ANNAI MATHAMMAL SHEELA ENGINEERING

COLLEGE
NAMAKKAL 637-013

M.E INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING

IS7211-INDUSTRIAL SAFETY LABORATORY

LAB MANUAL
LAB INCHARGE

Mr. G. KAMALA KANNAN., M.E

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ANNAI MATHAMMAL SHEELA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
NAMAKKAL - 637 013

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 INSTRUCTIONS
1. Students must attend the lab classes in the uniform prescribed. Boys –
Shirts tucked in and wearing closed leather shoes.
2. Girl students with cut shoes, over coat, plait inside the coat. Avoid
wearing loose garments.
3. Students must check if the components, instruments are in working
condition before setting up the experiment.
4. Students must start doing the experiments only after getting permission
from the faculty.
5. Any damage to any of the equipment / instrument / machine caused due to
carelessness, the cost will be fully recovered from the individual or group
of students.
6. Students may contact the Lab in- charge immediately for any unexpected
incidents and emergency.
7. The apparatus used for the experiments must be cleaned and returned to
the technician, safely without any damage.
8. Make sure, while leaving the lab after the stipulated time, that all the
power connections are switched off.
9. Students must go thro’ the experiment to be carried out for that day and
come fully prepared to complete the experiment.
10.Students must bring the lab record completed for the experiment done
along with corrected and signed observations of previous experiment.
11.The marks will be awarded based on their experiment, observation,
calculations, results, presentation, record and answering for viva –
questions.

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 Staff
S.No. Date Name of the Experiment Page No. Marks
Signature
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

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 CANISTER GAS MASK

DUST RESPIRATOR

AIR LINE RESPIRATOR

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 STUDY OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS (PPE)
AIM:
To study the different types of Personal Protective Equipments, devices and their
uses.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS:
Under the various provisions of the Factories act and rules, those under, suitable
personal protective equipment is required to be provided by management.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF PPE:
1. Adequate protection against the hazards.
2. Maximum comfort and minimum weight.
3. Good looking, while in use with high protective efficiency.
4. No restriction of essential movement.
5. Durability and Susceptibility.
6. Easy maintenance.
TYPES OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS:
i. Respiratory protective equipments.
ii. Non-Respiratory equipments.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS:
A. Air purifying respirators.
B. Air supplying respirators.
AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS:
a) Dust respirators.
b) Canister gas mask.
DUST RESPIRATORS:
This filters the dangerous particles, mists, sprays, fumes etc. They may be of single
use types.
CANISTER GASMASK:
This consists of canister containing the appropriate chemical canisters and is designed
for specific gases. They can be used only in atmosphere not deficient in oxygen.
AIR SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS:
In these, fresh breathable air will be supplied to the wearer.
AIR LINE REPIRATORS:
A Face Piece through which clean compressed air is supplied continuously through a
small diameter rubber hose. The excess air entering the face piece as well as exhaled air
escapes to the atmosphere. Air line respirator provides protection as long as the air supply is
available and the wearers travel is limited by length of air supply hoses.
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 PLASTIC HELMET

FACE SHIELD

WELDING HELMET

SAFETY GOOGLES

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NON-RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENTS:
a) Head protection
b) Face, Eye and Ear Protection.
c) Protective clothing.
d) Safety belt.
e) Hand protection.
f) Leg protection.
HEAD PROTECTION:
Plastic helmet used for protecting head from falling objects.
FACE, EYE AND EAR PROTECTION:
1) FACE:
 Weld mask
 Face Shield
Weld mask prevents our eyes and face from splashing of hot substances and from
high intense light. It is specially made with watch glass so as to prevent high intense
light to enter. It prevents welding fumes, sparks and ultraviolet, during arc welding
and face shield gives good visual characteristic made up of plastic. It prevents the
face from splashing of liquid chemicals etc. Three types of face shield, weld mask are
used in high polluted areas and welding workshop.
2) EYE:
 Sting Ray goggles.
 Perforated goggles.
These are used to protect the eyes from sparks, splash and flying particles.
3) EAR:
 Ear Plug
 Ear muffs
Ear muffs are used to protect the ears and they are used to reduce the sound level to
20 db at work place.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING:
APRON-PVC Pipe: To protect workers from splashing of chemicals and also as a
heat resistance.
SAFETY BELT:
Safety belt [full body]: Nowadays safety waist belts are not in use because of the
impact due to the falling is high on the person. Half body and full body safety belts are used.
The belt is made up of Nylon wire. Belt must be accompanied with D-Strings. Belts must be
used only for one worker and interchanging should be done.
HAND PROTECTION:

