psychological level and shakes the moral of the people. Man looks upon the
mother earth for safety and stability under his feet and when it itself trembles, the shock he receives is indeed
unnerving. Mitigation of the devastating damage caused by earthquakes is of prime requirements in many parts of the
world. Since earthquakes are so far unpreventable and unpredictable, the only option with us is to design and build the
structures which are earthquake resistant. Accordingly attempts have been made in this direction all over the world.
Results of such attempts are very encouraging in developed countries but miserably poor in developing countries
including our country India.
2. Future trends in earthquake-resistant design of structures Durgesh C. Rai
Department of Earthquake Engineering, University of Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India
Earthquake-resistant design of structures has grown into a true multi-disciplinary field of engineering wherein many
exciting developments are possible in the near future. Most notable among these are: (a) a complete probabilistic
analysis and design approach; (b) performance-based design codes; (c) multiple annual probability hazard maps for
response spectral accelerations and peak ground accelerations with better
characterization of site soils, topography, near-field effects; (d) new structural systems and devices using non-
traditional civil engineering materials and techniques;and (e) new refined analytical tools for reliable prediction of
structural response, including nonlinearity, strength and stiffness degradation due to cyclic loads, geometry effects
and more importantly, effects of soil–structure interaction. Some significant developments that the coming years will
witness are discussed in this paper.

3. International Aspects Of the History of Earthquake Engineering Part I

February 12, 2008 Draft Robert Reitherman Executive Director Consortium of Universities for Research in
Earthquake Engineering
In the United States, serving as co-editor with William Holmes of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute issue
of Earthquake Spectra on the centennial of the 1906 earthquake in California (April 2006, vol. 22, Special Issue II,
The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake: An Earthquake Engineering Retrospective 100 Years Later), and writing a
historical paper in thatissue, was valuable experience for writing the present work. Although that subject – an
earthquake in the United States and its effects on the earthquake engineering field – is outside the scope reported on
here, it helped give me a comparative basis for looking at the influence of key earthquakes and long-term research and
education developments in other countries. It also provided an opportunity to put historical developments in other
countries, such as in Italy and Japan around the turn of the nineteenth-twentieth century, side-by-side with events of
that time in the USA at that time, where what is now called the earthquake engineering field was less developed. The
more ways a geologist holds a rock in the hand and looks at it under varying light, then compares it first with one
specimen, then another, the better the rock is identified. So it is with the rocks of history (though more often the
historian encounters piles of sand that merge together). The more the historical evidence is picked up and handled,
looked at from a different vantage point in a different light, the more accurate the resulting history.
4.Numerical Analysis of Seismic Elastomeric Isolation Bearing in the Base-Isolated Buildings M. Jabbareh Asl1, M.
M. Rahman, A. KarbakhsDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor,
Malaysia 2Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran
Base isolation concept is currently accepted as a new strategy for earthquake resistance structures. According to
different types of base isolation devices, laminated rubber bearing which is made by thin layers of steel shims bonded
by rubber is one of the most popular devices to reduce the effects of earthquake in the buildings. Lami- nated rubber
bearings should be protected against failure or instability because failure of isolation devices may cause serious
damage on the structures. Hence, the prediction of the behaviour of the laminated rubber bearing with different
properties is essential in the design of a seismic bearing. In this paper, a finite element modeling of the laminated
rubber bearing is presented. The procedures of modeling the rubber bearing with finite element are described. By the
comparison of the numerical and the experimental, the validities of modelling and results have been determined. The
results of this study perform that there is a good agreement between finite element analysis and experimental results.

