CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE (CIC)

‫المعهد الكندي العالي للهندسة بالسادس من أكتوبر‬

Department of Civil Engineering Course Name: Repair and Strengthening

of Structures
Semester: Spring 2019/2020 Course Code: CIS 341
Final Research Project Total Marks: 100
Instructor Name: Dr. Ahmed Khalil No. of Pages: … page(s)
Student Name: amrsherifabdelsamad
Student ID: 20156465
INDEX TABLE
Part No. Maximum Marks Marks Obtained Signature
1 15
2 30
3 30
4 10
5 15
Total 100

Marks in letters

Final Result Pass Fail

Examiners Committee Signatures

First Examiner: …….……… Second Examiner: …….………
Final Research Project

Research Project Instructions:

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Final Research Project

Part 1 (15 Marks)

YOU HAVE TO ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN PART 1

-This course aims to…..



-The importance of this course is……

 Important of course learn to causes of cracks

 each type of cracks has it`s own way for repair it

 Important of course learn causes of the illustrated cracks

 Important of course learn affect permeability of concrete

 Important of course learn causes of type of cracks and how to work withit

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Final Research Project

Part 2 (30 Marks)

ANSWER ONLY 3 OF THE GIVEN QUESTIONS IN PART 2

Question # 1 (10 Marks)

a) How do mineral and chemical admixtures affect permeability of concrete?

Use of mineral admixture leads to reaction between the silica of the mineral admixture and calcium

hydroxide in the presence of water to produce calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H). –

The production of C-S-H decreases porosity, and consequently permeability.

- Using water reducers enhances durability of concrete due to reduction in porosity and permeability

both are related to low (w/c) ratio .

- When high range water reducer are used, water requirements will be reduced by up to 25% (i.e.

increase in concrete compressive strength at all stages, reduction in permeability and increase in

durability.

b) Give examples to explain the effect of compaction and mixing of concrete on its

permeability.

- Well mixing of concrete ingredients and good compaction during placement improves the

porosity

- and permeability.

- As the higher compaction and mixing quality , the fewer voids between concrete parts . There are

- many types for mixing as :

- Mechanic Mixing

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Final Research Project
- Mechanical Mixing ( Manual Mixing ) ,

c) Draw sketches to illustrate the effect of shape of pores on permeability.

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Final Research Project
Part 2 (30 Marks)
Question # 2 (10 Marks)

a) Write note on structural cracks with examples.

A crack is a linear fracture in concrete which extends partly or completely through the
member.
Cracks in concrete occur due to tensile stresses introduced in the concrete as a result
of volumetric
changes or applied loads.
Tensile stresses are initially carried by the concrete and reinforcement until the
level of the tensile
stress exceeds the tensile capacity of the concrete.
After this point the concrete cracks and the tensile force is transferred completely to
the steel
reinforcement.
In reinforced and prestressed concrete, crack widths and their distribution are
controlled by the
reinforcing steel, whereas in plain concrete there is no such control.
The build-up of tensile stresses and, therefore, cracks in the concrete may be due to
any number of
causes and occur at different stages of the concrete development

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Final Research Project
b) Illustrate the causes of cracks.
Drying shrinkage – essentially the contraction that occurs when
fresh concrete rapidly dries. Concrete tends to shrink whenever its surfaces are exposed to air of
relatively low humidity. Drying shrinkage cracks can present as longitudinal cracks (in the case of
thin slabs and walls) or as a network of very fine, closely spaced random cracks (surface crazing).
Steel corrosion
Alkali-aggregate reactions.
Externally applied loads – these generate a system of internal compressive and tensile stresses, in
the members and components of the structure, as required to maintain static equilibrium - Cracks
resulting from externally applied loads initially appear as hairline cracks and are harmless. However,
as the reinforcement is further stressed the initial cracks open up and progressively spread into wider
cracks.
c) Classify the types of cracks based on its thickness.
Hairline upto 0.1 mm
Minor upto 0.3 mm
Moderate 0.3 to 0.6 mm
Plastic shrinkage cracks, and Plastic settlement cracks: -
Plastic shrinkage cracks: are typically short and random, forming a map pattern
(crazing), a series of parallel lines or over reinforcement. - These cracks,
together with those resulting from thermal effects (in the plastic state) are
typically shallow and are dormant.
Plastic settlement cracks: occur opposite rigidly supported reinforcement or
other embedded items. - They may also occur at pronounced changes in
section depth. - They present as cracks following the direction of
reinforcement on the tops of deep beams and slabs or stirrups in columns. -
The cracks can be wide at the surface but are rarely deep enough to affect the
structural integrity.

