Solution Part 2 (2023)

PART II: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Exercise 1.
In solving the ideal-gas law equation pV = nRT for n, we first convert the temperature
to the Kelvin scale: Ti = 313.15 K, and the volume to SI units: Vi = 10-3 m3.
(a) The number of moles of oxygen present is
(b) Similarly, the ideal gas law pV = nRT leads to
Exercise 2.
(a) With T = 283 K, we obtain
(b) We can use the answer to part (a) with the new values of pressure and temperature,
and solve the ideal gas law for the new volume, or we could set up the gas law in ratio
form as:
(where ni = nf and thus cancels out), which yields a final volume of
Exercise 3.
With V = 1.0 x 10-6 m3, p = 1.01 x 10-13 Pa, and T = 293 K, the ideal gas law gives
Subsequently, with the Avogadro’s number NA, we have N = nNA = 25 molecules. We

can express this as a ratio (with V now written as 1 cm3) N/V = 25 molecules/cm3.
Exercise 4.
(a) We have Eint = nCVT (which gives 0) implying Q = W.
Then, apply the equation
with T = 303 K, Q = -3.14 x 103 J
(b) That negative sign in the result of part (a) implies the transfer of heat is from the
gas.
Exercise 5.
(a) At the surface, the air volume is
(b) The temperature and pressure of the air inside the submarine at the surface are T1 =
20 oC = 293 K and p1 = p0 = 1.00 atm. On the other hand, at depth h = 80 m, we have
T2 = -30 oC = 243 K and
Atm + (kg/m3)(m/s2)(m) =Atm + kg/ms2 = Atm + Pascal

(Pascal = N/m2= J/m3 = kg/ms2, 1 atm = 105 Pascal)
Therefore, using the ideal gas law, pV = NkT, the air volume at this depth would be
(c) The decrease in volume is V = V1 – V2 = 11.44 m3. Using the ideal gas law, the
amount of air this volume corresponds to is
Thus, in order for the submarine to maintain the original air volume in the chamber,
5.10x103 mol of air must be released.
Exercise 6.
(a) At point a, we know enough information to compute n:

(b) We can use the answer to part (a) with the new values of pressure and volume, and
solve the ideal gas law for the new temperature, or we could set up the gas law in
terms of ratios (note: na = nb and cancels out):
which yields an absolute temperature at b of Tb = 1.8×103 K.

(c) As in the previous part:
which yields an absolute temperature at c of Tc = 6.0×102 K.

(d) The net energy added to the gas (as heat) is equal to the net work that is done as it
progresses through the cycle. The volume change at the largest pressure is an increase.
Thus,
Exercise 7.
We assume that the pressure of the air in the bubble is essentially the same as the
pressure in the surrounding water. If d is the depth of the lake and  is the density of
water, then the pressure at the bottom of the lake is p1 = p0 + gd, where p0 is
atmospheric pressure. Since p1V1 = nRT1, the number of moles of gas in the bubble is
where V1 is the volume of the bubble at the bottom of the lake and T1 is the
temperature there. At the surface of the lake the pressure is p0 and the volume of the
bubble is V2 = nRT2/p0. We substitute for n to obtain
Exercise 8.
When the valve is closed the number of moles of the gas in container A is nA =
pAVA/RTA and that in container B is nB = 4pBVA/RTB. The total number of moles in both
containers is then
After the valve is opened, the pressure in container A is p’A = Rn’ATA/VA and that in
container B is p’B = Rn’BTB/4VA. Equating p’A and p’B, we obtain Rn’ATA/VA =
Rn’BTB/4VA, or n’B = (4TA/TB)n’A. Thus,
We solve the above equation for n’A:
Substituting this expression for n’A into p’VA = n’ARTA, we obtain the final pressure:
Exercise 9.
M = 28.0 g/mol for nitrogen. The rms speed for nitrogen gas at 300 K is 517 m/s.
(a) With T2 = 293 K, we obtain v2 = 511 m/s.