5. ADVANCED SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS FOR THE RESILIENT CITY

Akira Wada1, Nobuyuki Mori2 Tokyo Institute of Technology, JapanNikken Sekkei Ltd., Japan
Advances in seismic design technology today enable structural engineers to design buildings with a variety of seismic
safety levels corresponding to different demands of the society. However, target of design is basically limited to
secure life safety level within relatively short time span, i.e., serviceable life of each building. Aspects of constructing
sustainable and resilient cities, which consists of buildings with long life, are not taken into account in general. Strong
earthquakes occur at intervals that are longer than life of individual building or people. On the other hand, as life of
cities is
Obviously much longer, the corresponding seismic action is stronger than the design action and may cause serious
damage in buildings designed for their life only. Taking these into account, we have to design each building for
earthquakes considering the life of cities in order to secure continuity of urban activities over disastrous earthquakes.
However, there are problems to be solved in order to implement such seismic design. In this paper, factors in seismic
engineering that hinder to realize long life city are identified and discussions on future steps of structural engineers to
contribute in constructing sustainable and resilient society are indicated.
6. An investigation into the seismic base isolation from practical perspective Hossein Monfared1, Ayoub Shirvani,
Sunny Nwaubani Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University, P.O. Box CM1 1SQ, Bishop
Hall Lane, Chelmsford, Essex, UK Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University
hossein.monfared@student.anglia.ac.uk
Isolation from the ground during a seismic excitation has been one of the challenging subjects for researchers for
many years. From the review of current approach to date, the general principles are for buildings or structures
to be decoupled from the horizontal components of the earthquake ground motion by interposing a layer with low
horizontal stiffness between the structure and the foundation. The harmonious movement of the structural basement
will cause a significant reduction of fundamental frequency that is much lower than its fixed-base frequency and also
much lower than the predominant frequencies of the ground motion. In this paper the Base Isolation systems are
investigated from the historical evidences up to now. The work presented herein is based on comparative perspective
of different methods. Proposed to date based on their compatibility, efficiency, benefits and weaknesses of each
system that are deliberated and analysed. Finally a five-storey building as a case study has been taken into
consideration through simulated analysis for both, with and without base isolation systems. Numerical analyses
are applied in order to observe dynamic behavior of such structures under seismic loads. Brief review of the economy
and practical effectiveness of base-isolation systems is reported for completeness

7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT: FOCUSING ON EARTHQUAKES Varanasi Vamsi Krishn, B. Krishna Reddy, R.

Madhukar Vishnu, Dr. P Saha
In this paper we are focusing on earthquakes which are the most frequently occurring and are heavy damage causing.
We have given the detailed study of why and how the earthquakes occur, the study of various earthquakes that
occurred in India have been detailed and the damages encountered by them in by both life and property. The disaster
management studies for the preparedness required for an earthquake before, during and after an earthquake. The
seismic evaluation of a building built with the incorporation of IS code and that of a non-engineered building has been
given as a case study. The earthquake resistant techniques that can be incorporated in the design of structure like
using of base isolation systems has been deeply focused and the use of dampers for energy dissipation have been
given greater importance.
8. Seismic Analysis of High-Rise Building by Response Spectrum Method ,Prof. S.S. Patil, ,Miss. S.A. Ghadge, ,Prof.
C.G. Konapure, Prof. Mrs. C.A. Ghadge Department of Civil Engineering, W.I.T. College of Engineering Solapur
Maharashtra, Student, W.I.T. College of Engineering, Solapur Maharashtra 4,Department of Civil Engineering.
S.T.B. College of Engineering, Tuljapur, Maharashtra
This paper describes seismic analysis of high-rise building using program in STAADPro. with various conditions of
lateral stiffness system. Some models are prepared that is bare frame, brace frame and shear wall frame. Analysis is
done with response spectrum method. This analysis will produce the effect of higher modes of vibration & actual
distribution of forces in elastic range in a better way. Test results including base shear, story drift and story deflections
are presented and get effective lateral load resisting system. A large portion of India is susceptible to damaging levels
of seismic hazards. Hence, it is necessary to take in to account the seismic load for the design of high-rise structure.
The different lateral load resisting systems used in high-rise building are: 1.Bare frame 2.Brace frame 3.Shear wall
frame. In tall building the lateral loads due to earthquake are a matter of concern. These lateral forces can produce
critical stresses in the structure, induce undesirable stresses in the structure, induce undesirable vibrations or cause
excessive lateral sway of the structure.