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Final Research Project
Part 2 (30 Marks)
Question # 3 (10 Marks)

What are the main causes of the illustrated cracks?

a)

 Drying shrinkage – essentially the contraction that occurs when fresh

concrete rapidly dries. Concrete tends to shrink whenever its surfaces
are exposed to air of relatively low humidity. Drying shrinkage cracks
can present as longitudinal cracks (in the case of thin slabs and walls)
or as a network of very fine, closely spaced random cracks (surface
crazing).
 Steel corrosion
 Alkali-aggregate reactions.
 Externally applied loads – these generate a system of internal
compressive and tensile stresses, in the members and components of
the structure, as required to maintain static equilibrium

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Final Research Project

b)

Plastic shrinkage cracks are typically short and random, forming a map
pattern (crazing), a series of parallel lines or over reinforcement.
- These cracks, together with those resulting from thermal effects (in the
plastic state) are typically shallow and are dormant.
- However, if a slab is significantly affected by plastic shrinkage cracking
the cracks may continue through the depth of the slab.

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Final Research Project

Part 2 (30 Marks)

Question # 4 (10 Marks)

Explain the required steps for strengthening the illustrated brick wall to carry additional
vertical live Load.

1- Removing the concrete cover ,cleaning the steel bars and

coating them with epoxy.
2-Instaling dowels for the horizontal and vertical steel.
3- Instaling the new horizontal and vertical steel.
4- Coating the surface with epoxy and pouring the concrete
jacket.

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Final Research Project

Part 2 (30 Marks)

Question # 5 (10 Marks)

- List in detail the various parameters affecting the quality of concrete

construction.
• Poor placement practices, and poor-quality control lead to
defects in concrete
• Poor workmanship may cause concrete structures deterioration
• Poor concrete quality may cause durability problems
• Poor welding techniques may cause cracks
• Poor quality of the fabricated details may cause stress
concentrations

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Final Research Project
Part 3 (30 Marks)
YOU HAVE TO ANSWER ALL GIVEN QUESTIONS IN PART 3
Question # 1 (10 Marks)

What are the main steps of repairing the following R.C. isolated footing?

1. Excavating around the footing.

2. Cleaning and roughening the concrete surface.
3. Installing dowels at 25-30cm spacing in both directions using an appropriate epoxy
material.
4. Fastening the new steel bars with the dowels using steel wires.The diameter and number
of steel bars should be according to the design.
5. Coating the footing surface with a bonding agent in order toachieve the required bond
between old and new concrete.
6. Pouring the new concrete before the bonding agent dries

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Final Research Project
Part 3 (30 Marks)
Question # 2 (10 Marks)
Explain the following using clear neat sketches:
1- Concrete permeability

2- Phenolphthalein indicator test (carbonation test)

solve
1- Permeability is the property that governs the rate of flow of a fluid
through the concrete. The rate of flow is higher when the permeability
is higher. It allows transport of water, carbon dioxide, chloride ions,
oxygen, sulfate ions, and electrical current within concrete. This may
lead to degradation of concrete.
2- The most common way to determine the depth of carbonation is the
phenolphthalein indicator test method, which is regulated in (DIN) The
test method is based on the fact that phenolphthalein solution does
change its colour from colourless to pink above pH 9. Usually the
indicating solution contains 1 wt% phenolphthalein solved in alcohol
(70 vol%).The required amount of indication fluid varies due to the
concrete porosity, so an absolute value cannot be given. The amount of
solution should be sufficient for an intensive pink colour, which is
automatically received on freshly broken noncarbonated concrete. The
carbonated concrete remains colourless

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Final Research Project

Part 3 (30 Marks)

Question # 3 (10 Marks)
Draw clear neat setting out for the expected cracks in all following given members, then:
 Classify and give reasons for the cracks.
 Define the required steps for repairing the cracked cantilever in (b).

a)

Classify the cracks.

Plastic shrinkage cracks, and Plastic settlement cracks: -

 Plastic shrinkage cracks: are typically short and random, forming a map pattern (crazing), a series of parallel
lines or over reinforcement. - These cracks, together with those resulting from thermal effects (in the plastic
state) are typically shallow and are dormant.

 Plastic settlement cracks: occur opposite rigidly supported reinforcement or other embedded items. - They
may also occur at pronounced changes in section depth. - They present as cracks following the direction of
reinforcement on the tops of deep beams and slabs or stirrups in columns. - The cracks can be wide at the
surface but are rarely deep enough to affect the structural integrity.

Passive cracks, and active cracks: -

 Passive cracks dimensionally stable whereas active cracks continue to grow

Reasons for the cracks.


