PSV3St - Phase-Sequence Voltage Protection Stage1 (PSV3St1) Stage2 (PSV3St2)

1MRS752324-MUM PSV3St _
Phase-Sequence Voltage
Protection
Issued: 3/2000
Version: C/21.08.2003 Stage1 (PSV3St1)
Data subject to change without notice Stage2 (PSV3St2)
Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 2
1.1 Features................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Application ............................................................................................ 2
1.3 Input description ................................................................................... 4
1.4 Output description................................................................................. 4
2. Description of operation............................................................................ 5
2.1 Configuration ........................................................................................ 5
2.2 Configuration error checking................................................................. 6
2.3 Measuring mode ................................................................................... 7
2.4 Operation criteria .................................................................................. 7
2.5 Setting groups....................................................................................... 9
2.6 Test mode ............................................................................................. 9
2.7 START and TRIP outputs ..................................................................... 9
2.8 Resetting............................................................................................. 10
3. Application of U1< operation .................................................................. 11
3.1 Setting the U1< operation ................................................................... 12
3.2 Setting examples for U1< operation ................................................... 13
4. Application of U2> operation .................................................................. 19
5. Parameters and events ............................................................................ 20

5.1 General ............................................................................................... 20
5.2 Setting values ..................................................................................... 21
5.2.1 Actual settings ........................................................................... 21
5.2.2 Setting group 1 .......................................................................... 21
5.2.3 Setting group 2 .......................................................................... 22
5.2.4 Control settings.......................................................................... 23
5.3 Measurement values........................................................................... 24
5.3.1 Input data................................................................................... 24
5.3.2 Output data ................................................................................ 24
5.3.3 Recorded data ........................................................................... 24
5.3.4 Events........................................................................................ 27
6. Technical data .......................................................................................... 28
PSV3St _ Substation Automation
1. Introduction
1.1 Features
• Negative-phase-sequence overvoltage operation U2>

• Positive-phase-sequence undervoltage operation U1<
• Positive-phase-sequence overvoltage operation U1>
• Definite-time (DT operation)
• All three operations can be active individually or simultaneously
• Phase-sequence voltage can be calculated by means of all three or only two
voltage inputs
• Voltage measurement with conventional voltage transformers or voltage dividers
• Virtual phase-to-phase voltage measurement channels can be used instead of the
corresponding analogue measurement channels
1.2 Application
This document specifies the functions of the phase-sequence voltage function blocks
PSV3St1 and PSV3St2 used in products based on the RED 500 Platform. The two
function blocks are identical in operation.
The positive-sequence undervoltage operation U1< is designed for the protection of

small generating plants
• against an asynchronous reclosure with the rest of the network. When a generating
plant will be isolated from the network due to a relay operation in that network,
the circuit breaker in the connection point of the plant is opened before the relay
operation in the network (loss-of-grid protection).
• against a loss of synchronism. Heavy faults in the rest of the network may
endanger the stability of the embedded plant which is therefore isolated from that
network before it enters asynchronism.
Additionally, the U1< operation enables a successful autoreclosure by separating an
embedded plant from a faulty line when the fault current fed by the plant is too low to
start the overcurrent relay but high enough to maintain the arc.
The negative-sequence overvoltage operation U2> is designed for the protection of

motors
• against failure on one or more phases (“single phasing”)

• against excessive unbalance between phases
and for the protection of machines
2
Substation Automation PSV3St _
• against reversal of phase sequence, both with forward and reverse rotation
direction.
A faulty voltage transformer or sensor, or an incorrect connection of voltage
measuring devices causes apparent voltage unbalance. The phase-sequence-voltage
function blocks can therefore be used even for monitoring the condition of measuring
circuits.
The positive-sequence overvoltage operation U1> can be used in various applications

as an alternative to ordinary three-phase overvoltage protection.
U1<
U2>
U1>
Figure 1. Protection diagram symbol of PSV3St_ (For IEC symbols used in single
line diagrams, refer to the manual “Technical Descriptions of Functions,
Introduction”, 1MRS750528-MUM)
Figure 2. Function block symbols of PSV3St1 and PSV3St2
3
1.3 Input description
Name Type Description

UL1_U12 Analogue signal (SINT) Input for measuring the phase-to-earth
voltage UL1 or phase-to-phase voltage
U12
U23
U31
ROT_DIR Digital signal (BOOL, active Input signal for selecting the rotation
high) direction of the machine
BLOCK Digital signal (BOOL, active Input for blocking the function
high)
GROUP Digital signal (BOOL, active Control input for switching between the
high) setting groups 1 and 2
RESET Reset signal (BOOL, pos. Input signal for resetting the trip signal
edge) and registers of PSV3St_
1.4 Output description
Name Type Description