9. Advanced Earthquake Resistant Techniques Pranjal Yadav Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Earthquakes are serious problem as they affect life in hazardous manners. The Earthquake are mainly prevented by
two methods namely Base Isolation Methods and Seismic Dampers. This report deals with Base Isolation and Seismic
Dampers Methods in brief manner. Inertia is the reason for any building’s displacement in the direction opposite to
that of ground’s motion. Base-isolated buildings undergo four times less acceleration as compared to fixed-base
buildings. Reducing the vibrations in the structure is another way of resisting damage. This is where dampers come
into play.
10. Base Isolation and Supplemental Damping Systems for Seismic Protection
Of Wood Structures: Michael D. Symans,a) M.EERI,William F. Cofer,b) and Kenneth J. Fridleyc
This paper provides a literature review on the application of base isolation and upplemental damping systems for
seismic protection of wood structures. The review reveals that both elastomeric bearings and sliding bearings have
been considered for implementation within base isolation systems of wood framed buildings. In addition, friction
dampers, viscoelastic dampers, hysteretic dampers, and fluid viscous dampers have been considered for
implementation within the framing of wood buildings. Although there are a number of impediments to the widespread
implementation of such advanced seismic protection systems, the reviewed literature clearly demonstrates that
advanced seismic protection systems offer promise for enabling light-framed wood structures to resist major
earthquakes with minimal damage.

CHAPTER – 3
ENVIRONMENTALISSUE
S / NEEDS

3.1 Needs
Earthquake-resistant or aseismic structures are designed to protect buildings to some or greater
extent from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the
goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during Seismic activity
than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are
intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their
location. This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings for
rare earthquakes while the loss of the functionality should be limited for more frequent ones.[1]
To combat earthquake destruction, the only method available to ancient architects was to build their
landmark structures to last, often by making them excessively stiff and strong.
Currently, there are several design philosophies in earthquake engineering, making use of
experimental results, computer simulations and observations from past earthquakes to offer the
required performance for the seismic threat at the site of interest. These range from appropriately
sizing the structure to be strong and ductile enough to survive the shaking with an acceptable
damage, to equipping it with base isolation or using structural vibration control technologies to
minimize any forces and deformations. While the former is the method typically applied in most
earthquake-resistant structures, important facilities, landmarks and cultural heritage buildings use the
more advanced (and expensive) techniques of isolation or control to survive strong shaking with
minimal damage.

CHAPTER – 4
METHODOLOGY

4.0 METHODOLOGY
4.1 Problem:
The primary effects of earthquakes are ground shaking, ground rupture, landslides, tsunamis, and liquefaction. Fires are probably the single
most important secondary effect of earthquakes.
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of stress along faults in the earth's crust. The continuous motion of tectonic plates causes a steady
build-up of pressure in the rock strata on both sides of a fault until the stress is sufficiently great that it is released in a sudden, jerky
movement. The resulting waves of seismic energy propagate through the ground and over its surface, causing the shaking we perceive as
earthquakes.

4.2 What are earthquake resistance technique?

Earthquake-resistant structures are structures designed to protect buildings from earthquakes. While
no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant
construction is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional
counterparts.
4.3 TheNeed:
Earthquake-resistant or aseismic structures are designed to protect buildings to some or greater extent
from earthquakes. ... According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to
withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location.

4.4 Flow chart ofmethodology:

CHAPTER – 5
MATERIALS
ANDMETHODS USED

5.1. MATERIALS AND METHODSUSED

Lead-rubber bearings are frequently used for base isolation. A lead rubber bearing is made from
layers of rubber sandwiched together with layers of steel. The bearing is very stiff and strong in the
vertical direction, but flexible in the horizontal direction.
A feasibility study of friction base isolation system for seismic protection has been performed. Four
different slidinginterfaces, namely, green marble/High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE), green marble/
green marble, green marble/geosynthetic, andgreen marble/ rubber layers have been studied through
experimental and analytical investigations. The experimental investigationsshow that the coefﬁcient
of friction values of these interfaces lies in the desirable range for seismic protection, i.e., 0.05 to
0.15.The analytical investigation reveals that most of these sliding interfaces are effective in reducing
spectral accelerations up to 50%and the sliding displacement is restricted within plinth projection of
75 mm (3 in). Green marble and geosynthetic are found to bebetter alternatives for use in friction
isolation system with equal effectiveness of energy dissipation and limiting the earthquakeenergy
transmission to super structure during strong earthquake leading to a low cost, durable solution for
earthquake protectionof masonry buildings.Keywords: Base isolation, masonry buildings, pure
friction, static and dynamic friction test.

