Abo 5 PDF

Engineering Maths I
for PE, CSE, CIE and AE

Bootan Rahman
SEMESTER 1
2019-2020
Outlines
Moments and Centers of Mass
Work
Introduction
Many structures and mechanical systems behave as if their masses were
concentrated at a single point, called the centre of mass. Its important to
know how to locate this point, and doing so is basically a mathematical
enterprise. For the moment we deal with one- and two dimensional
objects. Three dimensional objects are best done with the multiple
integrals.
Masses along a line
We develop our mathematical model in stages. The first stage is to imagine
masses 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 and 𝑚3 on a rigid 𝑥 −axis supported by fulcrum at the
origin
The resulting system might balance, or it might not. It depends on how

large the masses are and they are arranged.
Moment =mass × distance 𝑀 = 𝑚 × 𝑥
Center of mass= moment/mass
𝑀 σ(𝑚 × 𝑥)
𝑥ҧ = =
𝑚 σ𝑚
Example :Find the center of mass of the point mass on the x-axis. 𝑚1 = 10 𝑘𝑔,
𝑚2 = 8 𝑘𝑔, 𝑥1 = −5 𝑚, 𝑥2 = 4 𝑚.
Sol: -1
Practice: Find the center of mass of the point mass on the x-axis. 𝑚1 = 10 𝑘𝑔,
𝑚2 = 20 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚3 = 40 𝑘𝑔, 𝑥1 = 5 𝑚, 𝑥2 = −8 𝑚, 𝑥3 = 10 𝑚.
Sol: 4.14
Practice: Point masses 𝑚𝑖 are located on the 𝑥 −axis as shown below. Find the
moment 𝑀 of the system about the origin and the center of mass 𝑥.ҧ
230
Sol 1): 230,
7
Wires and thin Rods
In many applications, we want to know the center of
mass of a rod or a thin strip of mental. In cases like
these where we model the distribution of mass with
continuous function, the summation signs in our
formulas become integrals.
𝑏
𝑀 ‫𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑓 𝑥 𝑎׬‬
𝑥ҧ = = 𝑏
𝑚 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬
𝑓(𝑥) is the density of the strip at 𝑥.
Example: Show that the center of mass of a straight,
thin strip or rod of constant density 𝑘 lies halfway
between two ends.
𝑎+𝑏
Sol: 𝑥ҧ =
2
Practice: The 10 𝑚 long rod as shown in figure,
thickens from left to right with density 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 +
𝑥
𝑘𝑔/𝑚. Find the rod’s center of mass.
10
Sol: 𝑥ҧ = 5.56 m
Masses distributed over a plane region
Suppose we have a finite collection of masses located in the plane, with mass 𝑚𝑘 at the
point 𝑥𝑘 , 𝑦𝑘 . The total mass
𝑚 𝑇 = σ𝑚𝑘
Each mass 𝑚𝑘 has a moment about each axis. Its moment about the 𝑥 −axis is 𝑚𝑘 𝑦𝑘 and
its moment about the 𝑦 −axis is 𝑚𝑘 𝑥𝑘 ,
The moment of the entire plane
𝑀𝑥 = σ𝑚𝑘 𝑦𝑘
𝑀𝑦 = σ𝑚𝑘 𝑥𝑘
The center of mass for the whole plane
𝑀𝑦 σ𝑚 𝑥
𝑥ҧ = = 𝑘 𝑘
𝑚𝑇 σ𝑚𝑘
𝑀𝑥 σ𝑚 𝑦
𝑦ത = = 𝑘 𝑘
𝑚𝑇 σ𝑚𝑘
Example: Find the moments and center of mass of the system of objects that have
masses 3, 4, and 8 at the points (−1, 1), (2, −1), and (3, 2), respectively.
Sol: 𝑚 = 15, 𝑀𝑥 = 15, 𝑀𝑦 = 29
14
𝑥,ҧ 𝑦ത = (1 , 1)
15
Practice: The masses 𝑚𝑖 are located at the point 𝑃𝑖 . Find the moments 𝑀𝑥 and 𝑀𝑦
and the center of mass of the system.
1) 𝑚1 = 6, 𝑚2 = 5, 𝑚3 = 10, and 𝑃1 1, 5 , 𝑃2 3, −2 , 𝑃3 −2, −1 .
2) 𝑚1 = 6, 𝑚2 = 5, 𝑚3 = 1, 𝑚4 = 4 and 𝑃1 1, −2 , 𝑃2 3, 4 , 𝑃3 −3, −7 , 𝑃4 (6, −1).
1 10 3 21
Sol 1): 10, 1, ( , ), 2) -3, 42, (− , )
21 21 16 8
Next we consider a flat plate (called a lamina) with uniform density that occupies a Region 𝑅 of the
plane. We wish to locate the center of mass of the plate, which is called the centroid of 𝑅. In doing
so we use the following physical principles: The symmetry principle says that if 𝑅 is symmetric
about a line 𝑙, then the centroid of 𝑅 lies on 𝑙. (If 𝑅 is reflected about 𝑙, then 𝑅 remains the same so
its centroid remains fixed. But the only fixed points lie on 𝑙.) Thus the centroid of a rectangle is its
center. Moments should be defined so that if the entire mass of a region is concentrated at the
center of mass, then its moments remain unchanged.
𝑏
𝑀𝑦 ‫𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑓 𝑥 𝑎׬‬ 1 𝑏
𝑥ҧ = = 𝑏 = ‫𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝑓 𝑥 𝑎׬‬,
𝑚 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬ A
𝑏1
𝑀𝑥 ‫ 𝑎׬‬2 𝑓 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑏1 2 𝑑𝑥,
𝑦ത = = 𝑏 = ‫𝑎׬‬ 𝑓 𝑥
𝑚 ‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 2
Between two functions
𝑏
𝑀𝑦 ‫ 𝑥 𝑓[ 𝑥 𝑎׬‬−𝑔 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 1 𝑏
𝑥ҧ = = 𝑏 = ‫ 𝑥 𝑓[ 𝑥 𝑎׬‬− 𝑔 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥,
𝑚 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝐴
𝑏1
𝑀𝑥 ‫ 𝑎׬‬2 𝑓 𝑥 2 − 𝑔 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑏1 2 2
𝑦ത = = 𝑏 = ‫𝑎׬‬ {𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 } 𝑑𝑥,
𝑚 ‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 2
Example: Find the centroid of the region
bounded by the curves 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑦 =
𝜋
0 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = .
2
Example: Find the centroid of the region