START Digital signal (BOOL, active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (BOOL, active high) Trip signal
ERR Digital signal (BOOL, active high) Signal for indicating a configuration
error
4
2. Description of operation
2.1 Configuration
Voltages can be measured by means of conventional voltage transformers or voltage

dividers. A special dialogue box of the Relay Configuration Tool is used for selecting
and configuring the measuring devices and signal types for analogue channels. Digital
inputs are configured in the same programming environment (the number of selectable
analogue inputs, digital inputs and digital outputs depends on the hardware variant).
When the analogue channels and digital inputs have been selected and configured in
the dialogue box, the inputs and outputs of the function block can be configured on a
graphic worksheet of the configuration tool. In case of phase-to-earth voltages, the
voltages UL1, UL2, and UL3 are connected to the corresponding UL1_U12, UL2_U23
and UL3_U31 inputs of the function block. In the same way, if the phase-to-phase
voltages are used, they are connected to the corresponding inputs of the function
block. Already two phase-to-phase voltages allow a correct calculation of positive-
and negative-sequence components. So, if all three phase-to-phase voltages are
connected, the two with the lowest amplitude are used in calculation to assure the best
possible accuracy. Examples of the connections are shown in Figure 3 below.
Figure 3. Connection possibilities when only two phase-to-phase voltages are used
It is also possible to use only two phase-to-earth voltages. In this case the residual
voltage U0 is assumed to be zero and the analogue channels are connected to the first
two voltage inputs and the third input is left unconnected. Examples of the
connections are shown in Figure 4 below. All possible input combinations are
presented in Table 1 below.
5
Figure 4. Connection possibilities when only two phase-to-earth voltages are used
Table 1 Possible input combinations.

Input combination Comments
UL1,UL2 and UL3 Each voltage is connected to the corresponding voltage
input
U12 and U23 U31 (if available) may be connected to the third voltage
input but can also be left unconnected.
U23 and U31 Third voltage input is left unconnected
U31 and U12 Third voltage input is left unconnected
UL1 and UL2 Third voltage input is left unconnected and U0 is assumed
to be zero
to be zero
to be zero
Digital inputs are connected to the boolean inputs of the function block and, in the
same way, the outputs of the function block are connected to the output signals.
The ROT_DIR input can be used to protect machines that can be driven both in
forward and in reverse directions. If the status information about the machine rotation
direction is available, it can be connected to the ROT_DIR input of the function block.
In this case the control setting parameter “Dir. Selection” must be set to value “Input
ROT_DIR”, which means that the measured negative- and positive-sequence voltages
and the operation of the function block are automatically adapted to the machine
rotation direction.
2.2 Configuration error checking
When the relay is started, the function block checks that at least two voltages are
connected to the first two analogue inputs. If two voltages are not connected, the ERR
output is activated and an error log notification is generated. Activation of the ERR
output also automatically sets the function block to the “Not in use” mode, which
means that it cannot operate.
6
2.3 Measuring mode
Negative- and positive-sequence voltages can be calculated by means of two or three

voltage inputs. For the possible input combinations refer to Table 1 in section
“Configuration”. The sequence voltage calculation is based on fundamental frequency
components of voltages.
When three phase-to-earth voltages are used, the sequence voltages are calculated as
follows:
• positive-sequence voltage
1
U1 = U R + aU S + a 2 U T (1)
3
• negative-sequence voltage
1
U2 = U + a 2 U S + aU T (2)
3 R
where UR, US and UT are phase-to-earth voltages and a is a phase-shifting operator
(a = 1∠120° and a2 = 1∠240°).
In case of two phase-to-phase voltages:
• positive-sequence voltage
1
U1 = U − a 2 U ST (3)
3 RS
• negative-sequence voltage
1
U2 = U − aU ST (4)
3 RS
where URS and UST are phase-to-phase voltages and a is a phase-shifting operator (a
= 1∠120° and a2 = 1∠240°).
In case of two phase-to-earth voltages, the value of U0 is assumed to be zero,

i.e. UR+US+UT = 0.
2.4 Operation criteria
The function block includes three independent operations: one for negative-sequence
overvoltage, one for positive-sequence undervoltage and one for positive-sequence
overvoltage. The operation mode can be selected via the setting parameter “Operation
mode” that allows selecting just one operation to be active at a time, all three
operations to be active simultaneously, or any combination of two operations to be
active at a time. All the possible operation modes are presented in Table 2 below.
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Table 2 Operation modes of PSV3St_

Mode Description
Not in use Function block is not in use
U1< & U2> & U1> The positive-sequence undervoltage,
negative-sequence overvoltage and
positive-sequence overvoltage operations
U1< & U2> The positive-sequence undervoltage and
negative-sequence overvoltage operations
U2> & U1> The negative-sequence overvoltage and
U1< & U1> Positive-sequence undervoltage and
U2> Negative-sequence overvoltage operation
U1< Positive-sequence undervoltage operation
U1> Positive-sequence overvoltage operation
If the U2> operation is in use, the function block starts when the measured negative-
sequence voltage exceeds the set start voltage value. Should the overvoltage situation
last the preset operate time, the function block trips.
If the U1< operation is in use, the function block starts when the measured positive-
sequence voltage falls below the set start voltage value. Should the undervoltage
situation last the preset operate time, the function block trips.
If the U1> operation is in use, the function block starts when the measured positive-
sequence voltage exceeds the set start voltage value. Should the overvoltage situation
last the preset operate time, the function block trips.
The delay of the heavy-duty output relay is included in preset operate times.
If any of the operations starts or trips, an event indicating the situation is generated.
An indication is also seen on the MMI of the relay. All the operations have their own
start and trip events and also the indication on the MMI includes the information of
the operation which has started or tripped.
To avoid unwanted operations e.g. during an auto-reclose sequence, starting and

tripping of the positive-sequence undervoltage operation can be blocked. The internal
blocking function is activated if the positive-sequence voltage falls below the fixed
value 0.2 x Un. The setting parameter “Intern. blocking” is used for enabling the
internal undervoltage blocking. The internal blocking affects only the U1< operation.
The DT timer is allowed to run only if the input signal BLOCK is inactive. If the
BLOCK signal is activated, the timer will be frozen. Moreover, the TRIP signal
cannot be activated when the BLOCK signal is active.
8
2.5 Setting groups
Two different groups of setting values, group 1 and group 2, are available for the
function block. Switching between the two groups can be done in the following three
ways:
1) Locally via the control parameter “Group selection”1) of the MMI

