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Learn HTML - Elements and Structure Reference Guide - Codecademy PDF

The document provides a reference guide for HTML elements and structure. It defines key elements like <p>, <div>, <img>, lists and headings. It explains that HTML uses tags like <p> and </p> to denote elements in a document and that elements can have attributes added to change default behaviors. The guide also describes the tree structure of HTML and how elements are related as parents, children and siblings.

Uploaded by

Malaika Vardak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
107 views

Learn HTML - Elements and Structure Reference Guide - Codecademy PDF

The document provides a reference guide for HTML elements and structure. It defines key elements like <p>, <div>, <img>, lists and headings. It explains that HTML uses tags like <p> and </p> to denote elements in a document and that elements can have attributes added to change default behaviors. The guide also describes the tree structure of HTML and how elements are related as parents, children and siblings.

Uploaded by

Malaika Vardak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3/26/2020 Learn HTML: Elements and Structure Reference Guide | Codecademy

Learn HTML
Elements and Structure
Print cheatsheet

HTML
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used to give content to a web page and
instructs web browsers on how to structure that content.

A markup language is a computer annotation system for defining the structure


and presentation of text.

HTML Element
An HTML element is a piece of content in an HTML document and uses the
following syntax: opening tag + content + closing tag. In the code provided:

● <p> is the opening tag.


● Hello World! is the content.
● </p> is the closing tag.

<p>Hello World!</p>

HTML Tag
The syntax for a single HTML tag is an opening angle bracket < followed by the
element name and a closing angle bracket > . Here is an example of an opening
<div> tag.
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<div>

Element Content
The content of an HTML element is the information between the opening and
closing tags of an element.

<h1>Codecademy is awesome! 🙂</h1>

Closing Tag
An HTML closing tag is used to denote the end of an HTML element. The syntax
for a closing tag is a left angle bracket < followed by a forward slash / then the
element name and a right angle bracket to close > .

<body>
...
</body>

Body Element <body>

The <body> element represents the content of an HTML document. Content inside
<body> tags are rendered on the web browsers.

Note: There can be only one <body> element in a document.

<body>
<h1>Learn to code with Codecademy :)</h1>
</body>

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HTML Structure
HTML is organized into a family tree structure. HTML elements can have parents,
grandparents, siblings, children, grandchildren, etc.

<body>
<div>
<h1>It's div's child and body's grandchild</h1>
<h2>It's h1's sibling</h2>
</div>
</body>

Heading Elements <h1> - <h6>

HTML can use six different levels of heading elements. The heading elements are
ordered from the highest level <h1> to the lowest level <h6> .

<h1>Breaking News</h1>
<h2>This is the 1st subheading</h2>
<h3>This is the 2nd subheading</h3>
...
<h6>This is the 5th subheading</h6>

Div Element <div>

The <div> element is used as a container that divides an HTML document into
sections and is short for “division”. <div> elements can contain flow content such
as headings, paragraphs, links, images, etc.

<div>
<h1>A section of grouped elements</h1>
<p>Here’s some text for the section</p>
</div>
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<div>
<h1>Second section of grouped elements</h1>
<p>Here’s some text</p>
</div>

HTML Attributes
HTML attributes are values added to the opening tag of an element to configure
the element or change the element’s default behavior. In the provided example,
we are giving the <p> (paragraph) element a unique identifier using the id
attribute and changing the color of the default text using the style attribute.

<p id="my-paragraph" style="color: green;">Here’s some text for a paragraph


that is being altered by HTML attributes</p>

Attribute Name and Values


HTML attributes consist of a name and a value using the following syntax:
name="value" and can be added to the opening tag of an HTML element to
configure or change the behavior of the element.

<elementName name="value"></elementName>

Unique ID Attributes
In HTML, specific and unique id attributes can be assigned to different elements
in order to differentiate between them.

When needed, the id value can be called upon by CSS and JavaScript to
manipulate, format, and perform specific instructions on that element and that
element only. Valid id attributes should begin with a letter and should only
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contain letters ( a-Z ), digits ( 0-9 ), hyphens ( - ), underscores ( _ ), and periods


( . ).

<h1 id="A1">Hello World</h1>

Paragraph Element <p>

The <p> paragraph element contains and displays a block of text.

<p>This is a block of text! Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing
elit.</p>

Span Element <span>

The <span> element is an inline container for text and can be used to group text
for styling purposes. However, as <span> is a generic container to separate pieces
of text from a larger body of text, its use should be avoided if a more semantic
element is available.

<p><span>This text</span> may be styled differently than the surrounding text.


</p>

Emphasis Element <em>

The <em> emphasis element emphasizes text and browsers will usually italicize
the emphasized text by default.

<p>This <em>word</em> will be emphasized in italics.</p>

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Strong Element <strong>

The <strong> element highlights important, serious, or urgent text and browsers
will normally render this highlighted text in bold by default.

<p>This is <strong>important</strong> text!</p>

Line Break Element <br>

The <br> line break element will create a line break in text and is especially useful
where a division of text is required, like in a postal address. The line break element
requires only an opening tag and must not have a closing tag.

A line break haiku.<br>


Poems are a great use case.<br>
Oh joy! A line break.

