Krok 1 Medicine

1.0 Біологія

1
In the life cycle of a cell during mitosis a natural change in the amount of genetic material occurs. The
DNA doubles at the following stage:
A Interphase
B Prophase
C Metaphase
D Anaphase
E Telophase

2
An 18-year-old student presents with enlarged thyroid gland accompanied by accelerated metabolism
and increased heart rate. These signs can be observed during hypersecretion of thyroxin. What
organelles of thyroid cells are primarily responsible for hormone production and secretion?
A Golgi apparatus
B Mitochondria
C Ribosomes
D Centrosomes
E Lysosomes

3
A patient has decreased concentration of magnesium ions that are required for ribosomes connection
to granular endoplasmic reticulum. This condition is known to disturb the process of protein
biosynthesis. Disturbance occurs at the following stage:
A Translation
B Transcription
C Replication
D Amino acids activation
E Processing

4
A patient has decreased concentration of magnesium ions that are required for ribosomes connection
to granular endoplasmic reticulum. This condition is known to disrupt the process of protein
biosynthesis. Disruption occurs at the following stage:
A Translation
B Transcription
C Replication
D Amino acids activation
E Processing

5
A shepherd, who tended to the flock of sheep with his dogs, gradually developed pain in the chest and
bloody expectorations. X-ray revealed spheric helminth larvae in the patient's lungs. Specify the
helminth that could be the causative agent of this disease:
A Echinococcus
B Hymenolepis nana
C Diphylobotrium latum
D Fasciola hepatica
E Taenia solium
 6
An infant has been diagnosed with microcephaly. Doctors suspect that this brain disorder developed
due to the fact that the mother had been taking actinomycin D during her pregnancy. What germinal
layers have been affected by this teratogen?
A Ectoderm
B Entoderm
C Mesoderm
D Entoderm and mesoderm
E All germinal layers

7
Exposure to colchicine resulted in metaphase plate of a human containing 23 chromosomes more than
it is normal. Name this mutation:
A Polyploidy
B Aneuploidy
C Polyteny
D Inversion
E Translocation

8
Parents of a sick 5-year-old girl visited a genetic consultation. Karyotype investigation revealed 46
chromosomes. One chromosome of the 15th pair was abnormally long, having a part of the
chromosome belonging to the 21st pair attached to it. What mutation occurred in this girl?
A Translocation
B Deletion
C Inversion
D Deficiency
E Duplication

9
A patient presents with indigestion, stomachaches, and excessive salivation. Similar simptoms had
already been observed in this patient previously. Laboratory analysis detected oval eggs covered with
lumpy capsules in the patient's feces. What is the most likely cause of the patient's disorder?
A Ascariasis
B Trichocephaliasis
C Diphyllobothriasis
D Enterobiasis
E Fascioliasis

10
A group of Ukrainian tourists returning from Samarqand was bringing with them gerbils. During
examination in customs office ulcers were detected on the skin of the animals. What protozoa is the
most likely to cause the disease in the animals, if mosquitos are the carriers?
A Leishmania tropica major
B Balantidium coli
C Plasmodium falciparum
D Trypanosoma cruzi
E Toxoplasma gondii
 11
A 26-year-old female consulted a doctor about having stool with white flat moving organisms
resembling noodles. Laboratory analysis revealed proglottids with the following characteristics: long,
narrow, with a longitudinal channel of the uterus with 17-35 lateral branches on each side. What kind
of intestinal parasite was found?
A Taeniarhynchus saginatus
B Taenia solium
C Hymenolepis nana
D Diphyllobothrium latum
E Echinococcus granulosus

12
A 26-year-old woman consulted a doctor about having stool with white flat moving organisms
resembling noodles. Laboratory analysis revealed proglottids with the following characteristics: long,
narrow, with a longitudinal channel of the uterus with 17-35 lateral branches on each side. What kind
of intestinal parasite was found?
A Taeniarhynchus saginatus
B Taenia solium
C Hymenolepis nana
D Diphyllobothrium latum
E Echinococcus granulosus

13
Representatives of a certain human population can be characterized by elongated body, height
variability, decreased volume of muscle mass, increased length of limbs, decreased size and volume of
rib cage, increased perspiration, decreased indices of base metabolism and fat synthesis. What type of
adaptive evolution is it?
A Tropical
B Arctic
C Moderate
D Intermediate
E Mountain