5.2. Methods/Techniques Used

• Base Isolation
• Energy Dissipation Devices
• CONVENTIONAL METHODS ØThe concept is to strengthen the building. ØHave stiffness and inelastic
deformation capacity.
• CONVENTIONAL METHODS Some of the general design concepts: ØFollow current earthquake standards
and codes. ØProvide strong foundation. ØUse best quality materials. ØAvoid irregular shaped structures and
framing system. ØMaintain integrity by providing seismic bands: At the plinth level of the building. At the
levels of lintels of doors and windows. Vertical reinforcing bars at all wall junctions. ØIntroduce shear walls
to transfer seismic loads down to the bottom of foundation.
• CONVENTIONAL METHODS Remedial measured for soft storey buildings. (a) bracings in columns of open
ground storey, (b) Providing R.C. shear wall and (c) Providing brick infills between columns. (a) (b) (c)
• ADVANCED METHODS Basic approach is to reduce the earthquake generated forces acting upon the
building; rather than strengthening it. Two main techniques: ØBase isolation ØEnergy dissipation devices

CHAPTER 6
EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION

Conventional seismic design is generally not acceptable for certain structures that must remain fully
functionalduring a major earthquake (e.g., hospitals, fire stations, and emergency command centers).
One approach toprotecting such structures involves the installation of special seismic protection systems
that ensure essentiallyelastic behavior of the structure during a major earthquake. For example, a seismic
isolation system may be usedto decouple the structure response from the ground motion while a
supplemental damping system may be used toabsorb a portion of the energy transferred into the
structure. Alternatively, a hybrid isolation system consistingof base isolation bearings combined with
supplemental dampers offers a very reliable and cost-effectiveapproach to mitigating the effects of
strong earthquake-induced ground motion. Recent applications of hybridseismic isolation systems have
utilized either elastomeric bearings or friction pendulum sliding bearingscombined with fluid dampers
(Constantinou et. al., 1998). There are limitations, however, to the performance ofhybrid isolation
systems. In particular, such systems may not perform well for structures that are prone to a widevariety
of earthquake ground motions. For example, the ground motions associated with near-field and far-
fieldearthquakes can be quite different. Thus, the most appropriate seismic isolation system design may
be differentfor each type of ground motion. One approach to addressing the limitations of hybrid
isolation systems is toreplace the supplemental dampers with adaptive dampers. There are a variety of
adaptive control elements forapplication within hybrid seismic isolation systems (e.g., see Symans and
Constantinou (1998)).
Numerous researchers have studied adaptive base isolation systems for seismic protection of buildings.
However, a majority of the adaptive isolation systems that have been proposed employ active control
devices atthe isolation level to control the structural response (Riley, 1996). As an alternative, semi-
active control deviceswhich require only a relatively small amount of power for operation could be used.
The forces that develop insuch devices are induced by the motion of the structure to which they are
attached. The number of studies onadaptive isolation systems that employ semi-active control devices is
relatively small with most of the workbeing analytical and/or numerical (e.g., see Fujita et. al. (1994),
Nagarajaiah (1994), Yang et. al. (1995), Makris(1997), Johnson et. al. (1998), Sadek and Mohraz (1998)
and Symans and Kelly (1999)). In general, it has beenrecognized that inappropriate levels of
supplemental damping in a base isolation system can increase theresponse of the superstructure (e.g., see
Makris (1997) and Kelly (1999))
Typically, a numerical study is more practical than an experimental study to evaluate the performance of
different seismic protection systems. However, at some point an experimental study must be performed
to verifythe numerical results. This paper concentrates on an experimental study of the seismic response
of a scale-model, steel building frame outfitted with a hybrid seismic isolation system. To the author’s
knowledge, thework presented herein represents the first experimental study of an adaptive semi-active
seismic isolation systemWithin united state

CHAPTER 7
RESULT
ANDDISCUSSION

7.1 Result
Dynamic characterization of the models and earthquake waves
The time periods, fundamental frequencies and the damping ratios of all the model frames have
been found out using Half-Power Bandwidth method and are given in Table 2.
The model with the least height is observed to have the least time period and the highest value of
natural frequency signifying high rigidity and stiffness of the structure. For the 6-storey structure
with height 750 mm, it is observed that the natural frequency is reduced compared to the 500 mm
model and the higher time period signifying a relatively flexible structure. All the other 1000 mm
structures are found to have the same natural frequencies and time periods. From this observation,
a conclusive statement can be made that, as the height of the structure model is increased, the
respective natural frequencies have decreased, which reinstates a decrease in stiffness of the
structure. But, the damping ratio was found to increase with the height of the models. An
interesting observation was that even for models with the same height, time period and angular
frequency the damping ratio increased when the material was changed from iron to wood and even
when the core was introduced.
Response Spectrum analysis of the selected earthquake waves