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 EAR PLUG

EAR MUFF

APRON

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Gloves are mainly for hand protection. Sometimes for arm guards, shoulder packs are used.
There are different types of gloves now in use.
They are,
a. Neoprene gloves.
b. Cotton gloves.
c. Grip gloves.
d. Electric gloves and others.
Each and every type has its unique constructional style and use. They are made up of
materials such as leather, rubber, nylon, asbestos, cotton etc.
Gloves are used to protect the workers from cut, bruises, heat, electric shock etc…
LEG PROTECTION:
Boots are mainly used by the workers for leg protections. There are different types
used and they are,
 PVC gum boot
 Steel toe boot
 Leather shoes
 Safety shoes
 Gum boot – Knee to toe
 PVC gum boots are used to protect the workers from splashing of chemicals.
 It is large in size from knee to toe.
 Steel shoe is made with a steel plate at the front.
 It protects the workers from falling of objects on to the fingers of his legs.
MAINTENANCE AND STORAGE:
Having all types of PPE is not sufficient, maintenance is necessary. Visual inspection
should be done at the time of issue and returns.
 PPE’s must be periodically examined for possible wear and tear, damage due
to sharp edge and welding chemicals etc.
 Any repair should be only done by the manufacturer only.
 Every personal protective equipment must be provided with serial number and
must record the age and repairs of it.
 All the PPE must be kept away from dust and must have a separate clear, dry
storage place.

RESULT:

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 Thus, several personal protective equipments are studied and their uses have been learned.

CO2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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 STUDY OF FIRE EXTINGUSIHSER
AIM
To study about the fire extinguisher,
1) Construction details
2) Chemicals used
3) Operation
4) Selection for given types of fire
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1) CO2 type
2) Water CO2 type
3) Foam type
4) Dry chemical powder type
PROCEDURE:
Successful usage of fire extinguisher depend on the following condition,
1) The extinguisher must be properly located and in a good working condition.
2) The extinguisher must be the proper type for the fire which occurs.
3) The fire must be discovered while still small enough for the extinguisher to be
effective.
4) The fire must be discovered by a person ready willing and able to use the
extinguisher.
NFPA extinguisher standard:
NFPA 10,the standard for possible fire extinguisher for in after called NFPA
extinguisher standard or NFPA 10,contains recommendations for the selection, installation,
inspection, maintenance & testing of extinguisher.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND THEIR SECURITY:
1) CO2 TYPE:
CO2 is an inert gas which doesn’t support combustion. It is colorless, odorless,
insulating gas heavier than air. CO2 is excellent fire extinguisher gas suitable for electrical
equipment, class c fires and not very suitable for class A fires.
CO2 is effective extinguishing agent that primarily reduces the O 2 content of air to a
point where combustion of air to a point where combustion cannot continue. CO2 is non
combustible & doesn’t react with most substance being a gas it can penetrate & spread to all
areas affected by fire.

