ABSTRACT

Disposal of waste material is a great problem and it becomes challenging to find

natural resources due to their extreme exploitation. Use of waste materials as construction
materials has several benefits such as decrease in cost, saving in energy, and protection of
environment. Coconut shell is one of the main contributors of pollution problem as an
agricultural waste. Coconut shell used as coarse aggregate in concrete encouraged
sustainable and environmentally helpful material in the construction field. The main
concern of this study is the environment, and the construction and building technology to
improve natural world and building materials. This paper presents an investigation of
strength characteristics of concrete produced using crushed granular coconut shells as
substitutes for conventional coarse aggregate. The tested parameters include physical
COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE
properties and mechanical properties of coconut shell concrete. The test results illustrated
that coconut shell can be used as a replacement of coarse aggregate for the production of
AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE
lightweight structural concrete.

Assignment No:5
PREPARED BY
SL NO ID NAME
1 2019pcs5488 GOUTHAM M

SUBMITTED TO:
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION -Prof: SANDEEP SHRIVASTAVA

Malaviya National Institute of Technology- Jaipur

Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, Jhalana Gram, Malviya Nagar

Jaipur, Rajasthan -302017

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MODULAR BUILDINGS IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
GOUTHAM M 1
1
M.Tech.Student, Department of Civil Engineering,2019pcs5488@mnit.ac.in

ABSTRACT
Disposal of waste material is a great problem and it becomes challenging to
find natural resources due to their extreme exploitation. Use of waste materials as
construction materials has several benefits such as decrease in cost, saving in
energy, and protection of environment. Coconut shell is one of the main
contributors of pollution problem as an agricultural waste. Coconut shell used as
coarse aggregate in concrete encouraged sustainable and environmentally helpful
material in the construction field. The main concern of this study is the
environment, and the construction and building technology to improve natural
world and building materials. This paper presents an investigation of strength
characteristics of concrete produced using crushed granular coconut shells as
substitutes for conventional coarse aggregate. The tested parameters include
physical properties and mechanical properties of coconut shell concrete. The test
results illustrated that coconut shell can be used as a replacement of coarse
aggregate for the production of lightweight structural concrete.

Keywords: agricultural waste- coconut shells-coarse aggregates-sustainable

construction-light- weight structural concrete

1 INTRODUCTION
According to a report, coconut is grown in more than 86 countries
worldwide, with a total production of 54 billion nuts per annum. India occupies
the premier position in the world with an annual production of 13 billion
nuts.Study has been conducted on mechanical properties of concrete with coconut
shells as aggregate replacement. The concrete obtained using coconut shell
aggregates satisfies the minimum requirements of concrete. Concrete using
coconut shell aggregates resulted in acceptable strength required for structural
concrete. coconut shell may offer itself as a coarse aggregate as well as a potential
construction material in the field of construction industries and this would solve
the environmental problem of reducing the generation of solid wastes
simultaneously. The coconut shell cement composite is compatible and no pre-
treatment is required. coconut shell concrete has better workability because of the
smooth surface on one side of the shells. The impact resistance of coconut shell
concrete is high when compared with conventional concrete.

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 2.METHODOLOGY

2.1 Scope
The aim of this study is to assess the utility and efficacy of coconut shells
as a coarse aggregate as an alternative to natural aggregate in concrete. Coconut
shells have not been tried as aggregate in structural concrete .Almost all over the
world various measures aimed at reducing the use of primary aggregates and
increasing reuse and recycling have been introduced, where it is technically,
economically, or environmentally acceptable. As a result, in developing countries
like India, the informal sector and secondary industries recycle 15–20% of solid
wastes in various building materials and components. As a part of integrated solid
waste management plan that includes recycle, reuse and recovery, the disposed
solid waste, representing unused resources, may be used as low cost materials.
Presently in India, about 960 MT of solid wastes are being generated annually as
by-products from industrial,mining, municipal, agricultural and other processes. Of
this, 350 MT are organic wastes from agricultural sources; 290 MT are inorganic
wastes of industrial and mining sectors. However, it is reported that about 600 MT
of wastes have been generated in India from agricultural source alone.

