Sedimentation Experiment
Sedimentation Experiment
Sedimentation Experiment
By
Liis, Nemuel Cyzar F.
Sario, Glen G.
Alindayo, Aimee C.
Felipe, Leica Jane G.
Juganas, Jasmin – Clary C.
Ramos, Kathrynne L.
September 2019
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Filtration...............................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................v
Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................1
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................13
APPENDICES...................................................................................................................15
APPENDIX C: Computations........................................................................................17
APPENDIX D: Documentation.....................................................................................21
APPENDIX F: Graphs...................................................................................................29
ii
LIST OF TABLES
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Cake Filter, (b) Clarifying Filter, (c) Crossflow Filter (Adapted from “Fiigure
30.4” McCabe, W. L., Smith, J. C., & Harriott, P. (1993). Unit Operations of Chemical
Figure 6. Time of Filtration per Filter Volume against Filtrate Volume Collected............9
Figure 7. The Researchers prepared the plate and Frame Set-Up by covering the plates
Figure 8. The Researchers weighed the filter plates with the corresponding filter sheets21
Figure 9. The Researchers inserted the filter plates in such a way that their eyelets
Figure 10. The Researchers connect the agitation tank to the filter press.........................22
Figure 11. After the filtration, the Researchers removed and examined the filter sheets
and plates...........................................................................................................................23
Figure 12. The Researchers weighed them again and recorded the weights.....................23
Figure 13. The Researchers washed the filter sheets and plates using running water.......24
iv
ABSTRACT
Clarification
v
vi
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
clarification. Particles settle in distinct ways from suspension, based on the suspension
concentration and particle features. Settling a diluted suspension of particles that have
plant design. For higher concentrations where inter-particle effects become significant
and where agglomeration may take place, different regimes of settling rate occur, known
as ‘zone’ settling (Fig 1). Information from batch tests for such systems forms a vital part
of the search for the optimum design and operation of industrial sedimentation tanks.
Suspensions containing different concentration of sediments are being studied and the
1
Figure 2 Typical Sedimentation Curves (Adapted from Sedimentation Studies Apparatus.
(n.d.). Retrieved September 24, 2019:
http://discoverarmfield.com/media/transfer/doc/w2mkii_web.pdf
There are two basic types of settling that takes place, hindered settling and free
settling. Hindered settling occurs when the concentration of the solution is high enough
for there to be significant interaction between the particles. The frictional force exerted at
a given velocity of the particles relative to the fluid may be greatly increased as a result
of modifications to the flow pattern. Free or particulate settling occurs when the
concentration of the solution is low and the particles are sufficiently far apart to freely
settle regardless of their nature (Richardson and Coulson, 1955). Faster settling particles
can collide with slower moving particles where they can coincide or proceed down at
their own settling speed (Richardson and Coulson, 1955). The cohesive particles settle at
a rate higher than the individual particles and there is a gradual transition from particle
settling to zone settling regime where the particles are forced to settle as a mass. The
2
settling rate of the mass is a function of the solids concentration. The sedimentation
velocities of the particles tend to decrease steadily as the concentration of the suspension
For concentrated suspensions there are two main types of settling Type 1 and
Type 2 (Fig 3). In Type 1 settling, the suspension settles into four zones, a clear liquid
zone, a constant composition zone, a variable composition zone and sediment. In Type 2
settling, there are only three zones with the constant composition zone absent.
3
Chapter 2
and volume, to construct a batch settling curve, and to understand the importance of
with a Sedimentation study apparatus, digital balance, mortar and pestle, beaker, water
and chalk
4
5
Figure 4 Schematic Diagram for Sedimentation
7
Chapter 4
Based on the data presented, the height of the slurry to water interface with
respect to time was plotted, there is no linear relationship. This implies that this variable
is not directly proportional to each other because linear relationship is not evident
between them but shows that when the height of solid/liquid interface decreases the time
increases.
The experiment shows that the rate of sedimentation or settling is greatly affected
by the concentration of the solids and size of the settling particles. The higher the
concentration of the solids in the suspension, the lower will be the rate of sedimentation,
and vice versa; accuracy may not be sure to be achieved. The inaccuracy may be due to
to avoid and prevent errors to occur. The screen on the sieves should be carefully cleaned
in order to remove all chalk dust. Ensure that all the leftover chalk in the sieve is
transferred to the container use in weighing process. The area around digital scale balance
must be cleaned first to get accurate readings and avoid the environmental effects.
Student also can use a soft bristle brush to gently wipe the screen.
It is also recommended that flocculants and coagulants may also be added in order
to determine the effect of these chemicals to the rate of sedimentation of solids. Since the
flocculants and coagulants make the solids stick together thus forming larger particles,
8
REFERENCES
from https://www.scribd.com/document/343755476/Exp-4-Sedimentation
Backhurst, J., Harker, J., & Richarson, J. (2002). Coulson and Richardson's Chemical
Engineering: Particle Technology and Separation Processes (5th ed., Vol. II).
9
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
B. Stirring Rod- It was used in stirring the slurry to have a uniform distribution.
D. Digital balance- This was used in weighing the pulverized chalk and distilled
F. Chalk- This was the substance that was pulverized and used to make a slurry.
10
APPENDIX B
Definition of Terms
the tendency of the particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they
B. Settling Rate- It is the residence time taken for the particles to settle in the tank.
C. Static Water System- It refers to the level of water in a well under normal,
matter by the separation of the insoluble particles which prevent the liquid from
being transparent.
F.
