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    Module-1 & 2

    Uploaded by

    ayesha
    The document discusses several key concepts in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics including: 1) The control volume approach to continuity which states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed and applies this principle to model flow through a fixed control volume. 2) Definitions of mass flow rate and relationships between density, velocity, and mass flow through an elemental surface area. 3) Concepts related to momentum, energy, vorticity, stream function, velocity potential, and their relationships in describing fluid flow. 4) Sources of aerodynamic forces on bodies from pressure and shear stress distributions and definitions of concepts like center of pressure and pressure coefficient.

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    Module-1 & 2

    Uploaded by

    ayesha
    17 views33 pages
    The document discusses several key concepts in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics including: 1) The control volume approach to continuity which states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed and applies this principle to model flow through a fixed control volume. 2) Definitions of mass flow rate and relationships between density, velocity, and mass flow through an elemental surface area. 3) Concepts related to momentum, energy, vorticity, stream function, velocity potential, and their relationships in describing fluid flow. 4) Sources of aerodynamic forces on bodies from pressure and shear stress distributions and definitions of concepts like center of pressure and pressure coefficient.

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    module-1 & 2

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    The document discusses several key concepts in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics including: 1) The control volume approach to continuity which states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed and applies this principle to model flow through a fixed control volume. 2) Definitions of mass flow rate and relationships between density, velocity, and mass flow through an elemental surface area. 3) Concepts related to momentum, energy, vorticity, stream function, velocity potential, and their relationships in describing fluid flow. 4) Sources of aerodynamic forces on bodies from pressure and shear stress distributions and definitions of concepts like center of pressure and pressure coefficient.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views33 pages

    Module-1 & 2

    Uploaded by

    ayesha
    The document discusses several key concepts in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics including: 1) The control volume approach to continuity which states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed and applies this principle to model flow through a fixed control volume. 2) Definitions of mass flow rate and relationships between density, velocity, and mass flow through an elemental surface area. 3) Concepts related to momentum, energy, vorticity, stream function, velocity potential, and their relationships in describing fluid flow. 4) Sources of aerodynamic forces on bodies from pressure and shear stress distributions and definitions of concepts like center of pressure and pressure coefficient.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 33

    MODULE-1 and MODULE 2

    Control volume approach to Continuity


    Physical Principle

    Mass Can Be Neither Created Nor Destroyed.

    Let us apply this principle to the model of a fixed control volume in a flow, as illustrated in Fig. 2.4.
    The volume v and the area of the closed surface is S.

    First, consider point B on the control surface and an elemental area around B, dS.

    Let n be a unit vector normal to the surface at B.

    Define dS = n ds. Also, let V and p be the local velocity and density at B.

    The mass flow through any elemental surface arbitrarily oriented in a flowing fluid is equal to the
    product of density, the component of velocity normal to the surface, and the area Letting
    denote the mass flow through dS,
    Control Volume Approach to Momentum
    Energy Equation:
    ANGULAR VELOCITY, VORTICITY
    vorticity, which is simply twice the angular velocity. Denote vorticity by the
    vector ξ:
    STREAM FUNCTION
    Inthissection,weconsidertwo-dimensionalsteadyflow
    streamlines.
    considering the mass flow inside a streamtube bounded by streamlines ab and
    cd, with a rectangular cross-sectional area equal to ∆n times a unit depth
    perpendicular to the page. Here, ∆n is the normal distance between ab and cd,
    as shown in Figure 2.40. Hence, mass flow between streamlines ab and cd per
    unit depth perpendicular to the page

    Assume that these streamlines are close together(i.e., assume ∆n is small),such


    that the flow velocity V is a constant value across ∆n. The mass flow through
    the streamtube per unit depth perpendicular to the page is
    VELOCITY POTENTIAL

    RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STREAM FUNCTION AND VELOCITY POTENTIAL


    Consider a two-dimensional, irrotational, incompressible flow in cartesian
    coordinates. For a streamline, ψ(x, y) = constant. Hence, the differential of ψ
    along the streamline is zero; that is,
    AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS
    the aerodynamic forces and moments on the body are due to only two basic
    sources:
    1. Pressure distribution over the body surface 2. Shear stress distribution over
    the body surface
    The distance from the leading edge measured along the body surface to an
    arbitrary point A on the upper surface is su; similarly, the distance to an
    arbitrary point B on the lower surface is sl. The pressure and shear stress on
    the upper surface are denoted by pu and τu, both pu and τu are functions of
    su. Similarly, pl and τl are the corresponding quantities on the lower surface
    and are functions of sl.
    Consider an elemental surface area dS of this cylinder, where dS = (ds)(1) as
    shown by the shaded area in Figure 1.19. We are interested in the contribution
    to the total normal force N′ and the total axial force A′ due to the pressure and
    shear stress on the elemental area dS. The primes on N′ and A′ denote force
    per unit span.
    CENTER OF PRESSURE

    The distributed load on a two-dimensional body such as an airfoil produces a


    moment about the leading edge therefore, N′ and A′ must be placed on the
    airfoil at such a location to generate the same moment about the leading edge.
    If A′ is placed on the chord line as shown in Figure 1.25, then N′ must be
    located a distance xcp downstream of the leading edge such that
    PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
    AERODYNAMIC CENTER
    It is that point on a body about which the aerodynamically generated
    moment is independent of angle of attack.
    Consider the lift and moment system taken about the quarter-chord point, as
    shown in Figure4.30.Wedesignatethelocationoftheaerodynamiccenter by cxac
    measured from the leading edge. Here, xac is the location of the
    aerodynamic center as a fraction of the chord length c. Taking moments
    about the aerodynamic center designated by ac in Figure 4.30,

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