Coconut shells have good durability characteristics, high

toughness and abrasion resistant properties; it is suitable for long
standing use. The purpose of this research work is to develop a
concrete with coconut shells as coarse aggregate. The whole
entity could be called coconut shell aggregate concrete (CSAC).
After the coconut is scraped out, the shell is usually discarded as
waste. The vast amount of this discarded coconut shells resource
is as yet unutilized commercially; its use as a building material,
especially in concrete. Moisture retaining and water absorbing capacity of
coconut shell are more compared to conventional aggregate. The amount of
cement content may be more when coconut shell are used as an aggregate in the
production of concrete compared to conventional aggregate concrete. The presence
of sugar in the coconut shells as long as it is not in a free sugar form,
will not affect the setting and strength of concrete.
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2.2Thermal Performance
For a normal concrete, it is basically can resist at 300 ̊C and will start to
rapidly lose it strength if being subjected to the hot temperature for a long period
of time [36]. Therefore, changes needed to be done so that the concrete can resist
at a higher temperature.

2.3 Workability
The workability of the coconut shell concrete was superb in comparison to
normal concrete. The workability here refers to the true slump that was obtained
during the slump test. The workability will decrease as the percentage of
replacement or admixture increases. This means that an optimum value of mixing
must be obtained in order to obtain better results.

2.4 Bulk Density

The bulk density of concrete that is added with coconut shell will have a
value below 2400 kg/m3. It shows that the concrete will fall under a lightweight
concrete class. It is good for construction because lightweight concrete gives more
advantages and is easier to handle.

2.5 Compressive Strength

The strength of coconut shell concrete will reduce when the percentage of
coconut shell increases. The size that was used for testing the concrete was 20 mm.
However, an observation was made where the optimum percentage to be used as
an admixture or replacement was below 10 %. The range used will increase the
compressive strength and thus makes coconut shells suitable to be used in
concrete.

2.6 Flexural Strength

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 The flexural strength of normal concrete and coconut shell concrete is
similar. Coconut shells of a bigger size yield better results since there is lower
abrasion and higher impact value. However, a conflict in previous studies was
observed when other researchers found that the addition of coconut shell to
concrete will reduce its flexural strength. Therefore, further research needs to be
conducted to evaluate the flexural strength of coconut shell concrete.
2.7 Water Absorption
The water absorption of coconut shell concrete shows a lower value that
means that the coconut shell absorbs a small amount of water during the mixing
process. Other researchers found that the coconut shell absorbs about 24 % of
water. This problem, however, can be countered by soaking the coconut shell in
water for about 24 hours.This treatment allows the coconut shell to absorb only a
small amount of water during mixing. The high contrast between the researchers
shows that it has a different method used by both researchers. The coconut shell
that is not treated will absorb more water compared to the threated coconut shell.
The method used played an important role during the mixing process.

2.8 Thermal Performance

The thermal performance of coconut shell concrete yields a better result
than normal concrete. It can withstand a heat of about 800 ̊C and only reduces a
small amount of compressive strength. It also has some issues in thermal
conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and thermal effusivity. It
can be controlled by adding a suitable amount of coconut shells to concrete.

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 3 CONCLUSION
To increase the speed of construction, enhance green construction
environment we can use lightweight concrete. The possibility exists for the partial
replacement of coarse aggregate with coconut shell to produce lightweight
concrete. Coconut shell exhibits more resistance against crushing, impact and
abrasion, compared to crushed granite aggregate. Coconut shell can be grouped
under lightweight aggregate. There is no need to treat the coconut shell before use
as an aggregate except for water absorption. Coconut shell is compatible with the
cement. The 28-day air-dry densities of coconut shell aggregate concrete are less
than 2000 kg/m3 and these are 184 within the range of structural lightweight
concrete. Coconut shell aggregate concrete satisfies the requirements to be used as
a replacement for coarse aggregates. Coconut shells can also be used as partial
replacement for the conventional stone aggregates in concrete production.In terms
of strength, 20% crushed stone chips can be replaced with coconut shells to
produce structural lightweight concrete as per the requirements .
. Advantages

1. Producing economic concrete by reducing the cost of material.

2. Coconut shells are more resistant towards crushing, impact and abrasion.

3. Useful for low cost housing and partition wall.

4. Place where availability of coconut shell is in abundance.

5. Production of light weight concrete.

Disadvantages

1. Coconut shell cannot use in large proportion in concrete.

2. Coconut shell not useful for high rise building.

The combination of coconut shell gives good strength by using quantities

of 10% to 30% CS.Using the combination of coconut shell as aggregate in
concrete can reduce the cost of material. For economical purpose, the coconut
shell is suitable for course aggregate.The coconut shell is indeed suitable to be
used as an admixture or as a replacement for making a concrete cool wall panels
also.
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 4 REFERENCE

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