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    SUSHANT Micro Project

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    samyak munot
    This document provides a classification of tunnels based on purpose, shape, alignment, materials, and supporting arrangements. It describes different types of tunnels including spiral, off-spur, saddle, and slope tunnels classified by alignment. Tunnels are also classified by purpose as conveyance tunnels for water/sewage or traffic tunnels for vehicles. Shape classifications include circular, horseshoe, D-shaped, elliptical, and rectangular tunnels. Tunnels are further categorized based on the type of material as hard rock, soft ground, open cuts, or under river beds. Supporting arrangements such as rock bolts, R.S.J sections, and shotcrete are also discussed.

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    SUSHANT Micro Project

    Uploaded by

    samyak munot
    110 views20 pages
    This document provides a classification of tunnels based on purpose, shape, alignment, materials, and supporting arrangements. It describes different types of tunnels including spiral, off-spur, saddle, and slope tunnels classified by alignment. Tunnels are also classified by purpose as conveyance tunnels for water/sewage or traffic tunnels for vehicles. Shape classifications include circular, horseshoe, D-shaped, elliptical, and rectangular tunnels. Tunnels are further categorized based on the type of material as hard rock, soft ground, open cuts, or under river beds. Supporting arrangements such as rock bolts, R.S.J sections, and shotcrete are also discussed.

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    SUSHANT Micro Project[1]

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    This document provides a classification of tunnels based on purpose, shape, alignment, materials, and supporting arrangements. It describes different types of tunnels including spiral, off-spur, saddle, and slope tunnels classified by alignment. Tunnels are also classified by purpose as conveyance tunnels for water/sewage or traffic tunnels for vehicles. Shape classifications include circular, horseshoe, D-shaped, elliptical, and rectangular tunnels. Tunnels are further categorized based on the type of material as hard rock, soft ground, open cuts, or under river beds. Supporting arrangements such as rock bolts, R.S.J sections, and shotcrete are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    110 views20 pages

    SUSHANT Micro Project

    Uploaded by

    samyak munot
    This document provides a classification of tunnels based on purpose, shape, alignment, materials, and supporting arrangements. It describes different types of tunnels including spiral, off-spur, saddle, and slope tunnels classified by alignment. Tunnels are also classified by purpose as conveyance tunnels for water/sewage or traffic tunnels for vehicles. Shape classifications include circular, horseshoe, D-shaped, elliptical, and rectangular tunnels. Tunnels are further categorized based on the type of material as hard rock, soft ground, open cuts, or under river beds. Supporting arrangements such as rock bolts, R.S.J sections, and shotcrete are also discussed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 20

    Micro Project

    DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING


    AFFILIATED TO MSBTE

    Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj College of


    Engineering, Nepti, Ahmednagar
    2022-23 Prepared By,
    Sushant Jiwade
    Classification Of Tunnels

    Tunnels Classified On The Basis Of Purpose,


    Shape, Alignment, Materials, And Supporting
    Arrangements.

    1) Classification Of Tunnels According


    To Alignment:-
    A) Spiral Tunnels:-
    Spiral Tunnel Provided To Increase The Length Of The
    Tunnel To Avoid Steep Slops In Narrow Valleys.
    Tunnels Provided In Narrow Valley In The Form Of Loops
    In The Interior Of Mountain So As To Increase Length Of
    Tunnel To Avoid Steep Slopes.
    B) Off-Spur Tunnels:-
    Off Spur Tunnels Are Constructed To Short-Cut Minor Obstacles
    Is Very High Projections On The Way, Which Can Not Be
    Followed With Permitted Curves.
    C) Saddle Tunnels:-
    Saddle Tunnels Constructed In Valley Along Natural Slope, This
    Tunnels Mainly Used For Transportation Purpose. Or Tunnels
    Constructed In The Valley Along The Natural Slope Till Slope
    Does Not Exceed Ruling Gradient.
    D) Slope Tunnels:-
    Tunnel Constructed In Steep Hills For Economic And Safe
    Operations Of Roads And Railways Non As Sloping Tunnels, This
    Type Of Tunnel Also Used For Transportation Purpose Mainly.
    2) Classification Of Tunnel According To Purpose
    A) Conveyance Tunnels:-
    These Type Of Tunnels Mainly Constructed For Water Supply,
    Sewage Lines, And Hydro-Electric Power Supply.
    B) Traffic Tunnels:-
    Traffic Tunnel Includes Highway Tunnels, Railways Tunnels,
    Pedestrian, Navigation Tunnels And Subway Tunnels.
    3) Classification Of Tunnels According To Shape
    A) Circular Shaped Tunnels:-
    This Type Of Tunnels Strong In Order To Resistance To External
    Pressure Caused By Water, Soil and Ground.
    Circular Shape Tunnels Not Suitable For Railways, And Highway
    Transportation Mainly Used For Sewage Lines.
    B) Horse Shoe Tunnels:-
    Horse Shoe Tunnels Can With Stand Internal And External Pressures,
    Having Semi-Circular Rood With arch Sides, Commonly Uses For
    Railway And Roadways.
    C) D-Shaped Tunnels:-
    Where The Risk Of Failure Or Collapse Caused By External Pressure
    From Water Or Loose Unstable Soil Conditions On Tunnel Lining Is
    Non-Existent, These Types Of Tunnel Roof Also Called Segmented Roof
    Takes Up All The Load And Distributes It To The Straight Walls.
    D) Elliptical Tunnels:-
    The Smaller Cross Section At The Bottom Maintain Flow At The
    Required Self Cleaning Velocity, They Used In Grounds Compare To
    Rocks And These Tunnels Serve As Water Sewage Conditions.
    Elliptical Tunnels Difficult To Construct.
    E) Rectangular Tunnels:-
    Rectangular Tunnels Suitable For Hard Rock Sites And Mainly Uses For
    Pedestrian Passage, But This Type Of Tunnels Are Costly.
    F) Egg-Shaped Tunnels:-
    Egg Shaped Tunnels Suitable For Sewage Lines As They Have Self
    Cleaning Velocity In Dry Weather, Egg Shaped Tunnels Can Resist
    External As Well As Internal Pressure.
    4) Classification Of Tunnels According To Type Of
    Materials
    A) Tunnels In Hard Rock:-
    Tunneling Through Hard Rock Almost Always Involves Blasting.
    B) Tunnels In Soft Ground:-
    A Tunnel Built In Soft Ground Such As Clay, Silt, Sand, Gravel, Or
    Mud Requires Specialized Techniques Compared To Hard Rock.
    C) Tunnels In Open Cuts:-
    A Tunnel Constructed By Excavating A Trench From The Surface,
    Building The Structure Within The Trench, And Then Backfilling To
    Restore The Surface.
    D) Tunnels Underneath River Bed:-
    Tunnel Constructed Under River Bed Required Special Technique’s.
    5) Classification Of Tunnels According To Supporting
    Arrangements
    •Tunnels Supported By Rock Bolts
    •Tunnels Supported By R. S. J Section
    •Tunnel Supported By Shotcrete

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