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Control Volume Approach To Continuity: Module-1 and Module 2

This document discusses several key concepts in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics including: 1) The control volume approach to continuity and momentum, which applies the principle that mass can neither be created nor destroyed to model fluid flow through a fixed control volume. 2) Stream function and velocity potential, which are quantities used to describe two-dimensional steady fluid flow and the relationship between them. 3) Aerodynamic forces and moments on airfoils, which are due to pressure and shear stress distributions on the surface, and concepts like center of pressure and pressure coefficient. 4) Aerodynamic center, which is the point about which the aerodynamically generated moment is independent of angle of attack.

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ayesha
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24 views

Control Volume Approach To Continuity: Module-1 and Module 2

This document discusses several key concepts in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics including: 1) The control volume approach to continuity and momentum, which applies the principle that mass can neither be created nor destroyed to model fluid flow through a fixed control volume. 2) Stream function and velocity potential, which are quantities used to describe two-dimensional steady fluid flow and the relationship between them. 3) Aerodynamic forces and moments on airfoils, which are due to pressure and shear stress distributions on the surface, and concepts like center of pressure and pressure coefficient. 4) Aerodynamic center, which is the point about which the aerodynamically generated moment is independent of angle of attack.

Uploaded by

ayesha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE-1 and MODULE 2

Control volume approach to Continuity


Physical Principle

Mass Can Be Neither Created Nor Destroyed.

Let us apply this principle to the model of a fixed control volume in a flow, as illustrated in Fig. 2.4.
The volume v and the area of the closed surface is S.

First, consider point B on the control surface and an elemental area around B, dS.

Let n be a unit vector normal to the surface at B.

Define dS = n ds. Also, let V and p be the local velocity and density at B.

The mass flow through any elemental surface arbitrarily oriented in a flowing fluid is equal to the
product of density, the component of velocity normal to the surface, and the area Letting denote
the mass flow through dS,
Control Volume Approach to Momentum
Energy Equation:
ANGULAR VELOCITY, VORTICITY
vorticity, which is simply twice the angular velocity. Denote vorticity by the
vector ξ:
STREAM FUNCTION
Inthissection,weconsidertwo-dimensionalsteadyflow
streamlines.
considering the mass flow inside a streamtube bounded by streamlines ab and
cd, with a rectangular cross-sectional area equal to ∆n times a unit depth
perpendicular to the page. Here, ∆n is the normal distance between ab and cd,
as shown in Figure 2.40. Hence, mass flow between streamlines ab and cd per
unit depth perpendicular to the page

Assume that these streamlines are close together(i.e., assume ∆n is small),such


that the flow velocity V is a constant value across ∆n. The mass flow through
the streamtube per unit depth perpendicular to the page is
VELOCITY POTENTIAL

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STREAM FUNCTION AND VELOCITY POTENTIAL


Consider a two-dimensional, irrotational, incompressible flow in cartesian
coordinates. For a streamline, ψ(x, y) = constant. Hence, the differential of ψ
along the streamline is zero; that is,
AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS
the aerodynamic forces and moments on the body are due to only two basic
sources:
1. Pressure distribution over the body surface 2. Shear stress distribution over
the body surface
The distance from the leading edge measured along the body surface to an
arbitrary point A on the upper surface is su; similarly, the distance to an
arbitrary point B on the lower surface is sl. The pressure and shear stress on
the upper surface are denoted by pu and τu, both pu and τu are functions of
su. Similarly, pl and τl are the corresponding quantities on the lower surface
and are functions of sl.
Consider an elemental surface area dS of this cylinder, where dS = (ds)(1) as
shown by the shaded area in Figure 1.19. We are interested in the contribution
to the total normal force N′ and the total axial force A′ due to the pressure and
shear stress on the elemental area dS. The primes on N′ and A′ denote force
per unit span.
CENTER OF PRESSURE

The distributed load on a two-dimensional body such as an airfoil produces a


moment about the leading edge therefore, N′ and A′ must be placed on the
airfoil at such a location to generate the same moment about the leading edge.
If A′ is placed on the chord line as shown in Figure 1.25, then N′ must be
located a distance xcp downstream of the leading edge such that
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
AERODYNAMIC CENTER
It is that point on a body about which the aerodynamically generated
moment is independent of angle of attack.
Consider the lift and moment system taken about the quarter-chord point, as
shown in Figure4.30.Wedesignatethelocationoftheaerodynamiccenter by cxac
measured from the leading edge. Here, xac is the location of the
aerodynamic center as a fraction of the chord length c. Taking moments
about the aerodynamic center designated by ac in Figure 4.30,

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