Unordered List Element <ul>

The <ul> unordered list element is used to create a list of items in no particular
order. Each individual list item will have a bullet point by default.

<ul>
<li>Play more music 🎸</li>
<li>Read more books 📚</li>
</ul>

List Item Element <li>

The <li> list item element create list items inside:


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● Ordered lists <ol>


● Unordered lists <ul>

<ol>
<li>one</li>
<li>two</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>list item</li>
<li>list item</li>
</ul>

Ordered List Element <ol>

The <ol> ordered list element creates a list of items in sequential order. Each list
item appears numbered by default.

<ol>
<li>Preheat oven to 325 F </li>
<li>Drop cookie dough 🍪</li>
<li>Bake for 15 min ⏰</li>
</ol>

Image Element <img>

HTML image <img> elements embed images in documents. The src attribute
contains the image URL and is mandatory. <img> is an empty element meaning it
should not have a closing tag.

<img src="image.png">

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Attribute alt

An <img> element can have alternative text via the alt attribute. The alternative
text will be displayed if an image fails to render due to an incorrect URL, if the
image format is not supported by the browser, if the image is blocked from being
displayed, or if the image has not been received from the URL.

The text will be read aloud if screen reading software is used and helps support
visually impaired users by providing a text descriptor for the image content on a
webpage.

<img src="path/to/image" alt="text describing image" />

Video Element <video>

The <video> element embeds a media player for video playback. The src
attribute will contain the URL to the video. Adding the controls attribute will
display video controls in the media player.

Note: The content inside the opening and closing tag is shown as a fallback in
browsers that don’t support the element.

<video src="test-video.mp4" controls>


Video not supported
</video>

Document Type Declaration


The document type declaration <!DOCTYPE html> is required as the first line of an
HTML document. The doctype declaration is an instruction to the browser about
what type of document to expect and which version of HTML is being used, in this
case it’s HTML5.

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HTML Element <html>

The <html> element, the root of an HTML document, should be added after the
!DOCTYPE declaration. All content/structure for an HTML document should be
contained between the opening and closing <html> tags.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<!-- I'm a comment -->
</html>

Head Element <head>

The <head> element contains general information about an HTML page that isn’t
displayed on the page itself. This information is called metadata and includes
things like the title of the HTML document and links to stylesheets.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<!-- metadata is contained in this element-->
</head>
</html>

Title Element <title>

The <title> element contains a text that defines the title of an HTML document.
The title is displayed in the browser’s title bar or tab in which the HTML page is
displayed. The <title> element can only be contained inside a document’s
<head> element.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
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<title>Title of the HTML page</title>


</head>
</html>

Anchor Element <a>

The <a> anchor element is used to create hyperlinks in an HTML document. The
hyperlinks can point to other webpages, files on the same server, a location on the
same page, or any other URL via the hyperlink reference attribute, href . The
href determines the location the anchor element points to.

<!--Linking a text-->
<a href="codecademy.com">Visit this site</a>

<!--Linking an image-->
<a href="codecademy.com">
<img src="logo.jpg">Click this image</a>

Target Attribute <target>

The target attribute on an <a> anchor element specifies where a hyperlink


should be opened. A target value of "_blank" will tell the browser to open the
hyperlink in a new tab in modern browsers, or in a new window in older browsers
or if the browser has had settings changed to open hyperlinks in a new window.

<a href="https://www.google.com" target="_blank">This anchor element links to


google and will open in a new tab or window.</a>

File Path
URL paths in HTML can be absolute paths, like a full URL, for example:

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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn or a relative file path that links to


a local file in the same folder or on the same server, for example: ./style.css .
Relative file paths begin with ./ followed by a path to the local file. ./ tells the
browser to look for the file path from the current folder.

<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web">The URL for this anchor


element is an absolute file path.</a>

<a href="./about.html">The URL for this anchor element is a relative file path.
</a>

Link to a Different Part of the Page #

The anchor element <a> can create hyperlinks to different parts of the same
HTML document using the href attribute to point to the desired location with #
followed by the id of the element to link to.

<div>
<p id="id-of-element-to-link-to">A different part of the page!</p>
</div>

<a href="#id-of-element-to-link-to">Take me to a different part of the page</a>

Whitespace
Whitespace, such as line breaks, added to an HTML document between block-
level elements will generally be ignored by the browser and are not added to
increase spacing on the rendered HTML page. Rather, whitespace is added for
organization and easier reading of the HTML document itself.

<p>Test paragraph</p>

<!-- The whitespace created by this line, and above/below this line is ignored
by the browser-->
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<p>Another test paragraph, this will sit right under the first paragraph, no
extra space between.</p>

Indentation
HTML code should be formatted such that the indentation level of text increases
once for each level of nesting.

It is a common convention to use two or four space per level of nesting.

<div>
<h1>Heading</h1>

<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
</ul>
</div>

Comments
In HTML, comments can be added between an opening <!-- and closing --> .
Content inside of comments will not be rendered by browsers, and are usually
used to describe a part of code or provide other details.

Comments can span single or multiple lines.

<!-- Main site content -->


<div>Content</div>

<!--
Comments can be
multiple lines long.
-->

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Related Courses

Course

Introduction to HTML
Learn the basics of HTML5 and start
building & editing web pages.

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