2) Over the communication bus by writing the parameter V11)
3) By means of the input signal GROUP when allowed via the parameter “Group
selection” (i.e. when V1 = 21)).
1)
Group selection (V1): 0 = Group 1; 1 = Group 2; 2 = GROUP input
The control parameter “Active group” indicates the setting group valid at a given time.
2.6 Test mode
The START and TRIP digital outputs of the function block can be activated with
separate control parameters for each output either locally via the MMI or externally
via the serial communication. When an output is activated with the test parameter, an
event indicating the test is generated.
The protection functions operate normally while the outputs are tested.
2.7 START and TRIP outputs
The output signal START is always pulse-shaped. The minimum pulse width of the
corresponding output signal is set via a separate parameter on the MMI or on serial
communication. If the start situation is longer than the set pulse width, the START
signal remains active until the start situation is over. The output signal TRIP may be
non-latching or latching. When the latching mode has been selected, the TRIP signal
remains active until the output is reset even if the operation criteria have reset. When
the non-latching mode has been selected, the TRIP signal remains active until the
operation criteria have reset and the time determined by the control parameter “Trip
pulse” has elapsed.
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2.8 Resetting
The TRIP output signal and the registers can be reset via the RESET input, or over the
serial bus or the local MMI.
The operation indicators, latched trip signal and recorded data can be reset as follows:
Operation Latched trip Recorded

indicators signal data
RESET input of the function block 1) X X
Parameter F112V013 for PSV3St11) X X
1)
Parameter F113V013 for PSV3St2 X X
General parameter F001V011 2) X
2)
General parameter F001V012 X X
2)
General parameter F001V013 X X X
Push-button C 2) X
2)
Push-buttons C + E (2 s) X X
Push-buttons C + E (5 s) 2) X X X
1)
Resets the latched trip signal and recorded data of the particular function block.
2)
Affects all function blocks.
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3. Application of U1< operation

U1< operation can be applied for protecting a power station used for embedded
generation, when a fault in the network causes a potentially dangerous situation for the
power station. Short circuits and phase-to-earth faults in transmission or distribution
lines are such faults. A network fault may be dangerous for the power station for
different reasons. Firstly, the operation of protection may cause an islanding condition
(also called loss-of-grid condition), in which the part of network (an island) fed by the
power station is isolated from the rest of the network. There is then a risk of an
autoreclosure taking place when the voltages of different parts of the network are not
in synchronism, which is a straining incident for the power station. Secondly, the
generator may lose synchronism during the network fault. Both risks can be avoided
by a sufficiently fast trip of the utility circuit breaker of the power station.
The lower the three-phase symmetrical voltage of the network is, the higher is the
probability that the generator will lose synchronism. The positive phase-sequence
voltage gives the three-phase symmetrical component of voltage even during
unsymmetrical faults. It is therefore a more appropriate criterion for detecting the risk
of loss of synchronism than, for instance, the lowest phase-to-phase voltage.
Analyzing the loss of synchronism of a generator is rather complicated and requires

models of the generator with its prime mover and of the controllers. The generator
may be able to operate synchronously even if the voltage drops by tens of per cent for
some hundreds of milliseconds. The setting of U1< operation is thus determined by
the need to protect the power station from the risks of the islanding condition, since
that requires a higher value for the parameter “Start value U1<”. The settings are
therefore discussed in the following only from the loss-of-grid protection point of
view.
The loss of synchronism of a generator means that the generator is not able to operate
as a generator with the network frequency but enters an unstable condition, in which it
operates by turns as a generator and a motor. Such a condition stresses the generator
thermally and mechanically. This kind of loss of synchronism should not be mixed
with the one between an island and the utility network. In the islanding situation, the
condition of the generator itself is normal, but the phase angle and the frequency of a
phase-to-phase voltage may be different from the corresponding voltage in the rest of
the network. The island may get a frequency of its own relatively fast when fed by a
small power station with a low inertia.
In transmission networks, single-phase autoreclosures are a widely spread praxis. In

case of a single phase-to-earth fault, the different parts of the network will therefore
stay in contact with each other by the other two phases and there is no risk of an
autoreclosure taking place unsynchronously. When the circuit breaker is opened by all
three phases, an island is created with the risk of an asynchronous reclosure. The
positive-sequence voltage will drop the most in faults leading to a three-phase
operation of circuit breakers. The magnitude of U1 is therefore an appropriate criterion
for detecting a loss-of-grid condition.
The U1< operation complements other loss-of-grid protection principles based on

