Pertemuan 7 Review

REVIEW
1. THE PERFECT GAS

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Converting Units of Pressure
Problem:
A chemist collects a sample of carbon dioxide from the decomposition of limestone (CaCO3) in
a closed end manometer, the height of the mercury is 341.6 mm Hg. Calculate the CO2 pressure
in torr, atmospheres, and kilopascals.
Plan: The pressure is in mmHg, so we use the conversion factors from
Table 5.2(p.178) to find the pressure in the other units.
Solution: converting from mmHg to torr:
1 torr
PCO2 (torr) = 341.6 mm Hg x = 341.6 torr
1 mm Hg
converting from torr to atm:
PCO2( atm) = 341.6 torr x 1 atm = 0.4495 atm
760 torr
converting from atm to kPa:
PCO2(kPa) = 0.4495 atm x 101.325 kPa = 45.54 kPa

1 atm
1. Perfect Gas
1. Could 25 g of Argon gas in vessel of volume 1.5 dm3
exert a pressure of 2.0 bar at
30℃, 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑠? If not, what
pressure would it exert?
2. A perfect gas undergoes isothermal compression, which
reduce its volume by 1.8 dm3. The final pressure and
volume of the gas as 1.97 bar and 2.14 dm3 respectively.
Calculate the original pressure of the gas in (a) bar and (b)
Torr.
3. At 100°C and 1.60 kPa, the mass density of
phosphorus vapour is 0.6388 kg m−3. What is the
molecular formula of phosphorus under these
conditions?
Anwer:
2. First Law Thermodynamic
• Work
• Heat
• Internal Eneregy
• Enthalpy
1. ΔU for Isolated Systems
• In an Isolated System
– No matter can be transferred between
the system and surroundings.
– No energy can be transferred (by work
or heat) between the system and
surroundings.
– Thus, q = 0 and w = 0, and
Expansion Work
(a) The general expression for work
dU=dq+dw
(b) Free expansion

By free expansion we mean expansion against zero
opposing force. It occurs when pex = 0. According to
equation (a) dw = 0 for each stage of the
expansion
Free expansion: w = 0
Expansion Work
(c) Expansion against constant pressure (e) Isothermal reversible expansion
Therefore, if we write the change in

volume as ∆V = Vf − Vi,
w = −pex ∆V
(d) Reversible expansion

dw = −pexdV = −pdV
HEAT CAPACITY
∆U = CV ∆T (at constant volume) (c)
The variation of enthalpy with
qV = CV ∆T temperature
Enthalpy
H=U+pV
∆H = qp qp = Cp ∆T
dH=dq+Vdp Cp − CV = nR
Adiabatic changes
∆U = CV (Tf − Ti) = CV ∆T
wad = CV ∆T
4. A sample consisting of 2.00 mol He is expanded
isothermally at 22°C from 22.8 dm3 to 31.7 dm3
(a) reversibly,
(b) against a constant external pressure equal to the
final pressure of the gas, and
(c) freely (against zero external pressure). For the
three processes calculate q, w, ∆U, and ∆H.
5. The constant-pressure heat capacity of a sample
of a perfect gas was found to vary with temperature
according to the expression
Cp /(J K−1) = 20.17 + 0.3665(T/K).
Calculate q, w, ∆U, and ∆H when the temperature is
raised from 25°C to 200°C
(a) at constant pressure, (b) at constant volume.
6. Calculate the change in entropy when 50 kJ of energy is
transferred reversibly and isothermally as heat to a large block of
copper at (a) 0°C, (b) 70°C.
7. A sample consisting of 2.00 mol of diatomic perfect gas molecules at 250 K is
compressed reversibly and adiabatically until its temperature reaches 300 K.
Given that CV,m = 27.5 J K−1 mol−1, calculate q, w, ∆U, ∆H, and ∆S.
8. Calculate the change in the entropies of the system
and the surroundings, and the total change in entropy,
when the volume of a sample of argon gas of mass 21 g at
298 K and 1.50 bar increases from 1.20 dm3 to 4.60 dm3
in (a) an isothermal reversible expansion,
(b) an isothermal irreversible expansion against pex = 0,
and (c) an adiabatic reversible expansion.
GIBBS FREE ENERGY AND CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRIUM
(a) The van ’t Hoff equation
(b) The value of K at different temperatures
To find the value of the equilibrium constant at a temperature T2 in

terms of its value K1 at another temperature T1, we integrate eqn
7.23b between these two temperatures:
EQUILIBRIUM
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
(a) The Nernst equation
where F is Faraday’s constant, F = eNA, and ν is the stoichiometric

coefficient of the electrons in the half-reactions into which the cell
reaction can be divided.
NERST
EQUATION
10. From information in the Data section,
calculate the standard Gibbs energy and the
equilibrium constant at (a) 25°C and (b) 50°C for
the reaction CH4(g) + 3 Cl2(g) 5 CHCl3(l) + 3 HCl(g).
Assume that the reaction enthalpy is independent
of temperature.
11. For PbI2 ( s ) ⇌ Pb (aq) + 2 I(aq), K = 1.4 × 10-8 at
25°C and the standard Gibbs energy of
formation of PbI2(s) is −173.64 kJ mol−1.
Calculate the standard Gibbs energy of
formation of PbI2(aq).
ALL THE BEST
ALHAMDULILLAH

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REVIEW

1. THE PERFECT GAS

PCO2(kPa) = 0.4495 atm x 101.325 kPa = 45.54 kPa

(b) Free expansion

Therefore, if we write the change in

(d) Reversible expansion

To find the value of the equilibrium constant at a temperature T2 in

where F is Faraday’s constant, F = eNA, and ν is the stoichiometric

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