14
Representatives of a certain human population can be characterized by elongated body, height
variability, decreased volume of muscle mass, increased length of limbs, decreased size and volume of
rib cage, increased perspiration, decreased indices of base metabolism and fat synthesis. What type of
adaptive evolution is it?
A Tropical
B Arctic
C Moderate
D Intermediate
E Mountain

15
T-lymphocytes are determined to be affected with HIV. In this case viral enzyme reverse transcriptase
(RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase) catalyzes the synthesis of:
A DNA based on the viral RNA matrix
B Viral RNA based on the DNA matrix
C Viral protein based on the viral RNA matrix
D Viral DNA based on the DNA matrix
E Informational RNA based on the viral protein matrix
 16
A patient with probable liver abscess was delivered to a surgical department. The patient for a long
time had been on an assignment in an African country and had recurrent cases of acute gastrointestinal
disturbance. What protozoan disease can it be?
A Amebiasis
B Trypanosomiasis
C Leishmaniasis
D Malaria
E Toxoplasmosis

17
Cells of healthy liver actively synthesize glycogen and proteins. What organelles are the most
developed in them?
A Granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum
B Cell center
C Lysosomes
D Mitochondria
E Peroxisomes

18
Cells of a healthy liver actively synthesize glycogen and proteins. What organelles are the most
developed in them?
A Granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum
B Cell center
C Lysosomes
D Mitochondria
E Peroxisomes

19
General structure of eukaryotic genes is as follows: exon-intron-exon. Such functional structure of a
gene leads to certain specifics of the transcription process. What sequence will correspond with
precursor mRNA (immature)?
A Exon-intron-exon
B Exon-exon-intron
C Exon-exon
D Intron-exon
E Exon-intron

20
A woman gave birth to a stillborn baby with numerous malformations. What protozoan disease could
cause intrauterine death?
A Toxoplasmosis
B Leishmaniasis
C Malaria
D Amebiasis
E Lambliasis

21
A mutation has occurred in a cell in the first exon of the structural gene. The number of nucleotide
pairs changed from 290 to 250. Name this type of mutation:
A Deletion
B Inversion
C Duplication
D Translocation
E Nullisomy

22
It is known that the gene responsible for development of blood groups according to AB0 system has
three allele variants. Existence of the IV blood group can be explained by the following variability
form:
A Combinative
B Mutational
C Phenotypic
D Genocopy
E Phenocopy

23
A woman with the ІІІ (В), Rh(-) blood group gave birth to a child with the ІІ (А) blood group. The
child is diagnosed with hemolytic disease of newborn caused by rhesus incompatibility. What blood
group and Rh can the father have?
A ІІ (А), Rh(+)
B I (0), Rh(+)
C III (B), Rh(+)
D I (0), Rh(-)
E II (A), Rh(-)

24
A woman with the ІІІ (В), Rh (-) blood group gave birth to a child with the ІІ (А) blood group. The
child is diagnosed with hemolytic disease of newborn caused by rhesus incompatibility. What blood
group and Rh are likely in the father?
A ІІ (А), Rh (+)
B I (0), Rh (+)
C III (B), Rh (+)
D I (0), Rh (-)
E II (A), Rh (-)

25
A woman with the ІІІ (В), Rh (-) blood group gave birth to a child with the ІІ (А) blood group. The
child is diagnosed with hemolytic disease of newborn caused by rhesus incompatibility. What blood
group and Rh does the father have?
A II (А), Rh (+)
B I (0), Rh (+)
C III (B), Rh (+)
D I (0), Rh (-)
E II (A), Rh (-)

26
According to phenotypic diagnosis a female patient has been provisionally diagnosed with X-
chromosome polysomia. This diagnosis can be confirmed by cytogenetic method. What karyotype will
confirm the diagnosis?
A 47(ХХХ)
B 48(XXXY)
C 48(XXYY)
D 47(XXY)
E 46(XX)

27
A family of healthy students, who have arrived from Africa, gave birth to a child with signs of
anemia. The child has died shortly after. Examination has revealed that the child's erythrocytes are
abnormally crescent-shaped. The disease is characrerized by autosomal recessive inheritance.
Determine the genotype of the child's parents:
A Аа х Аа
B Аа х аа
C АА х АА
D аа х аа
E Аа х АА

28
At a certain stage of cell cycle chromosomes reach cellular poles, undergo despiralization; nuclear
membranes are being formed around them; nucleolus is restored. What stage of mitosis is it?
A Telophase
B Prophase
C Prometaphase
D Metaphase
E Anaphase