frequency and overcurrent protection.
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3.1 Setting the U1< operation
The magnitude of U1 in the fault point, U1f , can be calculated for different types of
faults by the following formulas.
three-phase short circuit:
Zf
U1 f = ≈0
Z k1 + Z f
two-phase short circuit:
Z f + Z k2
U1 f = ≈ 0.5
Z f + Z k 2 + Z k1
two-phase earth fault:
Z k 2 ( Z k 0 + 3Z f )
U1 f = ≈ 0.33
( Z k1 + Z k 2 )( Z k 0 + 3Z f ) + Z k1 Z k 2
one-phase earth fault:
Z k 2 + Z k 0 + 3Z f
U1 f = ≈ 0.67
Z k 1 + Z k 2 + Z k 0 + 3Z f
were Zk1 , Zk2 and Zk0 are respectively positive-, negative- and zero-sequence
impedances of the faulted circuit and Zf is the fault impedance.
The approximations above are based on the assumption that the sequence impedances
consist mainly of sequence reactances (Xk1 , Xk2 , Xk0) and that Xk1 = Xk2 = Xk0 and
Zf = 0.
When the function block is to trip in an islanding situation, it will have to be set
according to the highest magnitude of U1 during the fault when the fault is in such an
area of the network that an island will be formed. The highest U1-value at the
measuring point of the relay appears when the fault occurs near the farthest circuit
breaker within the potential island.
Which type of fault the setting should be based on depends on the operating principle
of protection at single phase-to-earth faults. If a single phase-to-earth fault results in
the one-phase operation of circuit breakers, the fault must involve at least two phases
before an island is formed. The highest U1-value indicating a fault leading to a loss-of-
grid condition appears at a two-phase short circuit.
If, however, a three-phase circuit breaker operation will take place at all faults,
including a single phase-to-earth fault, the setting has to be calculated based on a
single phase-to-earth fault to get the highest during-the-fault value of U1.
12
The U1< operation is naturally able to detect the islanding condition only when it has
been caused by a fault on the line between the power station and the transmission
network. However, the island may also be formed by the switchings related to locating
an earth fault in a medium voltage network or, for example, by the trip of a Buchholz
relay of a transformer. In these cases, no high-speed autoreclosures are performed, and
there is thus time to trip the utility circuit breaker of the power station by a frequency
protection function or manually by remote control.
The task of a U1< operation is to detect such fault situations in the network that will
lead to a loss-of-grid condition. It is not able to identify the condition after it has been
created. The operate time of the U1< operation therefore has to be made so short, that
it will not drop off after the line protection of the network has cleared the fault and an
island has come about. The fast operate time (for instance 50 ms) also brings another
advantage: the high-speed autoreclosure is more likely to be a successful one, since
the U1< operation will de-energize the faulty line even in case the fault current fed by
the power station is too low to start the overcurrent protection between the power
station and the fault, but high enough to maintain the arc.
The disadvantage of the fast operation of the U1< operation is that it will issue a trip
even if the fault is on one of the medium voltage lines fed by the power station. This is
an undue trip, since such a fault would not lead to an islanding condition. This
drawback is, however, smaller than the benefit of having a reliable loss-of-grid
protection. Sometimes it is possible to improve the selectivity: if the U1< operation is
located in the same substation as the overcurrent protection functions protecting the
medium voltage lines, it is possible to block the U1< operation by the start signals of
the overcurrent function blocks.
3.2 Setting examples for U1< operation
The purpose of the following examples is to illustrate the setting principle. The
calculations may be more complicated in practice, especially if there are other
generators having an impact on the voltages at the generator in question. Fault
calculation tools or network simulators are recommended to be used in complicated
studies.
If there are several generators in the network, the during-the-fault voltages at the
measuring point of the relay depend on the number of generators actually connected to
the network when the fault occurs. One option is to use a fixed setting based on the
case that leads to the highest U1-value during the fault. In this case, the function block
will always trip when it is required to, but there may also appear unnecessary
operations. When maximum selectivity is pursued, the distribution management
system can be utilized for updating the settings as the switching state of the generators
or of the network changes. The two setting groups of the function block can also be
utilized for the same purpose.
Example 1.
In Figure 5, a radial line leads from the substation A to the substation B. Tripping this
line will create an island fed by the power station. Let us assume that one-phase
autoreclosures are applied in single-phase earth faults. Only two- or three-phase short-
circuits will then lead to a loss-of-grid situation. The setting value for the parameter
13
“Start value U1<” will therefore be calculated based on a two-phase short-circuit at the
farthest circuit breaker of the potential island (this point being at the substation A).
The equivalent circuit presented in Figure 6 will be applied in the calculation. The U1-
value of the faulty point at a two-phase short circuit is U1f = 0.5 p.u. The transient U1-
value of the generator source voltage can be approximated as 1.1 p.u. The U1-voltage
appearing at the generator terminals during the fault is calculated as follows:
X kG X kG
U 1G = U 1 f + (1.1 − U 1 f ) = 0.5 + (1.1 − 0.5)
X kG + X d
'
X kG + X d'
where XkG is the short-circuit reactance between the power station and the fault
reduced to the voltage level of the power station. Xd’ is the transient reactance of
the generator of the power station.
Let us assume the following data to be known:
xd’ = 0.15
Sn = 5 MVA
Un = 10 kV
XkG = 2 Ω
The setting is then calculated as follows:
U n2 (10000V ) 2
X d' = x d' = 015
. × = 3Ω
Sn 5000000VA
X kG 2
U 1G = 0.5 + 0.6 = 0 .5 + 0 .6 = 0.74
X kG + X d
'
2+3
The actual setting should be slightly (for instance 10 %) higher than the value
calculated above to allow some marginal for the fault resistance and other factors that
may make the U1-value higher:
Start value U1< 1.1 × 0.74 = 0.81
14
Figure 5. A fault on a radial line resulting in a loss-of-grid condition
Figure 6. The equivalent circuit used in the calculation. U1f is the positive-sequence
component of the voltage during a fault at the farthest point of a potential
island (near the substation A, see Figure 5). XkG is the short-circuit
reactance between the measuring point of the relay and the fault reduced
to the voltage level of the latter. Xd’ is the transient reactance of the
generator of the power station. The positive-phase-sequence component of
the transient source voltage of the generator can be approximated by 1.1
p.u.
Example 2.
The lines between the substations A, B and C in Figure 7 are protected by distance
relays without communication schemes. Fast protection is obtained for the whole line
by making the first zone overreaching (covering for instance 120 % of the length of
the line) for the first trip. The possible second trip after the high-speed autoreclosure
will take place according to the normal 1. zone (covering for instance 80-90 % of the
15
length of the line). The healthy line will thus be tripped only once. In the case
presented in Figure 7, the fault occurs in the beginning of the line BC, and both the
line AB and the line BC will be tripped at first, which results in a loss-of-grid
situation.
Let us assume that in this example, all circuit breaker operations are three-phase ones
for all faults. Then also a single phase-to-earth fault will result in an islanding
condition and the setting has to be calculated according to a one-phase fault.
Figure 7. Overreaching distance relays may give rise to a loss-of-grid situation at a

