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ACADEMY YEAR 2021-22 SEMESTER FIRST BRANCH – CE

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, WASHIM

SUBJECT : BASIC SURVEYING (BSU)

A MICRO PROJECT : Linear Measurements in Surveying.

SUBMITTED BY THE GROUP OF 31 TO 40

ROLL NO NAME INROLLMENT NO

31 OM G. KARDILE 2100310124
32 SHRUTI S. KESWANI 2100310125
33 PAVAN V. KHODKE 2100310126
34 KUNAL D. NIMKAR 2100310127
35 PAWAN R. KYATAMWAR 2100310128
36 DHANRAJ D. LAHANKAR 2100310129
37 KASTURI S. MAHALE 2100310130
38 SHREYASH S. MARWADI 2100310131
39 AFNAN N. MOHAMMAD 2100310132
40 VIKRANT M. MORE 2100310133

GUIDE BY H.O.D.
(MS.RITA BHANGALE) ( DR.N.S.VIDYASAGAR)

PRINCIPAL
(Dr. B.G.GAWALWAD)
(Government Polytecchnic, Washim)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-22
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CERTIFICATE
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,WASHIM
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

This is to certify that by Mr.Ms.

Roll no of Department of civil Engineering has

Completed this micro project of the subject name Linear

Measurements in Surveying with four walls of the institute.

Date : / / 2022

Place : Washim

Ms.Rita Bhangale. Mr.N.S.Vidyasagar

Lecture in Basic Surveying Head of Department

(Department of civil Engineering) (Department of civil Engineering)

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SR. NO TITTLE PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 METHOD 5

3 Instruments 8
Used
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INTRODUCTION

Linear measurements in surveying can be performed by

mainly three methods namely direct method, electromagnetic methods and
optical methods. The direct method is the common method that employs a
chain, tape or any other instrument to measure the linear distance.

• Linear measurement is usually regarded as the most fundamental of

surveying observations. In traditional ground surveys, although many angles
might be read, the length of at least one line has to be measured to supplement
the angles in locating points.

• In-plane surveying, the linear between two points means the horizontal
distance. When the points are at different elevations, the distance is the
horizontal length between vertical lines in the points.
• Lengths of lines could be specified in different units. In the USA, the foot,
decimally divided, is usually used through the meter is becoming more and
more common. Geodetic surveys and lots of highway surveys use the meter.
• In machine and architectural function, and on some construction projects, the
unit is a foot divided into inches and fractions of an inch.
• In surveying, the most commonly employed units are such as length, area,
volume, and angle.
• Two different systems are in use for specifying units of observed quantities,
both the English and metric systems.
• Due to its widespread adoption, the metric system is called the International
System of Units and abbreviated SI
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METHOD
1.BY PACING OR STEPPING :-
The pacing technique is mostly employed in preliminary
surveys and explorations. In this method, the surveyor is required to
conduct a rough survey quickly. This also roughly check the distance
measured by other means.

In this method, the number of paces between the two points of the line is
counted. Knowing the average length of the pace helps to know the length of
the line. The length of the pace is dependent on the person who is measuring,
the ground, the speed of pacing and the slope of the country.

By walking on an approximate level ground over various lines of known

lengths helps to determine the length of one's natural step. Performing pacing
over rough ground or on slopes is a difficult process.

Pacing is a reasonably easy and quick method of measuring distance in the

field.[1] It is used to measure a distance and is often used with a sighting or
a hand compass. Most commonly, pacing is split up into segments, such
as chains, which are set measures of distance. By determining one's own
pace, distance can easily be estimated.
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2. BY Passometer :-

Passometer is an electromechanical and portable instrument,

which count the number of paces or velocity of the body movement.

It automatically records the number of paces. Its mechanism is being operated by

the movement of the body.

Passometer is an electromechanical device.

Moreover, it is portable, which makes it handy to use at any location or field.

This instrument looks like a watch or speedometer of any mechanical device and
is carried in a pocket or attached to one leg.

Its mechanism has been operated by the motion of the body, and it automatically
registers the total number of paces, furthermore for alleviating the monotony and
strain of calculating the paces, by the surveyor.

It has the capability to count circular or periodic measurements.

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3.Electro-magnetic distance measurement (EDM) methods:

The direct method of distance measurement discussed in

chapter 1 has the disadvantage that measurements over unsuitable terrain or on
congested sites can be very difficult and, in some cases, impossible. This problem
was overcome with the development of optical distance measurement techniques
(see chapter 6) but, in general, such methods are only suitable for accuracy up to 1
in 10 000 and ranges of up to 150 m. Although greater accuracy and longer
distances can be achieved, the techniques involved can be elaborate and time
consuming, for example, auxiliary base subtense methods.
Electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) methods, however,
enable accuracies of up to 1 in 105 to be achieved without difficulty over ranges
up to 100km.
EDM is a general term embracing the measurement of distance
using electronic methods. There are, at present, in excess of fifty different EDM
systems available. Consequently, any detailed operating instructions for any
particular instrument have been excluded. Such data are available in the handbooks
supplied by manufacturers for their respective instruments.
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4. SPEEDOMETER :-
A speedometer measure peed of a vehicle in motion. It records the
speed in km/h. Odometer records the distance travelled by the vehicle. Odometer
is also used by people who construct road and survey lands
A speedometer or speed meter is a gauge that measures and displays
the instantaneous speed of a vehicle. Now universally fitted to motor vehicles, they
started to be available as options in the early 20th century, and as standard
equipment from about 1910 onwards. [1] Speedometers for other vehicles have
specific names and use other means of sensing speed. For a boat, this is a pitlog.
For an aircraft, this is an airspeed indicator.
Charles Babbage is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer, which
was usually fitted to locomotives.[2]
The electric speedometer was invented by the Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888 and
was originally called a velocimeter.
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5. BY PERAMBULATOR :-

A surveyor's wheel, also called a clickwheel, hodometer,

waywiser, trundle wheel, measuring wheel or perambulator is a device for
measuring distance.
A surveyor's instrument for measuring distances. It consists of a wheel arranged to
roll along over the ground, with an apparatus of clockwork, and a dial plate upon
which the distance traveled is shown by an index. See Odometer.
noun A low carriage for a child, propelled by pushing; a baby carriage; -- called
also pram, in Britain.

A surveyors instrument for measuring distances. It

consists of a wheel arranged to roll along over the ground, with an
apparatus of clockwork, and a dial plate upon which the distance
traveled is shown by an index. See Odometer.
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Instruments Used

Linear measurements can be done by using different instruments. These include:

1. Chain
Chains are used to measure horizontal distances. Chains are formed of
straight links of galvanized mild steel wire called links. The ends of each link are
bent into a loop hand connected together by means of three oval rings which afford
flexibility to the chain.

The chain s made of mind steel. The ends of the chin are provided with brass
handles for dragging the chain on the ground. the outside of the handle is the zero
point or the end point of the chain and the length of the chain measured from the
outside of one handle to the outside of the other. The length of a link is the distance
between the centers of the two consecutive middle rings.

The end links include the handles. Metallic tags are indicators of the chain to
facilitate quick reading of fraction of a chain in surveying measurements. Metric
survey chains are available in lengths of 20m and 30m. The 20m chain contains
100 links whereas 30m. Chain contains 150 links. One link of both the type of
chain measure 20cm.

2. Woven Metallic Tape

The metallic woven tape is an improved version of linen tape.
Brass or copper made wires are used as reinforcement for the linen material.
Hence, it is more durable than normal linen tape. A brass ring is provided at the
end of the tape which is included in the length of the tape.
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These tapes are available in different lengths of 2m, 10m, 15m, 20m, 30m, and
50m. These are used for survey works such as topographical survey works where
minor errors are not taken into consideration.

3.Arrow

Surveying is the process of measuring the characteristics of the land upon which a
construction work is supposed to take place. One of the most common ways to do
surveys is to use chain surveying. In this method, we can use special pins, called
?arrows? for marking purposes.

Arrows are often used in surveying large flats of lands. In this situation, the
measuring chain length is often shorter than the stretch of land that has to be
measured. Then, a pin is stuck in the ground to mark the ends of the chain, and at
the end, the pins are counted, and knowing the length of the chain beforehand, we
can find out the length measured in this way.
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4.Ranging rod :-
A ranging rod (or range rod) is a surveying instrument used for marking the
position of stations, and for sightings of those stations, as well as for
ranging straight lines. Initially these were made of light, thin and
straight bamboo, or of well seasoned wood such as teak, pine or deodar. They
were shod with iron at the bottom and surmounted with a flag about 250 mm
square in size. Nowadays they are made of wood, metal or fibreglass. The rods
are usually about 30 mm in diameter and 2 m or 3 m long, painted with
alternating bands, such as red and white, red and yellow, or black and white, in
lengths of 200 mm (i.e. one link length of metric chain), 500 mm, or one foot.
These colours are used so that the rod can be properly sighted in case of long
distance or bad weather. Ranging rods of greater length, e.g. 3 to 6 m, are called
ranging or range poles, and are used for very long survey lines. Another type of
ranging rod is known as an offset rod, which has no flag at the top. It is used for
measuring small offsets from the survey line when the work is of an ordinary
nature.
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5. Cross staff :-
The cross-staff is an instrument that is used to measure altitudes and
angles consisting of a trigonometrically graduated staff and over it, one or
more perpendicular vanes are moving.
To measure altitude or the distance of an object above sea level or the horizon
the cross-staff is used and it is an early navigational tool.

Three type of cross staff

Open cross staff
French cross staff
Adjustable cross staff
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Conclusion
• Linear measurement surveying is one of the most basic methods of
surveying and involves no measurement of angles.

• This micro-project learn about Linear measurement.

• The Linear measurement study about method and uses of

instrument.

• Applies to measurement of length, heights, diameters, levelling,

etc.

• Measurement of perpendicular distance between two point or

surfaces. Designed either for line measurements or end
measurements.