29
A patient has an open facial wound with undermined edges; tissue necrosis with gradually developing
partial gangrene that nearly reaches the bone tissue is observed. On close examination the wound
contains live larvae. The patient is diagnosed with tissue myiasis. What Diptera larvae are the
causative agents of this disease?
A Wohlfahrtia magnifica
B Glossina palpalis
C Musca domestica
D Phlebotomus pappatachi
E Stomoxys calcitrans

30
A patient working at a pig farm complains of paroxysmal abdominal pain, liquid feces with mucus
and blood, headache, weakness, fever. Examination of large intestine revealed ulcers from 1 mm up to
several cm in diameter, feces contained oval unicellular organisms with cilia. What disease can be
suspected?
A Balantidiasis
B Amebiasis
C Toxoplasmosis
D Lambliasis
E Trichomoniasis

31
A patient working at a pig farm complains of paroxysmal abdominal pain, liquid feces with mucus
and blood, headache, weakness, fever. Examination of large intestine revealed ulcers from 1 mm up to
several cm in diameter, feces contained oval unicellular organisms with cilia. What disease can be
suspected?
A Balantidiasis
B Amebiasis
C Toxoplasmosis
D Lambliasis
E Trichomoniasis

32
Clinical presentations of a woman allowed provisionally diagnosing her with X polysomy.
Cytogenetic method is applied to clarify the diagnosis. The diagnosis will be confirmed if the patient's
karyotype is:
A 47, ХХХ
B 48, XXXY
C 48, XXYY
D 47, XXY
E 46, XX

33
During dehelmintization there was a 3,5-meter-long tapeworm produced from the patient's
intestine.There are 4 suckers and hooks on the tapeworm's scolex. Mature segments of the tapeworm
are immobile and have up to 12 uterine branches. What disease is it?
A Teniasis
B Echinococcosis
C Beef tapeworm infection
D Diphyllobothriasis
E Opisthorchiasis

34
Genealogical analysis of a child with myotonic dystrophy determined that this disease is present in
every generation, equally presented by the relatives of both genders, the risk of inheriting this disease
is equal no matter which parent is affected. If one of the parents is heterozygous for this disease and
the other parent is healthy, the risk of them giving birth to a sick child is 50%. What type of disease
inheritance is it?
A Autosomal dominant
B Autosomal recessive
C X-linked dominant
D X-linked recessive
E Y-linked

35
A young woman, a foreign student from Tehran, has made an appointment with the urologist. She
complains of the sensation of heaviness in her lower abdomen and a small amount of blood being
excreted with urine at the end of each urination. Microscopy of urine detects the presence of parasite
eggs, approximately 140х70 micron in size, with a terminal spike. What diagnosis can be made by the
infectious diseases specialist?
A Schistosomiasis
B Opisthorchiasis
C Dicroceliasis
D Paragonimiasis
E Fascioliasis
 36
An 18-year-old male has been diagnosed with Marfan syndrome. Examination revealed a
developmental disorder of connective tissue and eye lens structure, abnormalities of the cardiovascular
system, arachnodactylia. What genetic phenomenon has caused the development of this disease?
A Pleiotropy
B Complementarity
C Codominance
D Multiple allelism
E Incomplete dominance

37
Cells of a person working in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone have undergone a mutation in DNA
molecule. However, with time the damaged interval of DNA molecule has been restored to its initial
structure with a specific enzyme. In this case the following occurred:
A Repair
B Replication
C Transcription
D Reverse transcription
E Translation

38
A man is a carrier of HIV that is an RNA virus. The cells of this patient synthesize viral DNA. This
process is based on:
A Reverse transcription
B Replication
C Transcription
D Repair
E Translation

39
Sanitary assessment of a pond, where the children from a recreation summer camp take their swims,
detected there oval cysts 50-60 micron in diameter, with 2 nuclei visible in their cytoplasm
(macronucleus and micronucleus). What protozoa do these cysts belong to?
A Balantidium
B Lamblia
C Toxoplasma
D Amoeba
E Euglena

40
Cystinuria manifests itself in a human as cystine stones in the kidneys (homozygous individuals) or
increased cystine content in the urine (heterozygous individuals). Cystinuria is a monogenic disorder.
Determine the type of interaction between the genes of cystinuria and normal urine cystine excretion:
A Semidominance
B Epistasis
C Complete dominance
D Complementarity
E Codominance
 41
Sex chromosomes of a woman didn't separate and move to the opposite poles of a cell during
gametogenesis (meiosis). The ovum was impregnated with a normal spermatozoon. Which
chromosomal disease can be found in her child?
A Turner's syndrome
B Down's syndrome
C Patau's syndrome
D Edwards' syndrome
E Cat cry syndrome