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 DRY CHEMICAL POWDER FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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CO2 fire extinguishers are used for putting out fires in oils, petroleum products, and gaseous
substances under pressure and also on electronic apparatus.
CO2 extinguishers are notably used in,
1) Fire involving chemicals that contain their own O2 supply ( such as cellulose
nitrate).
2) Fire involving reactive chemicals or metals such as sodium, potassium, & Mg.
3) It can be re-used.
MAINTENANCE:
If weight is 10% less than the stamped weight, send it for re-filling.
CAUTION:
Not to be exposed to sun, store in a cool place.
WORKING:
It works by ‘blanketing’ (i.e.) it cuts off the O2 supply.
2) WATER CO2 TYPE:
Most widely used extinguishing medium water evaporates with heat of fire & absorbs
heat & cools the combustible materials below ignition temperature. Water forms layer on the
combustible material & give a smoothening effect.
Water expelling fire extinguishers has water as an extinguishing agent which is
released more form of a jet by means of gas pressure in the upper part of the container. The
gas pressure may be induced by chemical reaction or by mechanical means.
Water expelling fire extinguishers are used mainly in class A fires (IS:2090-1979)
involving ordinary combustible material like wood, paper, textiles etc which are put out by
the cooling action of water. Besides, water when applied to burning material is converted to
steam which reduces the percentage of available o2. Water expelling type extinguisher
shouldn’t be used on fire as involving electrical equipment without de-energizing them.
It consists of cylindrical steel body with non-contaminating water with a small
quantity of anti-corrosion chemical. The cap of cylinder comes by carrying a steel container
cylinder of small sizes charge with high pressure CO 2by the plunger provided just
concentrically above disk putting a little pressure. The compressed CO 2 escapes from the
cylinder & pushes the water in cylinder which causes as powerful jet of water up from the
discharge to be &water jet emerge out of nozzle of fire extinguisher. It is suitable for class A
(general- paper, wood, cloth).
OPERATION:
Keep the extinguisher upright
Remove safety cap & strike it on the knob.
Direct the jet to the fire.

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 FOAM TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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OPERATING PRINCIPLE:
It cools the fire & removes heat.
MAINTENANCE:
Weigh the cartridge once in every 3 months, if weigh is 10% less than the stamped
weight then replace cartridge.
RECHARGE:
Fill water up to solution level. Fix the safety clip in position; fix the new charged CO 2
gas cartridge. Check nibbler washer & fix the cap.
CAUTION:
Don’t use on electric fires.
3) FOAM TYPE EXTINGUISHER:
Foam is produced by chemical reaction between (aluminium sulphate + sodium bi-
carbonate & water). The product of chemical reaction is (aluminium hydroxide +sodium
sulphate & CO2).
Foam smothers the fire & covers the burning surface / liquid. Foam floats on light
liquid. Foam is suitable for flammable solvents, paints, varnishes & oils.
WARNING:
 Foam is not recommended for electrical equipment.
 This type of extinguisher is most effective for class B liquid /surface fires.
Foam is generated by entrapping the gas bubbles which are trapped by a foam
binding solution in the water. A barrier is created between the burning liquid
& the air by floating bubbles formed out by the foam which is blanketing the
liquid while collapsing & thus dissipates in the atmosphere. The foam must be
applied at a greater rate than the rate of their collapse.
 Suitable for class A, B (paper, wood, oil, gasoline, paint, solvents).
OPERATION:
1) Keep the extinguisher upright,
2) Remove safety cap & strike it on the knob.
3) Direct the foam jet to fall gently on the burning fuel surface.
OPERATING PRINCIPLE:
It Blankets the fire
It cuts off the O2 supply.
MAINTENANCE:

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 Inspect once in 4 months & clean discharge fittings & nozzle.

