15-Chapitre - 10-Heat Exchangers
15-Chapitre - 10-Heat Exchangers
15-Chapitre - 10-Heat Exchangers
Heat Exchangers
Prof. A. SMAILI
Mechanical Engineering Department
Ecole Nationale Polytechnique
Heat Exchanger Types
Heat exchangers are ubiquitous to energy conversion and utilization. They involve
heat exchange between two fluids separated by a solid and encompass a wide
range of flow configurations.
Simplest configuration.
Baffles are used to establish a cross-flow and to induce turbulent mixing of the
shell-side fluid, both of which enhance convection.
The number of tube and shell passes may be varied, e.g.:
For cross-flow over the tubes, fluid motion, and hence mixing, in the transverse
direction (y) is prevented for the finned tubes, but occurs for the unfinned condition.
Heat exchanger performance is influenced by mixing.
Heat Exchanger Types
• Compact Heat Exchangers
Widely used to achieve large heat rates per unit volume, particularly when
one or both fluids is a gas.
Characterized by large heat transfer surface areas per unit volume, small
flow passages, and laminar flow.
• With subscripts c and h used to designate the hot and cold fluids, respectively,
the most general expression for the overall coefficient is:
1 1 1
UA UAc UA h
1 Rf , c Rf , h 1
Rw
o hAc o Ac o Ah o hAh
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Rf Fouling factor for a unit surface area (m K/W)
2
Table 11.1
Rw Wall conduction resistance (K/W)
o Overall surface efficiency of fin array (Section 3.6.5)
Af
o,c or h 1 1 f
A c or h
A At total surface area (fins and exposed base)
Af surface area of fins only
tanh mL
f , c or h
mL c or h
mc or h 2U p / kwt c or h
1/2
h
partial overall coefficient
1 hR
U p , c or h
f c or h
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Rf Fouling factor for a unit surface area (m K/W)
2
Table 11.1
The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method
q U A T1m
T1 T2
T1m
1n T1 / T2
T1 Th,1 Tc ,1
Th,i Tc , o
T2 Th,2 Tc ,2
Th, o Tc ,i
The Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD) Method
• Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger:
T1 Th,1 Tc ,1
Th,i Tc ,i
T2 Th,2 Tc,2
Th, o Tc , o
Note that Tc,o can not exceed Th,o for a PF HX, but can do so for a CF HX.
For equivalent values of UA and inlet temperatures,
T1m,CF T1m, PF
• Assume negligible heat transfer between the exchanger and its surroundings
and negligible potential and kinetic energy changes for each fluid.
q m h ih,i ih,o
q m c ic , o ic ,i
i fluid enthalpy
q m c c p ,c Tc ,o Tc ,i Cc Tc ,o Tc ,i
Definitions
• Heat exchanger effectiveness, e:
q
e 0 e 1
qmax
Will the fluid characterized by Cmin or Cmax experience the largest possible
temperature change in transit through the HX?
Definitions
NTU UA
Cmin
q with NTU
The Effectiveness – NTU Method
• Heat Exchanger Relations:
q
m
h ih , i ih , o
or
q Ch Th ,i Th ,o
q mc ic , o ic ,i
or
q Cc Tc , o Tc ,i
• Performance Calculations:
e f NTU , Cmin / Cmax
Cr
Relations Table 11.3 or Figs. 11.14 - 11.19
The Effectiveness – NTU Method
The Effectiveness – NTU Method
The Effectiveness – NTU Method
The Effectiveness – NTU Method
The Effectiveness – NTU Method
• Design Calculations:
e with Cr
e 1 exp NTU
or
NTU 1n 1 e
The Effectiveness – NTU Method
Typical problems
Problem 10.1 : Determination of heat transfer per unit length for heat recovery
device involving hot flue gases and water.
KNOWN: Geometry of finned, annular heat exchanger.
Gas-side temperature and convection coefficient.
Water-side flowrate and temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
Do = 60 mm
Di,1 = 24 mm
Di,2 = 30 mm
t = 3 mm = 0.003m
L = (60-30)/2 mm = 0.015m
T 4 C;
Typical problems
Problem 10.2 :
Design of a two-pass, shell-and-tube heat exchanger to supply
vapor for the turbine of an ocean thermal energy conversion
system based on a standard (Rankine) power cycle. The power
cycle is to generate 2 MWe at an efficiency of 3%. Ocean
water enters the tubes of the exchanger at 300K, and its desired
outlet temperature is 292K. The working fluid of the power
cycle is evaporated in the tubes of the exchanger at its
phase change temperature of 290K, and the overall heat transfer
coefficient is known.
FIND: (a) Evaporator area, (b) Water flow rate.
T 4 C;
Typical problems
Problem 10.3 : Use of twin-tube (brazed) heat exchanger to heat air by extracting
energy from a hot water supply.
KNOWN: Counterflow heat exchanger formed by two brazed tubes with prescribed hot and
cold fluid inlet temperatures and flow rates.