The earthquake data for all the five waves were used to obtain the response spectrum using Prism
software.
Figure 5 shows the respective response spectrums for all these waves. From the response
spectrum plot, we can infer that wave 1 and 5 have their peaks occurring inbetween 0.3-0.6
seconds, implying that they are both small wave earthquakes and are likely to excite the short
period structures. Similarly, the response spectrum shows that wave 2, 3 and 4 are long period
earthquakes likely to excite relatively longer period structures. From the response spectrum of
waves 1 to 4, it is also evident that the max. acceleration value is much higher than that proposed
by Indian Standard Design curve which necessitates detailed study on behavior the structures
under such excitations and thereby the codes needs to be modified.

Figure 1.Response spectrum of earthquake waves a) Wave 1 b) Wave 2 c) Wave 3 d) Wave 4 e) Wave 5.

The top floor accelerations of non-isolated and base-isolated models
The acceleration and displacement responses of all the fixed base models obtained from the
experiment are given in Table 1.
Table 1 and Table 2 represent the responses (acceleration and displacement) of the topmost floor
of the structure without and with isolation provided at the base and subjected to the selected five
earthquake waves. The discussion of these results is done in the following sections with the help of
graphs in Figure 6.
Table 1. Top floor acceleration response of non-isolated models

WAVE 1 WAVE 2 WAVE 3 WAVE 4 WAVE 5
Storeys AR(m/s2) DR(mm) AR(m/s2) DR(mm) AR(m/s2) DR(mm) AR(m/s2) DR(mm) AR(m/s2) DR(mm)
4 46.12 50.08 30.54 28.09 85.01 59.66 34.92 13.32 0.88 1.43
6 16.45 21.31 16.91 19.26 24.64 14.81 11.06 10.29 1.08 0.5
8 16.82 8.16 14.88 12.01 27.94 21.86 12.42 11.36 0.57 0.72
8 wood 21.24 28.94 10.48 15.79 15.53 21.26 9.5 10.87 0.91 1.09
8 Core 21.24 28.94 10.48 6.12 16.63 21.26 9.5 10.87 0.91 1.09
*AR=Acceleration Response, *DR=Displacement Response
Table 2. Top floor acceleration responses of base-isolated models
WAVE 1 WAVE 2 WAVE 3 WAVE 4 WAVE 5
Storeys AR(m/s ) DR(mm) AR(m/s ) DR(mm) AR(m/s ) DR(mm) AR(m/s ) DR(mm) AR(m/s2) DR(mm)
2 2 2 2
4 25.21 2.33 19.16 3.96 32.24 8.4 19.78 3.67 0.31 1.05
6 5.39 12.19 4.7 5.25 13.39 9.33 1.83 3.13 0.13 0.67
8 4.49 3.25 9.11 8.57 15.5 16.84 2.61 2.7 0.21 0.56
8 wood 10.51 7.66 9.88 3.44 12.9 10.17 8.06 1.65 0.62 0.3
8 Core 18.91 14.98 7.73 6.12 12.55 18.63 3.69 3.54 0.78 0.51
*AR=Acceleration Response, *DR=Displacement Response

Figure 2.
Plot between top floor acceleration responses of top floor V/s various wave excitations a) 4 storey (iron) b) 6 storey (iron) c) 8 storey (iron) d) 8
storey (wood) e) 8 storey (core).