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 WATER TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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 Open up & remove cartridge & weigh it.
If weight is found 10% less than stamped weight, replace it.
RECHARGE:
Fill extinguisher with 8-45 liters of water.
Put the safety clip in position on the cap.
Screw down up & discharge fitting to be alright.
4) DRY CHEMICAL POWDER TYPE:
Usually sodium bi-carbonate mixed with metallic striates & some additives (e.g.:
sodium bi-carbonate 90%, magnesium striate 1-5%, magnesium carbonate 1%, tri-calcium
phosphate 1%). Alternatively potassium bi-carbonate based dry chemicals & ammonium
phosphate based dry chemicals are also preferred .Very effective in extinguishing flames of
liquid & gaseous fires .Recommended for flammable liquids, flammable gases & electrical
equipment.
Dry powder fire extinguisher are suitable for tackling petroleum fires, gas fires, fires
in electrical equipments & for controlling surface from fires in textile fibers. These
extinguishers are noted for the speed with which they put out fires.
The chemical powders employed are mostly sodium based & when applied to a fire
undergo chemical reaction. The free radicals which are responsible for sustaining any fire are
out of action by the dry chemical powders & because of this, the fires dries out very fast.
Special dry powders containing sodium, potassium, barium compounds have been
found useful; in extinguishing fires in metals such as sodium & magnesium. The dry powder
used should conform to IS: 4308-1982 specification.
Dry chemical powder (OD DCD based of sodium bi-carbonate or potassium bi-
carbonate) when they are used against chemical reaction the free radicals are responsible for
sustaining any fires put off action by this dry chemical powders & because of this the fire
dies out very fast.
It is cartridge operated type & the cartridge contains co2 & mounted externally on the
extinguisher. Gas is released in to dry chemical powder.
Suitable for class A, B, C.
OPERATION:
Ensure that needle is in green position.
Pull out the safety pin from the head.
Operate the lever handle & direct the chemical power jet to the base of the flame.
PRINCIPLE:
Works by ‘blanketing’ the fire.

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 FIRE FIRE EXTINGUISHING
COMBUSTION MATERIAL INVOLVED
CLASS MEDIUM

Water (or)solution higher

Fires involving ordinary solid materials such as wood, coal, plastics,
CLASS A water content cooling&
cloth, papers, rags, rubbish, construction and packing materials,
FIRE wetting of material helps
rubbers etc
in quenching the fire

Limiting air (or) o2 supply,

Fire involving flammable liquids/vapors/solvents transformer oil, diesel
CLASS B inhibiting fire dry
oil, solvents, liquid chemicals
FIRE chemicals, foam, halon,
lubricatingoils,paints/varnishes,thinner,greases,contained/uncontained
water is not suitable

CLASS C Fires involving live electrical equipment in energized state. If CO2 gas, dry chemicals,
FIRE equipment is dead class A(or)B water is not suitable

CLASS D CO2 gas, dry chemicals,

Fires involving metals like Mg, Titanium
FIRE water is not suitable

Starvation of fire is most

CLASS E Fire involving flammable gases fuels hydrogen, ammonia, acetylene, useful, special methods
FIRE LPG, petrol, furnace oil necessary inlet value
closed

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MAINTENANCE:
Check the pressure gauge.
Green indicates that the equipment is ready.
Red indicates it is exhausted & it is sent for recharging.

RESULT:

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 Thus, the different types of fire extinguishers for different types of fire are studied
and operated.

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 INFORMATORY TRAFFIC SYMBOLS
STUDY OF ROAD SAFETY SIGNALS AND SYMBOLS
AIM:
To study and identify various traffic symbols.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Boards with traffic symbols.
PROCEDURE:
1) Major classification of traffic symbols and its purpose are studied. The
classifications are
i. Mandatory symbols.
ii. Cautionary symbols.
iii. Informative symbols.
2) The basic difference between all the three is explained briefing the importance of
each one.

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 CAUTIONARY TRAFFIC SYMBOLS

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 MANDATORY TRAFFIC SYMBOLS

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RESULT:

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 Thus, we have attained the knowledge about the road safety symbols and signals.