line fault
Figure 8. The equivalent circuit used in the calculation

The equivalent circuit in Figure 8 is now used in the calculation. The U1-value of the
fault-point voltage at a single phase-to-earth fault is U1f = 0.67 p.u. The positive-
16
phase-sequence component of the transient source voltage of a generator can be

approximated by 1.1 p.u. The U1-voltage appearing at the measuring point of the relay
is calculated using the following approximation formula:
Xy X kG Xy
U 1G = U 1 f + (1 − U 1 f ) + ((1.1 − U 1 f ) − (1 − U 1 f ) )
X kB + X y X kG + X d
'
X kB + X y
where
XkG is the short circuit reactance between the farthest point of the created island
(the substation B in this case) and the measuring point of the relay reduced to the
voltage level of the latter.
Xd’ is the transient reactance of the generator of the power station.
XkB is the short circuit reactance of the network as seen from the substation B
towards either the substation A or the substation C. The smaller of these values will
be used in the calculation. The XkB is reduced to the voltage level of the measuring
point of the relay.
Xy is the higher of the overreachings of the distance relays of the substations A and
C. The value used in the calculation is reduced to the voltage level of the
measuring point of the relay.
Let us assume the following data to be known:
xd’ = 0.2
Sn = 6 MVA
Un = 10 kV
U n2 (10000V ) 2
⇒ X d' = x d' = 0.2 × = 3.33Ω
Sn 6000000VA
XkG = 1 Ω (reduced to the 10 kV voltage level)
The short-circuit reactance of the network seen from the substation B towards the
substation A is 1 Ω and towards the substation C 1.2 Ω => XkB = 1 Ω.
The value reduced to the 10 kV voltage level is XkB’ = 1 × (10/150)2 Ω = 0.0044 Ω.
The overreaching first zone of the distance relay of the substation A covers a length of
0.3 Ω of the line BC. The overreaching first zone of the distance relay of the
substation C covers a length of 0.25 Ω of the line BA => Xy = 0.3 Ω.
The value reduced to the 10 kV voltage level is Xy’ = 0.3 × (10/150)2 Ω = 0.0013 Ω.
The setting can now be calculated as follows:
17
X y' X kG X y'
U 1G = 0.67 + (1 − 0.67) + ((1.1 − 0.67) − (1 − 0.67) ' )=
'
X kB + X y' X kG + X d ' X kB + X y'
0.0013 1 0.0013
0.67 + 0.33 + (0.43 − 0.33 ) = 0.83
0.0044 + 0.0013 1 + 3.33 0.0044 + 0.0013
The actual setting should be slightly (for instance 10 %) higher that the value
calculated above to allow some marginal for the fault resistance and other factors that
may make the U1-value higher:
Start value U1< 1.1 × 0.83 = 0.91
Note ! In the examples above, it has been assumed that the generator is connected to
the 10 kV network without a power transformer in between. If there is such a
transformer, the same setting principles are still followed. The short-circuit reactance
of the transformer has to be added to the transient reactance of the generator if the
voltage is measured at the network-side of the transformer, or to the network short
circuit reactance if the voltage is measured at the generator-side of the transformer.
18
4. Application of U2> operation