The data listed in the tables 1 and 2 indicate the adequate capacity of the proposed technologyin
reducing the seismic demand on the structure. The comparative analysis for all the 5 waveson all
three different sized non-isolated and base-isolated models show that the base-isolated model is
far safer than the other. It can be inferred that the best results are shown forwave 1 and wave 4,
which means that the structures having the same time period as the testedmodels will behave
better under earthquake excitations similar to Wave 1 & 4.
Figure 6 highlights the comparative analysis of the top acceleration response of structures in a
graphical form to understand the difference in both values i.e. with and without an isolation system.
It is evident from the above figure that for wave 5 i.e. the elcentro earthquake excitation, the
response reductions are relatively less in value and in some cases exceeding the value of the non-
isolated model’s response. The probable reason behind this can be Elcentro earthquake i.e wave
5, is a short period earthquake wave and the highest components of ground acceleration is
achieved in the range 0.5 to 0.6. And it was observed that maximum response was transmitted in
all the models excited by Elcentro earthquake, thus, reducing the effect of base isolation. This
improvement in base isolation framed model shows that the building absorbs the shock energy by
dissipating the shock waves in a manner that it resists deformation and thus avoids damage on
both biotic and abiotic levels.
Response reduction due to base isolation
Table 3 and Figure 3 depicts the percentage reduction observed in the top floor accelerations of all
the given models when attached with an isolation system in case of metal and core in wooden
structures respectively.
Table 3. Top floor acceleration response reductions in models (%)

Wave 1(%) Wave 2(%) Wave 3(%) Wave 4(%) Wave 5(%)
4 storey 45.34% 37.26 62.08 43.36 64.77
6 storey 67.2 72.21 45.66 83.45 87.96
8 storey 73.31 38.78 44.52 78.99 63.16
8 storey wood 50.52 5.75 16.94 15.15 31.86
8 storey Core 10.96 26.24 19.19 61.16 14.29

Figure 3.
Percentage reduction in accelaration response in base isolated models.
Table 4 and Figure 4 provides an overall view of the reductions in every base isolated plus core
wall structure relative to the non-isolated ones subjected to the five different earthquake
excitations.
Table 4. Top floor Displacement Response Reductions in models

Wave 1(%) Wave 2(%) Wave 3(%) Wave 4(%) Wave 5(%)
4 storey 95.35 85.9 85.92 72.45 26.57
6 storey 71.58 72.74 37 69.58 -34
8 storey 60.17 28.64 22.46 73.63 22.22
8 storey wood 73.53 78.21 52.16 84.82 72.47
8 storey Core 48.24 61.24 12.37 67.43 53.21

Figure 4.
Percentage reduction in displacement response in base isolated models.
Comparison between 8 storey metal and wooden structural model
It can be inferred from Figure 5 that there is a considerable reduction in acceleration response of a
non-isolated fixed base structure when a lighter weight material is used, such as wood in this case.
The results show that lesser acceleration is transferred to the wooden structure compared to the
model made with iron. This is because acceleration response depends on the mass of the
structure and also its stiffness. Since the mass, in this case, has decreased drastically, this
automatically increases the natural frequency of the structure in comparison with the same model
made of iron. However, in this study, it was observed that the natural frequencies of the entire 8
storey models were similar, which indicated same order of reduction in elastic coefficient (E) and
mass (m). Seismic waves Wave 1 and Wave 5 are shortwave earthquakes with the maximum
response being within 0.3 and 0.6 seconds respectively. The natural time periods of the models
are below 0.15 seconds. Thus, under Wave 1 and Wave 5 the 8 stories wooden model will
experience higher response. Since, Wave 2, 3 and 4 are long period waves, the response of the
wooden model to these excitations will be considerably lower.
Figure 5.
Comparison between acceleration response in metal and wooden models of the same height.

CONCLUSION

1. The percentage reductions in top floor acceleration response in iron model ranges from 40-80%
and displacement reductions were found to be up to 80% over the non-isolated models which are
the result of introduction flexibility at the base of the structure.
2. The comparison between metal and wooden model showed a considerable reduction in
acceleration response of a structure made of wood due to the transfer of lesser acceleration to the
wooden structure. The reason being the acceleration response is dependent upon the mass and
stiffness of the structure and by decreasing the mass in this case automatically increases the
natural frequency of the wooden structure, and reduces the acceleration response as compared to
the metal iron structure.
3. In the model with a core, the acceleration reduction ranges from 10-60% and displacement
reductions were found to be between 12-67% over the non-isolated model. Wooden frame model
has a higher response than the core structure because the damping ratios (9.02 and 16.8
respectively) were higher for the core wall models. Thus, although expensive, a rigid core system
structure can effectively control the vibrations in a structure.
4. The tests indicated different performances of the bearing with varying energy content of the
seismic events at the isolator’s frequency. For instance, for Wave 5 (El Centro), a significant
reduction in the top floor acceleration (87.96%) was observed. Conversely, the storey
displacement increased with respect to the fixed-base building in the events. Wave 1 records the
largest base displacements. This finding can be attributed to considerable energy content at the
frequency of the isolated structure.
5. Therefore, it can be concluded that using base isolation and core walls in structures can greatly
reduce the storey drift and accelerations, by decreasing the transmissibility and ensuring elastic
behaviour during strong motion earthquakes, thus minimizing the potential damage.