LUX METER

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 STUDY OF LIGHT METER
AIM:
To study the light meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Light meter
Model: LX 1010B
Range: 0 to 50000 LUX
DESCRIPTION:
Light meter consists of a sensor which has exclusive photo diode and color correction
filter having a high accuracy measuring. Light sensors are attached with the display. The
following functions are there in the front panel.
DISPLAY:
LCD display allows clear readout even at high ambient light level.
Front panel consists of two toggle switch.
(1) OFF/ON SWITCH
(2) RANGE SWITCH
There are three ranges having wide measurements.
 Range ‘A’ designed to measure 0-1999 lux.
 Range ‘B’ designed to measure 2000-19990 lux.
 Range ‘C’ designed to measure 20000-50000 lux.

RESULT:

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 Thus, the light meter is studied.

LIGHT INTENSITY LEVEL MEASUREMENT

S.NO AREA RANGE(LUX)

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 LIGHT INTENSITY LEVEL MEASUREMENT
AIM:
To measure the light intensity level at various places.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Light meter
Model: LX 1010B
Range: 0 to 50000 LUX
DESCRIPTION:
Light meter consists of a sensor which has exclusive photo diode and color correction
filter having a high accuracy measuring. Light sensors are attached with the display. The
following functions are there in the front panel.
MEASURING CONSIDERATIONS:
There are three ranges having wide measurements.
 Range ‘A’ designed to measure 0-1999 lux.
 Range ‘B’ designed to measure 2000-19990 lux.
 Range ‘C’ designed to measure 20000-50000 lux.
 If the measured value is <2000 lux , then we should select “Range A”
 If the measured value is >2000 and below 20000 lux , then we should select “Range
B”
 If the measured value is >20000 lux , then we should select “Range C”
PROCEDURE:
(1) Slide the OFF/ON switch to ON position.
(2) Select the range of measurement.
(3) Hold the light sensor by hand and face the measuring light opposite. Then the
display will show the light values directly.
(4) The same procedure is repeated at different places of various light intensities and
the values are noted.

RESULT:
Light intensities at various places are measured using light meter.

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TABULATION:

S.No. Speed Load Time for CO Exchange CO2 O2 HC NOX

(RPM) (Kg) 100 cc (PPM) % (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM)
(Sec)

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 EMISSION TEST
AIM:
To perform emission test on the given engine and determine the pollutant
concentration in exhaust.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Load increasing apparatus
2. Engine test standards
3. Tachometer

PROCEDURE:
1. The engine is started without any load and it is run at a specified rpm.
2. The time taken to consume 100 cc of fluid is noted.
3. The various concentrations of CO, CO2, HC, and NOX in the exhaust of engine is
noted from the digital indicator.
4. The load is increased in terms of 50 Kg and the process is repeated.

RESULT:
Thus the emission test is carried out in the given engine and the pollutant
concentrations are determined.
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 SOUND LEVEL METER

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 STUDY OF SOUND LEVEL METER
AIM
To study the sound level meter and its functions.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1) SOUND LEVEL METER
Model: SL – 4012 , Make: MEXTECH, Range: 20 to 12,500 Hz
2) ELECTRIC CONDENSOR MICROPHONE
DESCRIPTION:
The sound level meter consists of electric condenser microphone, an amplifier
connected to the LCD display. The microphone converts the fluctuating sound pressure into a
voltage which is amplified. The electric signal is read through the digital meter.
MICROPHONE:
Electrical condenser microphone with half inch of standard size.
DISPLAY:
A large LCD display which is easy to read (18mm). LCD display is used mainly
because of low power consumption and clear readout even in bright ambient light.
WARNING INDICATOR:
It is an indicator for over and under range. A small keypad is there which has toggle
buttons to do different functions. The purposes of the buttons are as follows.
1) POWER ON/OFF/HOLD SWITCH
“1”=POWER ON
“0”=POWER OFF
Hold function is to freeze the display value.
2) RANGE SWITCH
The range is 35 to 130db with 3 ranges.
Range 1 = 35 to 80 db
Range 2 = 50 to 100 db
Range 3 = 80 to 130 db
Each range should have the warning indicator for over and under load.
RESULT:

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 Thus, the sound level meter is studied.