For various reasons, continuous or temporary voltage unbalance may appear in the
network. Differences in phase-to-earth capacitances of the phases cause a continuous
zero-sequence voltage unbalance, the magnitude of which is normally a few per cent
at the highest and requires no protective actions. The other type of voltage unbalance
is caused by broken conductors and unsymmetrical, loads and is characterised by the
appearance of a negative-sequence component of voltage. Voltage unbalance results in
current unbalance in rotating machines, which in turn heats the rotors of the machines.
The rotating machines do therefore not tolerate continuous negative-phase-sequence
voltage higher than 1-2% × Un.
The negative-phase-sequence current I2 drawn by an asynchronous or a synchronous

machine is linearly proportional to the negative-phase-sequence voltage U2. When U2
is p% × Un, I2 is typically about 5 × p% × In.
Selective protection against voltage and current unbalance is accomplished by using

the negative-phase-sequence current protection function blocks (NPS3Low/High) for
every machine separately. Alternatively, the protection can be implemented with the
U2> operation of PSV3St1/St2 monitoring the voltage unbalance of the busbar.
If the machines have unbalance protection of their own, the U2> operation can be
applied as backup protection or it can be used only to give an alarm. The latter can be
applied when it is desired not to trip loads tolerating voltage unbalance better than
rotating machines.
If there is a considerable degree of voltage unbalance in the network, rotating

machines should not be connected to the network at all. This logic can be implemented
by inhibiting the closure of the circuit breaker if the U2> operation has started. This
scheme also prevents connecting the machine to the network if the phase-sequence of
the network is not correct.
An appropriate value for the setting parameter “Start value U2>” is approximately 3%
× Un. A suitable value for the setting parameter “Operate time U2>” depends on the
application. If the U2> operation is used as backup protection, the operate time should
be set in accordance with the operate time of NPS3Low/High used as main protection.
If the U2> operation is used as main protection, the operate time should be
approximately one second.
19
5. Parameters and events
5.1 General
• Each function block has a specific channel number for serial communication
parameters and events. The channel for PSV3St1 is 112 and that for PSV3St2 113.
• The data direction of the parameters defines the use of each parameter as follows:
Data direction Description
R, R/M Read only
W Write only
R/W Read and write
• The different event mask parameters (see section “Control settings”) affect the
visibility of events on the MMI or on serial communication (LON or SPA) as
follows:
Event mask 1 (FxxxV101/102) SPA / MMI (LON)
Event mask 2 (FxxxV103/104) LON
For example, if only the events E3, E4 and E5 are to be seen on the MMI of the
relay terminal, the event mask value 56 (8 + 16 + 32) is written to the
“Event mask 1” parameter (FxxxV101).
In case a function block includes more than 32 events, there are two parameters
instead of e.g. the “Event mask 1” parameter: the parameter “Event mask 1A”
(FxxxV101) covers the events 0...31 and “Event mask 1B”(FxxxV102) the events
32...63.
20
5.2 Setting values
5.2.1 Actual settings
Parameter Code Values Unit Default Data Explanation

direction
1)
Operation mode S1 0…7 - 1 R Selection of the operation mode
Start value U2> S2 0.01…1.00 x Un 0.03 R Start voltage of the negative-phase-

sequence overvoltage operation
Start value U1< S3 0.01…1.20 x Un 0.90 R Start voltage of the positive-phase-

sequence undervoltage operation
Start value U1> S4 0.80…1.60 x Un 1.10 R Start voltage of the positive-phase-

Operate time U2> S5 0.04…60.00 s 0.04 R Operate time of the negative-phase-

Operate time U1< S6 0.04…60.00 s 0.04 R Operate time of the positive-phase-

Operate time U1> S7 0.04…60.00 s 0.04 R Operate time of the positive-phase-

1)
Operation mode 0 = Not in use; 1 = U1< & U2> & U1>; 2 = U1< & U2>; 3 = U2> & U1>;
4 = U1< & U1>; 5 =U2>; 6 = U1<; 7 = U1>
5.2.2 Setting group 1

direction
1)
Operation mode S41 0…7 - 1 R/W Selection of the operation mode
Start value U2> S42 0.01…1.00 x Un 0.03 R/W Start voltage of the negative-phase-
Start value U1< S43 0.01…1.20 x Un 0.90 R/W Start voltage of the positive-phase-
Start value U1> S44 0.80…1.60 x Un 1.10 R/W Start voltage of the positive-phase-
Operate time U2> S45 0.04…60.00 s 0.04 R/W Operate time of the negative-phase-
Operate time U1< S46 0.04…60.00 s 0.04 R/W Operate time of the positive-phase-
Operate time U1> S47 0.04…60.00 s 0.04 R/W Operate time of the positive-phase-
1)
4 = U1< & U1>; 5 =U2>; 6 = U1<; 7 = U1>
21
5.2.3 Setting group 2

direction
1)
Operation mode S71 0…7 - 1 R/W Selection of the operation mode
Start value U2> S72 0.01…1.00 x Un 0.03 R/W Start voltage of the negative-phase-
Start value U1< S73 0.01…1.20 x Un 0.90 R/W Start voltage of the positive-phase-
Start value U1> S74 0.80…1.60 x Un 1.10 R/W Start voltage of the positive-phase-
Operate time U2> S75 0.04…60.00 s 0.04 R/W Operate time of the negative-phase-
Operate time U1< S76 0.04…60.00 s 0.04 R/W Operate time of the positive-phase-
Operate time U1> S77 0.04…60.00 s 0.04 R/W Operate time of the positive-phase-
1)
4 = U1< & U1>; 5 =U2>; 6 = U1<; 7 = U1>
22
5.2.4 Control settings

direction
1)
Group selection V1 0…2 - 0 R/W Selection of the active setting
group
2)
Active group V2 0 or 1 - 0 R/M Active setting group
3)
Dir. selection V3 0…2 - 0 R/W Selecting the rotation direction
4)
Rotation dir. V4 0 or 1 - 0 R/M Rotation direction
Start pulse V5 0…1000 ms 0 R/W Minimum pulse width of START

signal
5)
Trip signal V6 0 or 1 - 0 R/W Selection of latching feature for
the TRIP output
Trip pulse V7 40…1000 ms 40 R/W Minimum pulse width of TRIP