bounded by the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the
Parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
Practice: Find the centroid of the region
bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 2𝑥, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0.
Practice: Find the centroid of the region

bounded by the line 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 and the 𝑥 −
axis.
Work
In everyday life, work means an activity that requires muscular or mental effort.
In science, the term refers specifically to a force acting on a body and the body’s
subsequent displacement. This section shows how to calculate work. The
applications runs from compressing railroad car spring and emptying
subterranean tanks forcing electrons together and lifting satellites into orbit.
The work done by a constant force is

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
The work done by a variable force 𝐹(𝑥) directed along 𝑥 − axis from
𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 is
𝑏
𝑊 = ‫𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝐹 𝑎׬‬
Example: How much work required to lift a 5 𝑘𝑔 book 2𝑚 high above the
𝑚
ground? (𝑔 = 9.8 2 ). How much work required to lift 30 lbs box 4 𝑓𝑡 off the
𝑠
ground?
Sol: 98𝐽, 120𝐽
Practice: Find the work done in pushing a car a distance of 15 m with a

constant force of 500N.
Sol: 7500𝐽
1
Example: The work done by a force 𝐹 𝑥 = N along the 𝑥 − axis from 𝑥 = 1 𝑚 to
𝑥2
𝑥 = 10 𝑚 is
10
1 1 10 1
𝑊=න 2
𝑑𝑥 = − ቚ = − + 1 = 0.9 𝐽
1 𝑥 𝑥 1 10
Example: A variable force (in Newtons) acting on an object is represented by the

function 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7, where 𝑥 is the distance in meter from the origin. How
much work is required to move the object from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 4?
Sol:12𝐽
Hooke’s law for spring: 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
The force it takes to stretch or compress a spring 𝑥 length units from its natural
(unstressed) length is proportional to 𝑥. In symbols,
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
Example: Find the work required to compress a spring

from its natural length of 1 𝑓𝑡 to a length 0.75 𝑓𝑡 if the
force constant is 𝑘 = 16 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡.
1
Sol: 𝐽
2
Example: A spring has a natural length of 1 m. A force of 24 N stretches the spring
to a length of 1.8 m.
a) Find the force constant k.
b) How much work will it take to stretch the spring 2 m beyond its natural length?
c) How far will a 45 N force stretch the spring?
Sol: a) 30 𝑁/𝑚
b) 60 𝐽
c) 1.5 𝑚
Practice: A force of 50 𝑙𝑏𝑠 is required to hold a spring stretched 5 inches beyond
its natural length how much work is required to stretch it from its natural length to
10 inches beyond its natural length in 𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏𝑠?
500
Sol: 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡
12
Practice: A force of 60𝑁 is required to hold a spring that has been stretched from
its natural length of 12𝑐𝑚 to 17𝑐𝑚 how much work is done in stretching the
spring from 15𝑐𝑚 to 20𝑐𝑚?
Sol: 3.3 𝐽
Example: A 80𝑓𝑡 long rope with a weight of 3 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 hangs over the edge of
a building. How much work is required to pull the entire rope to the top of
the building?
Sol: 9600 𝑙𝑏𝑠. 𝑓𝑡
Practice: How much work is required to lift a 300 lbs crate up a distance of
200 𝑓𝑡 using a rope that weights 4 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡.
Sol: 140 000 𝑙𝑏𝑠. 𝑓𝑡
Example: An inverted cone tank with a height of 20 m and base diameter of 25 m
contains oil with density 800 kg/m^3. The height of the oil is 10 m. how much
work involved in pumping all oil out the top of the tank?
Sol: 40 088 031 𝐽
Practice: An inverted cone tank with a height of 12 m and radius of 5 m is filled water
to height of 9 m. How much work required to empty the tank by pumping all the water
The top of the tank?
Sol: 6.82 × 106 𝐽
Practice: A cylindrical reservoir of diameter 4 ft and height 6 ft is half-full of water

weighing 10 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡^3. Find the work done is emptying the water over the top.
Sol: 540𝜋 𝑙𝑏𝑠. 𝑓𝑡

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Engineering Maths I

for PE, CSE, CIE and AE

Moments and Centers of Mass

The resulting system might balance, or it might not. It depends on how

Example: Find the centroid of the region

Practice: Find the centroid of the region

The work done by a constant force is

Practice: Find the work done in pushing a car a distance of 15 m with a

Example: A variable force (in Newtons) acting on an object is represented by the

Example: Find the work required to compress a spring

Practice: A cylindrical reservoir of diameter 4 ft and height 6 ft is half-full of water

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