42
In one of Polessia regions there was an outbreak of helminthiasis manifested by cramps and facial
edemas. The developed preventive measures in particular included ban for eating infested pork even
after heat processing. What helminthiasis was the case?
A Trichinosis
B Taeniarhynchosis
C Teniasis
D Echinococcosis
E Alveococcosis

43
In one of Polessye regions there was an outbreak of helminthiasis manifested by cramps and facial
edemas. The developed preventive measures in particular included ban for eating infested pork even
after heat processing. What helminthiasis was the case?
A Trichinosis
B Taeniarhynchosis
C Teniasis
D Echinococcosis
E Alveococcosis

44
In one of Polessye regions there was an outbreak of helminthiasis manifested by cramps and facial
edmata. The developed preventive measures in particular included ban for eating infested pork even
after heat processing. What helminthiasis was the case?
A Trichinosis
B Taeniarhynchosis
C Teniasis
D Echinococcosis
E Alveococcosis

45
A female patient saught medical-genetic consultation. Physical examination revealed pterygium colli
deformity (webbed neck), broad chest, underdeveloped breasts. Study of buccal epithelium cells
revealed no X-chromatin in the nuclei. This indicates that the patient has the following syndrome:
A Turner's
B Klinefelter's
C Patau's
D Down's
E Edwards'
 46
A female suffered rubella during pregnancy. The child was born with developmental abnormalities,
namely cleft lip and palate. The child's genotype is normal. These malformations are a manifestation
of:
A Modification variability
B Polyploidy
C Combinative variability
D Chromosomal mutation
E Aneuploidy

47
During cell division, DNA replication occurs by a signal from the cytoplasm, and a certain portion of
the DNA helix unwinds and splits into two individual strains. What enzyme facilitates this process?
A Helicase
B RNA polymerase
C Ligase
D Restrictase
E DNA polymerase

48
During cell division DNA replication occurs after a signal is received from the cytoplasm, then a
certain portion of the DNA helix unwinds and splits into two individual strains. What enzyme
facilitates this process?
A Helicase
B RNA polymerase
C Ligase
D Restrictase
E DNA polymerase

49
As an example of specific human parasites one can name Plasmodium falciparum, human pinworm
and some others. The source of parasite invasion is always a human. Such specific human parasites
cause the diseases that are called:
A Anthroponoses
B Zoonoses
C Anthropozoonoses
D Infections
E Multifactorial diseases

50
As an example of specific human parasites one can name Plasmodium falciparum, human pinworm
and some others. The source of parasite invasion in these cases is always a human. Such specific
human parasites cause the diseases that are called:
A Anthroponoses
B Zoonoses
C Anthropozoonoses
D Infections
E Multifactorial diseases

51
The organisms to be identified have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Genetic material is
concentrated predominantly in the chromosomes which consist of DNA strands and protein molecules.
These cells divide mitotically. Identify these organisms:
A Eukaryotes
B Bacteriophages
C Prokaryotes
D Viruses
E Bacteria

52
The organisms to be identified have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Genetic material is
concentrated predominantly in the chromosomes that consist of DNA strands and protein molecules.
These cells divide mitotically. Identify these organisms:
A Eukaryotes
B Bacteriophages
C Prokaryotes
D Viruses
E Bacteria

53
Ionizing radiation or vitamin E deficiency affect the cell by increasing lysosome membrane
permeability. What are the possible consequences of this pathology?
A Partial or complete cell destruction
B Intensive protein synthesis
C Intensive energy production
D Restoration of cytoplasmic membrane
E Formation of maturation spindle

54
Ionizing radiation or vitamin E deficiency affect the cell by increasing lysosome membrane
permeability. What are the possible consequences of this pathology?
A Partial or complete cell destruction
B Intensive protein synthesis
C Intensive energy production
D Restoration of cytoplasmic membrane
E Formation of maturation spindle

55
Nucleolar organizers of the 13-15, 21, 22 human chromosomes contain about 200 cluster genes that
synthesize RNA. These regions of chromosomes bear the information on the following type of RNA:
A rRNA
B tRNA
C mRNA
D snRNA
E tRNA + rRNA