6)
Intern. blocking V8 0 or 1 - 1 R/W Enabling the internal positive-
phase-sequence undervoltage
blocking
Reset registers V13 1=Reset - 0 W Resetting of latched trip signal

and registers
7)
Test START V31 0 or 1 - 0 R/W Testing of START
7)
Test TRIP V32 0 or 1 - 0 R/W Testing of TRIP
Event mask 1 V101 0…65535 4095 135167 R/W Event mask 1 for event
transmission (E0…E15)
1)
Group selection 0 = Group 1; 1 = Group 2; 2 = GROUP input
2)
Active group 0 = Group 1; 1 = Group 2
3)
Dir. Selection 0 = Forward; 1 = Reverse; 2 = Input ROT_DIR
4)
Rotation dir. 0 = Forward; 1 = Reverse
5)
Trip signal 0 = Non-latching; 1 = Latching
6)
Intern. blocking 0 = Disabled; 1 = Enabled
7)
Test 0 = Do not activate; 1 = Activate
23
5.3 Measurement values
5.3.1 Input data

direction
Pos. seq. volt. I1 0.00…2.00 x Un 0.00 R/M Positive-phase-sequence voltage
Neg. seq. volt. I2 0.00…2.00 x Un 0.00 R/M Negative-phase-sequence voltage

1)
Input ROT_DIR I3 0 or 1 - 0 R/M Signal for switching between the
forward and reverse rotation
directions
1)
Input BLOCK I4 0 or 1 - 0 R/M Input for blocking the function
1)
Input GROUP I5 0 or 1 - 0 R/M Signal for switching between the
groups 1 and 2
1)
Input RESET I6 0 or 1 - 0 R/M Signal for resetting the output
signals and registers of PSV3St_
1)
Input 0 = Not active; 1 = Active
5.3.2 Output data

direction
1)
Output START O1 0 or 1 - 0 R/M Status of start signal
1)
Output TRIP O2 0 or 1 - 0 R/M Status of trip signal
1)
Output ERR O3 0 or 1 - 0 R/M Status of the configuration error
output signal
1)
Output 0 = Not active; 1 = Active
5.3.3 Recorded data
5.3.3.1 General
The data of the last three events are stored into Recorded data 1..3, beginning from
Recorded data 1. These registers are updated in a cyclical manner, where the values of
the most recent event overwrite the oldest recorded data. If recorded data has been
reset or the relay has been restarted, first event is again stored to Recorded data 1.
5.3.3.2 Date and time
The time stamp indicates the rising edge of the START or TRIP signal.
24
5.3.3.3 Duration
The duration of start situation is recorded separately for all the operations (U2>, U1<
and U1>) included in the function block, which makes it it possible to conclude which
operation has started or tripped. The durations are recorded as percentages of the set
operate times. If more than one duration differs from zero per cent, more than one
operations can be concluded to have started at the same time.
5.3.3.4 Voltages
If the function block trips, the voltage values are updated at the moment of tripping i.e.
on the rising edge of the TRIP signal. If the function block starts but does not trip, the
voltage values captured one fundamental cycle (20 ms at rated frequency 50 Hz) after
the beginning of the start situation will be recorded.
5.3.3.5 Status data
The status of the “Active group” parameter, which indicates the setting group valid for
the recorded data, is recorded at the moment of recording.
The recorded status of the input signal BLOCK will be “Active” if the BLOCK signal
was activated during the start situation. In all other situations, the recorded status of
the input signal BLOCK will be “Not active”.
5.3.3.6 Priority
The priority of the recording function is the following:
1) Tripping
2) Starting
25
5.3.3.7 Recorded data 1

direction
Date V201 YYYY-MM-DD - - R/M Recording date
Time V202 hh:mm:ss.000 - - R/M Recording time
Duration U2> V203 0.0…100.0 % 0.0 R/M Duration of start situation of the
U2> operation
Duration U1< V204 0.0…100.0 % 0.0 R/M Duration of start situation of the
U1< operation
U1> operation
Pos. seq. volt. V206 0.00…2.00 x Un 0.00 R/M Positive-sequence voltage
Neg. seq. volt. V207 0.00…2.00 x Un 0.00 R/M Negative-sequence voltage