1
(b) In this case, we set v3 = v2 and solve v3 / v2 = √ T 3/T 2 for T3:
2
which we write as 73.0 – 273 = – 200 °C.

(c) Now we have v4 = 2v2 and obtain
which is equivalent to 899 °C.
Exercise 10.
We can express the ideal gas law in terms of density (ρ =Msam/V) using n = Msam/M:
We can also use this to write the rms speed formula in terms of density:
(a) We convert to SI units:  = 1.24 x 10–2 kg/m3 and p = 1.01 x 103 Pa. The rms speed
is
√ 3 ( 1010 ) (
kg
ms 2
kg
)/0.0124( ) = 494 m/s.
m
(b) We find M from  = pM/RT with T = 273 K.
Exercise 11.
(a) Apply the equation for the average translational kinetic energy per molecule of an
3
ideal gas, we yield Kavg = (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(273K) = 5.65 x 10-21 J .
2
(b) For T = 373 K, the average translational kinetic energy is Kavg = 7.72 x 10-21 J.
(c) The unit mole may be thought of as a (large) collection: 6.02 x 10 23 molecules of
ideal gas, in this case. Each molecule has energy specified in part (a), so the large
collection has a total kinetic energy equal to
Kmole (at T= 273K)= NAKavg = (6.02 x 1023)(5.65x10-21 J) = 3.40x103 J.
Kmole (at T= 373K)= NAKavg = (6.02 x 1023)(7.772x10-21 J) = …..
Exercise 12.
(a) We use ɛ = LV/n, where LV is the heat of vaporization and n is the number of
molecules per gram. The molar mass of atomic hydrogen is 1 g/mol and the molar
mass of atomic oxygen is 16 g/mol, so the molar mass of H 2O is (1.0 + 1.0 + 16) = 18
g/mol. There are NA = 6.02 x 1023 molecules in a mole, so the number of molecules in
a gram of water is (6.02 x 1023 mol–1)/(18 g/mol) = 3.34 x 1022 molecules/g. Thus
(b) The average translational kinetic energy is
The ratio ɛ/Kavg = (6.76 x 10–20 J)/(6.32 x 10–21 J) = 10.7.

Exercise 13.
Apply the equation v = fλ with v = 331 m/2.
where we have used the ideal gas law and substituted n/V = p/RT. If we instead use v =
343 m/s (the “default value” for speed of sound in air), then the answer is 3.7 x 10 9
Hz.
Exercise 14.
(a) We use the ideal gas law pV = nRT = NkT, where p is the pressure, V is the
volume, T is the temperature, n is the number of moles, and N is the number of
molecules. The substitutions N = nNA and k = R/NA were made. Since 1 cm of mercury
= 1333 Pa, the pressure is p = (10–7)(1333 Pa) = 1.333 x 10–4 Pa. Thus,
(b) The molecular diameter is d = 2.00 x 10–10 m, the mean free path is
Exercise 15.
(a) Utilizing the equation for the mean free path, we set up a ratio:
Therefore, we obtain
(b) Taking into account the equation regarding the Avogadro’s number and the ideal
gas law, we substitute N/V = NAn/V = NAp/RT into the equation for mean free path and
find
Comparing (for the same species of molecule) at two different pressures and
temperatures,
this leads to
With λ1 = 9.9 x 10–6 cm, T1 = 293 K (the same as T2 in this part), p1 = 750 torr, and p2 =
150 torr, we find λ2 = 5.0 x 10–5 cm.
(c) The ratio set up in part (b), using the same values for quantities with subscript 1,
leads
to λ2 = 7.9 x 10–6 cm for T2 = 233 K and p2 = 750 torr.
Exercise 16.
(a) The average speed is
(c) There are eight particles at v = 4.0 cm/s, more than the number of particles at any
other single speed. So, 4.0 cm/s is the most probable speed.
Exercise 17.
Dividing the Maxwell Speed Distribution (for most probable speed) for the root-
mean-square speed of the gas molecules, we find
which, for vP = vrms, leads to
MCQs
1. The quantity PV/kT (k = Boltzmann’s constant) represents:

a. Number of moles of the gas
b. Total mass of the gas
c. Number of molecules in the gas
d. Density of the gas
Answer: PV/kT = nxN  c)
2. In the process PV = constant, the pressure P versus density graph ρ of an ideal
gas is:
a. A parabola
b. A straight line passing through origin
c. A straight line parallel to ρ-axis
d. A straight line parallel to P-axis
Answer: V = nM/ρ, PV = nRT  PM = ρRT  P = ρRT/M  equation of a straight
line with slope = RT/M passing through origin
3. The Vrms of gas molecules is 300 m/sec. If its absolute temperature is reduced to
half and molecular weight is doubled, the Vrms will become:
a. 75 m/s
b. 150 m/s
c. 300 m/s
d. 600 m/s
Answer: Vrms = rmsq(3RT/M).
V’rms = rmsq(3R1/2T/2M).
 V’rms = Vrms/2  b).
4. Average kinetic energy of molecules is:
a. Directly proportional to square root of temperature
b. Directly proportional to absolute temperature
c. Independent of absolute temperature
d. Inversely proportional to absolute temperature
Answer: b)
5. The specific heat of a gas in an isothermal process is
a. Zero
b. Negative
c. Remains constant
d. Infinite
Answer: d. Q = mcΔT  c = Q/mΔT
6. The specific heat of a gas in an adiabatic process is
a. Zero
b. Negative
c. Remains constant
d. Infinite
Answer: a. Q = mcΔT  c = Q/mΔT
7. An ideal gas is taken in a sealed container at 300 K. it is heated at constant
volume to a temperature 600 K. the mean kinetic energy of its molecules is
a. Halved
b. Doubled
c. Tripled
d. Quadrupled
Answer: b). KE = 3/2 KT
8. If 70 calories heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal
diatomic gas at constant pressure from 30°C to 35°C. the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of the same gas through the same range at
constant volume is
a. 30 cal
b. 50 cal
c. 70 cal
d. 90 cal
Answer: b) Qp=nCpΔT, Qv=nCvΔT  Qv/Qp=Cv/Cp  Qv = Cv/Cp x 70 cal = 70
cal x 5/7 = 50 cal
9. Which of the following is the unit of specific heat?
a. J kg/°C
b. J/kg°C
c. kg °C/J
d. J kg/°C2
Answer: b)
10. The mean free path of a gas molecule is λ1 at temperature T. The pressure and
temperature of the gas are made two times their original value. The new men free path
λ2 is:
a. Two times of λ1
b. Equal to λ1
c. Half of λ1
d. Four times of λ1
kT
Answer: λ = , so λ is propotional to T and (1/P). If T and P are both doubled,
√2 π d 2 P
so λ2 = λ1.

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PART II: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

(b) Similarly, the ideal gas law pV = nRT leads to

(where ni = nf and thus cancels out), which yields a final volume of

Subsequently, with the Avogadro’s number NA, we have N = nNA = 25 molecules. We

Atm + (kg/m3)(m/s2)(m) =Atm + kg/ms2 = Atm + Pascal

(a) At point a, we know enough information to compute n:

which yields an absolute temperature at b of Tb = 1.8×103 K.

which yields an absolute temperature at c of Tc = 6.0×102 K.

We solve the above equation for n’A:

(a) With T2 = 293 K, we obtain v2 = 511 m/s.

which we write as 73.0 – 273 = – 200 °C.

(b) The average translational kinetic energy is

The ratio ɛ/Kavg = (6.76 x 10–20 J)/(6.32 x 10–21 J) = 10.7.

which, for vP = vrms, leads to

1. The quantity PV/kT (k = Boltzmann’s constant) represents:

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