TABULATION
SOUND LEVEL MEASUREMENTS FOR VARIOUS SOURCES

S.NO SOURCE NOISE(db)

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 SOUND LEVEL MEASUREMENTS FOR VARIOUS SOURCES
AIM:

To determine the sound level measurements for,

(a) Continuous source

(b) Intermittent source, using sound level meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1) SOUND LEVEL METER
Model: SL – 4012
Make: MEXTECH
Range: 20 to 12,500 Hz
2) ELECTRIC CONDENSOR MICROPHONE
DESCRIPTION:
The sound level meter consists of electric condenser microphone, an amplifier
connected to the LCD display. The microphone converts the fluctuating sound pressure into a
voltage which is amplified. The electric signal is read through the digital meter.
PROCEDURE:
(1) Slide the POWER ON/OFF
“1”-Power ON
“0”-Power OFF
(2) Determine the proper measuring range by selecting the range switch to minimize
the tolerance read out.
(3) Hold the instrument in hand and point the microphone at measured noise source,
the sound level will be displayed on db (decibel) unit.
(4) The same procedure is carried out in various places.
(5) The measured quantity is compared with noise standards described in noise
pollution rules 2000.

RESULT:

Thus the sound levels generated from various sources are measured using the sound
level meter.

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 RELATIVE HUMIDITY RATIO
+
Room temperature = ___________________________
Dew Point = __________________________________
Difference between temperature = _________________

From the reference table,

Relative Humidity = ____________________________

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 MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY
AIM:

To determine the relative humidity of air using a hygrometer.

APPARATUS:

Hygrometer

INTRODUCTION TO RELATIVE HUMIDITY RATIO:

More important than the humidity or the actual quantity of water vapour present in
the air is the percentage of saturation of the relative humidity. It is the ratio of the mass of
water vapor present in a given volume of air to the mass of water vapor to saturate the same
volume of air at that temperature.

PROCEDURE:

Relative humidity is determined using a hygrometer. The wet and dry bulb
hygrometer is a simple hygrometer.

The dew point and the room temperature are found from the wet and dry bulb
thermometers respectively. The saturated vapor pressure at these two temperatures is found
from the reference table given below. Relative humidity is calculated using the relation,

Relative humidity =S.V.P at the dew point / S.V.P at the given temperature

s.v.p (p) in mm of mercury

Temp p Temp ◦c p Temp ◦c Temp ◦c  

◦c  
0 4.58 9 8.61 18 15.49 27 26.77
1 4.92 10 9.21 19 16.49 28 28.38
2 5.29 11 9.85 20 17.55 29 30.08
3 5.68 12 10.52 21 18.66 30 31.86
4 6.10 13 11.24 22 19.84 40 55.40
5 6.54 14 11.99 23 21.09 50 92.60
6 7.01 15 12.79 24 22.40
7 7.51 16 13.64 25 23.78
8 8.04 17 14.54 26 25.24

RELATIVE HUMIDITY RATIO: EXAMPLE

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Room temperature=29 ◦C

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Dew point=21◦c

From the reference table,

s.v.p. at 29◦c=38.08 mm of mercury, s.v.p. at 21◦c=18.66 mm of mercury

Relative humidity= 18.66/30.08

Relative humidity= 0.61 or 61%

RELATIVE HUMIDITY RATIO: HUMIDITY CONTROL

The rate of evaporation depends on the temperature, the amount of moisture present
in the atmosphere and the movement of air near the liquid surface. If the air in a room is hot,
humid and still, perspiration does not evaporate easily and fails to produce cooling.

Consequently an occupant of the room finds it stuffy and feels comfortable in it. On
the other hand, if the air is very dry, rapid evaporation takes place from the skin with the
result that the occupant feels ‘parched’. The proper degree of dampness of the air is therefore
desirable for health and comfort

A dry atmosphere is needed in factories in which electrical components are

assembled, in warehouses storing grains and pulses, and for the seasoning of wood. Special
equipment is installed in such places to dry the air.