 Drying shrinkage – essentially the contraction that occurs when fresh concrete rapidly dries. Concrete tends to
shrink whenever its surfaces are exposed to air of relatively low humidity. Drying shrinkage cracks can present as
longitudinal cracks (in the case of thin slabs and walls) or as a network of very fine, closely spaced random cracks
(surface crazing).
 Steel corrosion
 Alkali-aggregate reactions.
 Externally applied loads – these generate a system of internal compressive and tensile stresses, in the members
and components of the structure, as required to maintain static equilibrium - Cracks resulting from externally
applied loads initially appear as hairline cracks and are harmless. However, as the reinforcement is further
stressed the initial cracks open up and progressively spread into wider cracks.
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b)

The required steps for repairing the cracked cantilever

1) Cleaning surfaces
2) Dowels inserting (8 mm diam).
•depth 50 mm
•spacing = 250 t0 500 mm with chemicals
3) Installing rft net in bending areas
4) Painting the upper surface of slab with chemical
5) Pouring of new concrete

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Final Research Project
Part 4 (10 Marks)
Search information on the internet about:
Corrosion mechanism of steel reinforcement in concrete structures
solve
Corrosion Mechanism in Concrete
In concrete, the corrosion of steel is an electrochemical process where
current passes from one medium to another (anodeto cathode) as in an
electrical circuit. In the hydration processof cement in concrete, a highly
alkaline (sodium and potassiumhydroxide) environment (12.5<pH<14)
is formed. However, lowerpH and carbonation are causes of corrosion
[5]. The lower the pH,the lower the amount of chloride ions needed to
promote corrosion in the steel bar. The alkaline environment in
concrete, with a pH>12.5, therefore helps in forming a thin protective
layer, called a passive film on the surface of the steel. Typically, this
passive film is composed of different degrees of hydrated iron oxide
Fe2+ and Fe3+, and it is only a few nanometres thick. Usually, the
passivefilm of steel is secure from any kind of mechanical damage
[6].The whole process of corrosion in the steel is called depassivation.
The time for such process to lead to corrosion is referred to as
theinitiation period of corrosion of steel in concrete as it is illustrated By
providing good quality, less permeable concrete and higher cover depth,
the initiation period can be increased in reinforced concrete structure
(RCS) [7-9]. So, the resistivity of
concrete is related to the severity of corrosion. Table 1 shows the
limit of resistivity and the corresponding possible corrosion in
concrete
Corrosion rate of steel
The damage of steel in concrete is determined by the corrosion rate. Depending on the
exposure type, the corrosion rate in RCS can vary from 2 to 100µm/year as the relative
humidity (RH), CO2 and chloride concentration at the reinforcement level changes with
time [28]. Corrosion rate also increases in more harsh exposure conditions. A higher
corrosion rate can be observed in RCS in coastal regions as well as in structures where
salt is used to dissolve ice such as bridge decks, motorways, etc., since the chloride
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concentration level in such structures is very high. Until
now, the corrosion mechanism is not fully understood
because many factors are involved. However, it is suggested that higher resistivity of
concrete can lead to lowering the corrosion rate because when the reinforcing steel bar
corrodes, electrons flow through the bar and ions flow through the concrete. The ion flow
in concrete is controlled by the resistivity or electrical conductance of concrete and
therefore, lower resistivity means a
higher ion flow and as a result, higher corrosion is expected in
concrete. Factors influencing the corrosion rate: As previously mentioned, in a chloride-
laden environment, when the amount of chloride reaches the threshold level, it creates an
environment that damages the protective film of steel bars embedded in concrete. Many
factors such as amount of moisture in concrete, steel surface area ratio at the anode and
cathode area, concrete resistivity, humidity and temperature, etc. in concrete influence
the corrosion rate of steel bars [29-31]. In the corrosion process, the presence of oxygen
accelerates the corrosion rate of a steel bar.
However, it also depends on the amount of moisture present in the concrete. If the
concrete is fully saturated, the oxygen diffusion rate is lower because oxygen cannot
diffuse through moisture.
However, in dry concrete, oxygen can easily diffuse through pores or cracks in the
concrete. It is found that the wetting and drying cycles of concrete accelerates the steel
corrosion process [32]. In
the wetting process, the presence of moisture in concrete acts as an electrolyte which
causes lower resistivity of concrete than in the drying process. As a result, higher half-cell
potential values
can be found in concrete when it is in contact with moisture than when it is in a dry
environment. A sufficient amount of oxygen is also necessary in the rapid corrosion
process. Concentrated
polarization occurs when there is not a sufficient amount of oxygen in the concrete for the
cathodic reaction, and so the
corrosion current is reduced [32]

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referaance:

https://juniperpublishers.com/?fbclid=IwAR01wKLhNtLPRMH3tk6wl_Q1Rrju4OoKNTjiTCKX4xMMoZk8XTh7-aPz74o

Juniper key of research

Part 5 (15 Marks)

Conclusion:
-I have learnt from this course ……

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