1)
BLOCK V208 0 or 1 - 0 R/M Status of the BLOCK input
2)
1)
BLOCK 0 = Not active; 1 = Active
2)

direction
U2> operation
U1< operation
U1> operation

1)
2)
1)
2)
26

direction
U2> operation
U1< operation
U1> operation

1)
2)
1)
2)
5.3.4 Events
Code Weighting Default Event reason Event state

coefficient mask
E0 1 1 PSV3St_ START U2> Reset
E1 2 1 PSV3St_ START U2> Activated
E2 4 1 PSV3St_ START U1< Reset
E3 8 1 PSV3St_ START U1< Activated
E4 16 1 PSV3St_ START U1> Reset
E5 32 1 PSV3St_ START U1> Activated
E6 64 1 PSV3St_ TRIP U2> Reset
E7 128 1 PSV3St_ TRIP U2> Activated
E8 256 1 PSV3St_ TRIP U1< Reset
E9 512 1 PSV3St_ TRIP U1< Activated
E10 1024 1 PSV3St_ TRIP U1> Reset
E11 2048 1 PSV3St_ TRIP U1> Activated
E12 4096 0 PSV3St_ BLOCK Reset
E13 8192 0 PSV3St_ BLOCK Activated
E14 16384 0 Test mode of PSV3St_ Off
E15 32768 0 Test mode of PSV3St_ On
27
6. Technical data
Operation accuracies Depends on the frequency of the current measured:
f/fn = 0.95...1.05: ± 2.5% of set value or ± 0.01 x Un.
Start time U2> operation:

Injected negative-seq. voltage = 1.1 x start value:
f/fn = 0.95...1.05 internal time < 42 ms

1)
total time < 50 ms
U1< operation:
Injected positive-seq. voltage = 0.50 x start value:

1)
total time < 40 ms
U1> operation:
Injected positive-seq. voltage = 1.1 x start value:

1)
total time < 50 ms
Reset time 70...1030 ms (depends on the minimum pulse width set for the
TRIP output)
Reset ratio U2> operation:

Typ. 0.96 (range 0.90…0.98)
U1< operation:
Typ. 1.04 (range 1.02…1.10)
U1> operation:
Typ. 0.99
Retardation time Total retardation time when the negative-/positive-

2)
sequence voltage passes the start value: < 45 ms
Operate-time accuracy Depends on the frequency of the current measured:

2)
f/fn = 0.95…1.05: ± 2% of set value or ± 20 ms
Configuration data Task execution interval (Relay Configuration Tool): 10 ms

at the rated frequency fn = 50 Hz
1)
Includes the delay of the signal relay
2)
Includes the delay of the heavy-duty output relay
Technical revision history

Technical revision Change
B -
C -
D Function block specific configuration error event is removed, event mask setting
is changed accordingly
28

PSV3St - Phase-Sequence Voltage Protection Stage1 (PSV3St1) Stage2 (PSV3St2)

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1MRS752324-MUM PSV3St _

5. Parameters and events ............................................................................ 20

• Negative-phase-sequence overvoltage operation U2>

The positive-sequence undervoltage operation U1< is designed for the protection of

The negative-sequence overvoltage operation U2> is designed for the protection of

• against failure on one or more phases (“single phasing”)

The positive-sequence overvoltage operation U1> can be used in various applications

Figure 2. Function block symbols of PSV3St1 and PSV3St2

1.3 Input description

Name Type Description

1.4 Output description

Name Type Description

Voltages can be measured by means of conventional voltage transformers or voltage

Table 1 Possible input combinations.

2.2 Configuration error checking

2.3 Measuring mode

Negative- and positive-sequence voltages can be calculated by means of two or three

In case of two phase-to-phase voltages:

In case of two phase-to-earth voltages, the value of U0 is assumed to be zero,

2.4 Operation criteria

Table 2 Operation modes of PSV3St_

To avoid unwanted operations e.g. during an auto-reclose sequence, starting and

2.5 Setting groups

1) Locally via the control parameter “Group selection”1) of the MMI

2.6 Test mode

2.7 START and TRIP outputs

Operation Latched trip Recorded

3. Application of U1< operation

Analyzing the loss of synchronism of a generator is rather complicated and requires

In transmission networks, single-phase autoreclosures are a widely spread praxis. In

The U1< operation complements other loss-of-grid protection principles based on

3.1 Setting the U1< operation

three-phase short circuit:

two-phase short circuit:

two-phase earth fault:

one-phase earth fault:

3.2 Setting examples for U1< operation

Let us assume the following data to be known:

The setting is then calculated as follows:

Start value U1< 1.1 × 0.74 = 0.81

Figure 5. A fault on a radial line resulting in a loss-of-grid condition

Figure 7. Overreaching distance relays may give rise to a loss-of-grid situation at a

Figure 8. The equivalent circuit used in the calculation

phase-sequence component of the transient source voltage of a generator can be

Let us assume the following data to be known:

The value reduced to the 10 kV voltage level is XkB’ = 1 × (10/150)2 Ω = 0.0044 Ω.

The setting can now be calculated as follows:

4. Application of U2> operation

The negative-phase-sequence current I2 drawn by an asynchronous or a synchronous

Selective protection against voltage and current unbalance is accomplished by using

If there is a considerable degree of voltage unbalance in the network, rotating

5. Parameters and events

5.2 Setting values

5.2.1 Actual settings

Parameter Code Values Unit Default Data Explanation

Start value U2> S2 0.01…1.00 x Un 0.03 R Start voltage of the negative-phase-

Start value U1< S3 0.01…1.20 x Un 0.90 R Start voltage of the positive-phase-

Start value U1> S4 0.80…1.60 x Un 1.10 R Start voltage of the positive-phase-

Operate time U2> S5 0.04…60.00 s 0.04 R Operate time of the negative-phase-