Air conditioning of theaters, concert halls and other buildings is done by drawing air
from outside and removing dust and other pollutants from it by passing it through water
sprays. Afterwards it is cooled and humidified to the required amount and then conveyed
through large pipes and ducts to the various rooms.

RESULT:

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 The relative humidity in the air=___ %

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 DISPERSION MODELING USING ALOHA
AIM:
To generate dispersion modeling for the given chemical and to furnish the treat zone
using ALOHA software
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
System with ALOHA software
Location : latitude and longitude wind speed for the given location Elevation of the
location
DESCRIPTION:
a. ALOHA (Area of Hazardous Atmosphere)
b. ALOHA models key hazards, toxicity, flammability, thermal radiation (heat)
and over pressure (explosion blast force) related to chemicals releases that
result in toxic gases dispersion, fire or explosion.
c. ALOHA was developed jointly by the national oceanic and atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) and the environment protection agency
To use ALOHA we have to perform several basics
1. Indicate the city where a chemical release is occurring and the date time
2. Choose the chemical of concern from ALOHA library of chemical information
3. Enter information about current whether condition
4. Describe how the chemical in escaping from containment and spread
5. Ask ALOHA to display a treat zone plot showing one or more area where a hazard
toxicity flammability, thermal radiation (heat) and over pressure may exceed key
level of concern (los) and pose a threat to people and property. If there locs are
chosen. ALOHA will display the treat zones in red, orange and yellow. The red threat
zones represent area of decreasing hazard.
ALOHA’s menu bar
Perform basic ALOHA operation by moving left to right through the seven menu bar
FILE &EDIT
Choose items from there two menus to perform basic operations such as opening,
closing and saving files. Printing the contexts of ALOHA windows and copying text and
graphics displayed in ALOHA
SITE DATA
Choose items from the site data menu to enter information about the release
a. The date and time
b. Location
c. The type of building downwind of toxic gas release

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SET UP
Choose items from the setup menu to
a. Select a chemical from ALOHA’s chemical library
b. Indicate weather conditions
c. Set the source
d. Choose the type of dispersion calculation for ALOHA to make
DISPLAY:
Choose items from the display menu to indicate the ALOHA result that you would
like to see and to choose how you would like the information to be displayed
SHARING:
Choose items from this menu to
a. Display an ALOHA Threat zone on a background map using MARPLOT, the
CAMEO
b. See detailed information about the chemicals you’ve selected
HELP:
Choose items from the help menu to the help topics list and to get information
THERMAL RADIATION LEVELS OF CONCERN
A thermal radiation LEVEL OF CONCERN (hoc) in a threshold level of thermal
radiation usually the level above which a hazard may exist

 Red:10kw/m2 (potentially lethal within 60 sec)

 Orange : 5kw/m2(second degree burn within 60 sec)
 Yellow:2kw/m2(pain within 60 sec)
PROCEDURE:
1. Indicate the city where a chemical release in occurring and the date and time
2. Choose the chemical of concern from ALOHA’S library of chemical information
3. Enter information about current weather condition
4. Describe how the chemical escaping from contaminant
5. Ask ALOHA to display a threat zone plot,showing one or more areas where a hazard
toxicity, flammability thermal radiation or over pressure may exceed levels of
concern (locs) and pose a threat to people and property

RESULT:
Thus the threat zone for the benzene is generated.

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 STUDY OF FIRST AID

AIM:

To study about first aid

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
First aid box

THEORY:
First aid is the immediate care given to the victim of an accident or sudden illness
before the arrival of a quantified expert. The purpose of first aid is to presence life assist
recovery, prevent aggravation and minimize complication at a later date with the help of
such material as may be available

For factories employing more than fifty persons each first aid or cupboard shall
contain the following equipment