11
APPENDIX C
Computations
mc
0.015=
g
mc +1600 mL(1 )
mL
mc =24.3655 g
Sedimentation B:
mc =X A mslurry
V slurry
mslurry =
XA XH O 2
+
ρ chalk ρH O 2
1L 1m3
1650 mL( )( )
1000 mL 1000 L
mslurry = =1.6786 kg
0.035 0.965
+
kg kg
1947.7 3 1000 3
m m
12
m c =( 0.035 ) ( 1.6786 kg )=0.0588 kg
INITIAL CONCENTRATION, C O
mc
C O=
π
Dpi 2 L
4
Sedimentation A:
1 kg
24.3655 g( )
1000 g kg
C O= =15.7574 3
π 2 2 772 m
4
(0.0505) m (
1000 )m
Sedimentation B:
0.0588 kg kg
C O= =36.2426 3
π 810 m
4
(0.0505)2 m2 (
1000
m )
CONCENTRATION AT SPECIFIED HEIGHT, C L
Co H o
C L=
HL
Sedimentation A:
@ t = 1 min:
kg
15.7574 (772mm)
m3 kg
C L= =17.1334 3
710 mm m
@ t = 2 min:
kg
15.7574 (772mm)
m3 kg
C L= =19.6205 3
620 mm m
@ t = 20 min:
13
kg
15.7574 (772mm)
m3 kg
C L= =640.2480 3
19 mm m
Sedimentation B:
@ t = 1 min:
kg
36.2426 (810 mm)
m3 kg
C L= =36.2426 3
810 mm m
@ t = 2 min:
kg
36.2426 (810 mm)
m3 kg
C L= =37.8794 3
775 mm m
@ t = 20 min:
kg
36.2426 ( 810 mm)
m3 kg
C L= =202.4587 3
145 mm m
DENSITY OF SLURRY, ρ
Sedimentation A:
1
ρ=
XA XH O 2
+
ρchalk ρ H O
2
1 g
ρ= =1.0074 ×10−3
0.015 0.985 mm3
+
1.9477 1
Sedimentation B:
mslurry
ρ=
V slurry
14
3
1.6786 kg 1000 g 1m −3 g
ρ= −3 3
1.65 ×10 m 1 kg( )( 1000 mm )
=1.0173× 10
mm3
Sedimentation A:
mL 1L 1000 m 3 1000 mm 3 ( 60 s
ATH =
1600 (
s 1000 mL )(
1L )(
1m )
17.5 mins ) (
1min )
772 mm
Sedimentation B:
mL 1L 1000 m 3 1000 mm 3 ( 60 s
ATH =
1650 (
s 1000 mL )(
1L )(
1m )
20.7 mins ) (
1 min )
810 mm
y 2− y 1
v=| |x 2−x 1
15
Sedimentation A:
mm 3
1600 ×103 (772−20) m
s mm3
Qc = =1558549.223
772 m s
v= |710−772
1−0 |=1.0333
mm
s
mm 3
1558549.223
s c
ACL= =1508322.097 mm2
mm
1.0333
s
Sedimentation B:
mm 3
1650 ×103 (810−103)m
s mm 3
Qc = =1440185.185
810 m s
v= |775−810
1−0 |=0.5833
mm
s
mm 3
1440185.185
s c
ACL= =2469029.976 mm2
mm
0.5833
s
∴ A co =A TH
Sedimentation B:
since: A TH > ACL
∴ A co =A TH
16
SOLIDS LOADING, SL
Q ρ slurry
SL=
ACO
Sedimentation A:
mm 3 g
1.6× 106 (1.0074 × 10−3 )
s mm3 g
SL= 2
=7.4068 × 10−3
2176165.803 mm mm2 ∙ s
Sedimentation B:
mm3 g
1.65× 106 (1.0173 ×10−3 )
s mm3 g
SL= 2
=6.6346 ×10−4
2530000 mm mm 2 ∙ s
Sedimentation A:
mm3 3
1m
6
1.6 ×10 ( )
s 1000 mm mm
QH = 2
=0.7352
1m s
2176165.803mm 2( )
1000 mm
Sedimentation B:
mm 3 3
6 1m
1.6× 10 ( )
s 1000 mm mm
QH = 2
=0.6522
1m s
2530000 mm2 ( )
1000 mm
17
APPENDIX D
Documentation
Figure 6: The researchers weighed the empty beaker for the computation of the density
of slurry.
Figure 7: The researchers weighed the beaker with one liter of water.
18
Figure 8: The Researchers made a slurry of chalk and water.
19
Figure 10: The Researchers read the final reading of the sedimentation tube.
20
APPENDIX E
Answer to Questions
solids in water?
suspended solids in water because it is simple, efficient and requires low cost to
operate. Sedimentation tank is used for removing by settling a dispersed liquid phase
water.
Food industry
Pharmaceutical industry
Polymer industry
Mining industry
Critical point of sedimentation is said to be reached when the height at which free
21
4. Describe the effect of each of the following factors upon sedimentation rate:
b. Height of slurry - In general the height of the initial suspension does not affect
c. Wall of Sedimentation Tube - Provided the particle size to the tube diameter is
5. What data are needed to design the area of sedimentation tanks or thickeners for
a certain purpose?
The data needed to design the area of sedimentation tanks or thickeners are tank
type. If it is rectangular; depth, length, width, and flight travel speed must consider. If
it is circular; depth, diameter, bottom slope and flight travel speed must consider.
22
APPENDIX F
Graphs
10
8
Height (mm)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (min.)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (min.)
23
900
800
700
600
1.50%
Height (mm)
500 2.00%
2.50%
400
3%
300 3.50%
4%
200
4.50%
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Time (min.)
900
800
700
600
500 3.50%
3%
400
2%
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
24
25