Advanced Earthquake Resistance Technique”
Photos- Model
JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page

REFERENCES

• Morris, Neil; Earthquakes; Crabtree Publishing Company; 1998.

• Mazza and Vulcano; Base-isolation techniques for the seismic protection of RC
framed structures subjected to near-fault ground motions; Paper No. 2935; 13th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering at Vancouver, B.C., Canada; August 1-
6, 2004.
• Kelly, Skinner and Heine; Mechanisms of energy absorption in special devices for
use in earthquake resistant structures; Bulletin of N.Z. Society for Earthquake
Engineering, Vol. 5 No. 3, September 1997.
• Seismic Protection with Fluid Viscous Dampers for the Torre Mayor, a 57-Story
Office Tower in Mexico City, Mexico; Publisher: Taylor Devices, Inc.;Date: 2011-
02-18.
• Kourakis, Ioannis; Structural systems and tuned mass dampers of super-tall
buildings: case study of Taipei 101; Publisher: Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; 2007.
• Farhat, Guenneau and Enoch, Flexural waves on a thin elastic plate are smoothly
bent around an obstacle ("E") surrounded by a metamaterial cloak, Volume 103, Issue
2, DOI 10 July 2009
• Li Hong-Nan and Ying Jia. (2004). Theoretical and experimental studies on
reduction for multi-modal seismic
• responses of high-rise structures by TLDs. Journal of Vibration and Control 10:7,
1041-1056.
• Li Hong-Nan, Yin Yong-Wei, Wang Su-Yan. (2003). Studies on seismic reduction
of story-increased buildings
• with friction layer and energy-dissipated devices. Earthquake Engineering &
Structural Dynamics 32:14, 2143

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

Advanced Earthquake Resistance Technique

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING BY

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(Academic Year- 2020 - 2021)

in partial fulfillment of the Diploma in the Civil Engineering as prescribed by the

This is to certify that Mr./Ms/……………………………………………………………...has completed

Name and Signature of Guide

Institute’s Vision and Mission Statements:

To satisfy the aspirations of youth force, who want to lead the

To provide nurture and maintain an environment of high

Department’s Vision and Mission Statements:

To develop self-reliant, innovative, quality conscious Civil

M1- To impart quality and real time education to contribute to

the field of Civil Engineering

M2- To impart soft skills & professional ethics among the

M3- To create mind-set among the students for life-long

PO1:- Basic and Discipline specific knowledge

Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and

PO2:- Problem analysis

Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified standard

PO3:- Design/development of solutions

PO4:- Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

Apply modern engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard

PO5:- Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment

Apply appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and

Use engineering management principles individually, as a team member or a leader

PO7:- Life-long learning

Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the context of

Program Specific Outcomes

2. Provide sustainable solutions to the civil engineeringproblems.

Program Educational Outcomes

1. Provide socially responsible, environment friendly solutions to Civil

2. Adapt state-of-the-art Civil engineering broad-based technologies towork

3. Solve broad-based problems individually and as a teammember

Course Outcomes of CPP

1. Write the problem/task specification in existing systems related tothe

Course Outcomes of CPE

1. Implement the planned activity individually & or asteam

JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page1

JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page2

1.1 Purpose andscope:

1.2 Earthquake resistant Technique:

JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page3

1.2.1 Types of Earthquake Resistance Techniques:

JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page4

Symmetry, Diaphragms And Cross-Bracing:

JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page5

1.3.2 Sources of generation of earthquake:

JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page6

JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page7

1.4 How to Prevent Earthquake:

1.4.1 Problems Faced During Earthquake:

JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page8

1.6 Advantages of Earthquake Resistance Technique

1.7 Disadvantages of Earthquake Resistance Technique

The major disadvantage in my opinion based on my experience in Japanese infrastructures

JSPM’S RSCOE Polytechnic (2ndShift)Tathawade Page9