1. Twelve small size sterilized dressings.

2. Six medium size sterilized dressings.
3. Six large size sterilized dressings.
4. Six large size sterilized burn dressings.
5. Six (15 gm) packets of sterilized cotton wool.
6. One (120) bottle of cetrimide solution (1%) or a suitable antiseptic
solution.
7. One (120 ml) bottle of mercurochrome solution (2%) in water.
8. One (60 ml) bottle containing sal-volatile having the dose and
mode of administration indicated on the label.
9. One pair of scissors.
10. Two rolls of adhesive plaster (2 cm x 1 m)
11. Eight pieces of sterilized eye pads in separate sealed packets.
12. One tourniquot.
13. One dozen safety pins.
14. A bottle containing 100 tablets (each of 325 mg) of aspirin or any
other analgesic.
15. One polythene wash bottle (1/2 litre i.e., 500 cc) for washing eyes.
16. A snake-bite lancet.
17. One (30 ml) bottle containing potassium permanganate crystals.
18. One copy of first-aid leaflet issued by the Directorate General of
Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes, Government of
India, Bombay.

First aid will be done for control of bleeding, fractures, burns, shocks, wounds, life
injuries, heat, stroke etc
BURNS

The following instruction must be adhered with to first aid for a burn

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 a. Pour running cold water on the affected part.
b. Do not apply ointments or oils or any other substance.

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 c. Cover the wound with sterilized cloth.
d. Give artificial respiration, if needed.
e. Prevent shock.
f. Arrange immediate medical aid.

CONTROL OF BLEEDING
1. Apply direct pressure by thumb or finger.
2. Apply dressing – gauze pad and bandage.
3. Apply indirect pressure on pressure points.
4. Apply tourniquet.
5. Remove the injured to the hospital.

ELECTRIC SHOCK

1. Do not touch the casualty while he is still in contact with electricity.

2. Switch off the current at once.
3. Do not attempt first aid until the contact has been broken.
4. Make the air passage clear and clean.
5. Restore breathing Artificial respiration and external cardiac massage, if needed.
6. Call for immediate medical aid.
7. Send the patient to the hospital

RESULT:

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 Thus first aid was studied and the procedures to do it in various accidental or illness
situations have been known

US BUREAU OF STANDARDS

TYPE OF SOIL AVG MIN MAX

Fill, Ashes, Brine 2370 590 7000

Clay, Loam 4060 340 16300

Same : Varying
15800 1020 13500
proportion of sand

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 ESTIMATION OF EARTH RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY
AIM:

To measure earth resistance and earth resistivity by using Digital earth resistance
tester

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Digital earth resistance tester

OPERATING PRINCIPLE:

The earth resistance tester work’s on the principle of OHM’s law

PROCEDURE:

1. To operate the instrument, first turn the range selection switch to higher ohms
range position.
2. The digital display will come in action and will read zero.
3. Connect the test leads to the four terminals as per procedure.
4. Press the test switch the LCD display will indicate the resistance.
5. If the reading is smaller than the lower range available with the instrument.
6. The range selection switch may be turned to lower range available with the
instrument.
7. After completing the testing, the selector knob should be turned to OFF
position.

MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE AND EARTH RESISTIVITY:

The digital earth resistance tester has four terminals marked as E1, P1, P2, and E2 is
suitable for measuring earth resistance as well as earth resistivity

MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE:

To measure earth resistance with digital earth tester, it should be used as three
terminal types for that terming E1 X P1 is to be shorter and connecter to the earth connection
whose resistance has to be found.

MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTIVITY:

To find out the earth resistivity for preferred positioning and depth of proposed
electrode system, four terminal methods is to be used

The entire four spikes is buried in one straight line and distance between them to be
kept same

The value of ‘L’ may be kept between 50” to 7”’

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 Take the reading by pressing the test switch observed value in ohms

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 The value of each resistivity ‘P’ may be obtained from the following formula

P=2πRL ohm.cms

Where,

R-value earth resistance measured in ohm

L-Distance between spikes in cm

P-earth resistivity in ohm cm

RESULT:

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 Thus the value of Earth resistance and earth resistivity is _________________

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