56
A patient who has recently arrived from an endemic area presents with elevated body temperature,
headache, chills, malaise, that is with the symptoms which are typical for a common cold. What
laboratory tests are necessary to prove or to disprove the diagnosis of malaria?
A Microscopy of blood smears
B Study of lymph node punctate
C Urinalysis
D Study of cerebrospinal fluid
E Microscopy of bone marrow punctate

57
Students study the stages of gametogenesis. They analyze a cell with haploid number of
chromosomes, whith each chromosome consisting of two chromatids. The chromosomes are located in
the equatorial plane of the cell. Such situation is typical of the following stage of meiosis:
A Metaphase of the second division
B Metaphase of the first division
C Anaphase of the first division
D Anaphase of the second division
E Prophase of the first division

58
An underage patient has signs of achondroplasia (dwarfism). It is known that this is a monogenic
disease and the gene that is responsible for the development of such abnormalities is a dominant one.
The development of that child's brother is normal. Specify the genotype of the healthy child:
A aa
B AA
C Aa
D AaBb
E AABB

59
In the South and Central America there can be found a species of trypanosomes that is the causative
agent of Chagas disease. What animal is the infection carrier specific to this disease?
A Triatomine bug
B Cockroach
C Tsetse fly
D Mosquito
E Gnat

60
Examination of the duodenal contents revealed some pear-shaped protozoa with two nuclei and four
pairs of flagella. The organisms had also two axostyles between the nuclei and a ventral adhesive disc.
What protozoan representative was found in the patient?
A Lamblia
B Toxoplasma
C Leishmania
D Intestinal trichomonad
E Trypanosome

61
A child with a normal karyotype is diagnosed with cleft lip and hard palate, defects of the
cardiovascular system, microcephaly. The child's mother suffered rubella during pregnancy. This
pathology in the child may be an example of:
A Genocopy
B Trisomy
C Phenocopy
D Monosomy
E-

62
A patient consulted a physician about chest pain, cough, fever. Roentgenography of lungs revealed
eosinophilic infiltrates that were found to contain larvae. What kind of helminthiasis are these
presentations typical of?
A Ascariasis
B Echinococcosis
C Fascioliasis
D Cysticercosis
E Trichinosis

63
A patient consulted a physician about chest pain, cough, fever. Roentgenography of lungs revealed
eosinophilic infiltrates which were found to contain the larvae. What kind of helminthiasis are these
presentations typical for?
A Ascariasis
B Echinococcosis
C Fascioliasis
D Cysticercosis
E Trichinosis

64
Genetic recombination is achieved via several mechanisms. One such mechanism is crossingover. It
occurs at the following stage of prophase in the first meiotic division:
A Pachynema
B Leptonema
C Zygonema
D Diplonema
E Diakinesis

65
A 30-year-old patient has undergone keratoplasty in the transplantation center, cornea has been taken
fron a donor, who died in a road accident. What kind of transplantation was performed?
A Allotransplantation
B Autotransplantation
C Xenotransplantation
D Explantation
E Heterotransplantation

66
Deaf parents with genotypes DDee and ddEE gave birth to a child with normal hearing. Specify the
interaction of D and E genes:
A Complementary interaction
B Complete dominance
C Epistasis
D Polymery
E Overdominance
 67
An 18-year-old woman has body disproportion, wing-like folds on the skin of her neck,
underdeveloped ovaries, nuclei of her buccal epithelium cells have no Barr bodies. Dermatoglyphics
method revealed that her adt angle is 66o. What provisional diagnosis can be made in this case?
A Turner's syndrome
B Cri du chat (cat cry) syndrome
C Kleinfelter's syndrome
D Patau's syndrome
E Edwards' syndrome

68
A person with the fourth blood group (genotype IAIB) has in erythrocytes both antigen A controlled
by allele IA and antigen B controlled by allele IB. This phenomenon is an example of the following
gene interation:
A Codominance
B Complementarity
C Semidominance
D Polymery
E Epistasis

69
A person with the fourth blood group (genotype IAIB) has in erythrocytes both antigen A controlled
by allele IA and antigen B controlled by allele IB. This phenomenon is an example of the following
gene interaction:
A Codominance
B Complementarity
C Semidominance
D Polymery
E Epistasis

70
A person with the fourth blood group (genotype IAIB) has in erythrocytes both antigen A controlled
by allele IA and antigen B controlled by allele IB. This phenomenon is an example of the following
gene interation:
A Codominance
B Complementarity
C Semidominance
D Polymery
E Epistasis