Permanent Magnet DC Motor

Permanent Magnet DC Motor
A DC Motor whose poles are made of Permanent Magnets is known as Permanent Magnet DC
(PMDC) Motor. The magnets are radially magnetized and are mounted on the inner periphery
of the cylindrical steel stator. The stator of the motor serves as a return path for the magnetic
flux. The rotor has a DC armature, with commutator segments and brushes.
The cross-sectional view of the 2 pole PMDC motor is shown in the figure 1 below.
Fig 1
The Permanent Magnet DC motor generally operates on 6 V, 12 V or 24 Volts DC supply

obtained from the batteries or rectifiers. The interaction between the axial current carrying rotor
conductors and the magnetic flux produced by the permanent magnet results in the generation of
the torque.
Construction of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

As it is indicated in name of permanent magnet DC motor, the field poles of this motor are
essentially made of permanent magnet. A PMDC motor mainly consists of two parts. A stator
and an armature. Here the stator which is a steel cylinder. The magnets are mounted in the inner
periphery of this cylinder.
Fig 2
The permanent magnets are mounted in such a way that the N-pole and S-pole of each magnet
are alternatively faced towards armature as shown in the figure below. That means, if N-pole of
one magnet is faced towards armature then S-pole of very next magnet is faced towards
armature. In addition to holding the magnet on its inner periphery, the steel cylindrical stator also
serves as low reluctance return path for the magnetic flux.
Although field coil is not required in permanent magnet DC motor but still it is sometimes found
that they are used along with permanent magnet. This is because if permanent magnets lose their
strength, these lost magnetic strengths can be compensated by field excitation through these field
coils.
Generally, rare earth hard magnetic materials are used in these permanent magnet.
The rotor of a PMDC motor is similar to other DC motor. The rotor or armature of permanent
magnet DC motor also consists of core, windings and commutator. Armature core is made of
number of varnish insulated, slotted circular lamination of steel sheets.
By fixing these circular steel sheets one by one, a cylindrical shaped slotted armature core is
formed. The varnish insulated laminated steel sheets are used to reduce eddy current loss in
armature of permanent magnet DC motor. These slots on the outer periphery of the armature core
are used for housing armature conductors in them.
The armature conductors are connected in a suitable manner which gives rise to armature
winding. The end terminals of the winding are connected to the commutator segments placed on
the motor shaft. Like other DC motor, carbon or graphite brushes are placed with spring pressure
on the commutator segments to supply current to the armature.
Working Principle of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor
As we said earlier the working principle of PMDC motor is just similar to the general working
principle of DC motor. That is when a carrying conductor comes inside a magnetic field, a
mechanical force will be experienced by the conductor and the direction of this force is governed
by Fleming’s left hand rule.
As in a permanent magnet DC motor, the armature is placed inside the magnetic field of
permanent magnet; the armature rotates in the direction of the generated force. Here each
conductor of the armature experiences the mechanical force F = B.I.L Newton where, B is the
magnetic field strength in Tesla (weber / m 2), I is the current in Ampere flowing through that
conductor and L is length of the conductor in metre comes under the magnetic field. Each
conductor of the armature experiences a force and the compilation of those forces produces a
torque, which tends to rotate the armature.
Equivalent Circuit of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor
Fig 3
As in PMDC motor the field is produced by permanent magnet, there is no need of drawing field
coils in the equivalent circuit of permanent magnet DC motor.
The supply voltage to the armature will have armature resistance drop and rest of the supply
voltage is countered by back emf of the motor. Hence voltage equation of the motor is given by,
Where, I is armature current and R is armature resistance of the motor.
Eb is the back emf and V is the supply voltage.
Advantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor
The advantages of a PMDC motor are:

1. No need of field excitation arrangement.
2. No input power in consumed for excitation which improve efficiency of DC motor.
3. No field coil hence space for field coil is saved which reduces the overall size of the
motor.
4. Cheaper and economical for fractional kW rated applications.
Disadvantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor
The disadvantages of a PMDC motor are:
1. The armature reaction of DC motor cannot be compensated hence the magnetic strength
of the field may get weak due to the demagnetizing effect of the armature reaction.
2. There is a chance of getting the poles permanently demagnetized (partial) due to
excessive armature current during the starting, reversal, and overloading conditions of the
motor.
3. The field in the air gap is fixed and limited – it cannot be controlled externally. This
makes it difficult for this type of motor to achieve efficient speed control of DC motor in
this type of motor is difficult.
Applications of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor
PMDC motor is extensively used where small DC motors are required and also very effective
control is not required, such as in automobiles starter, toys, wipers, washers, hot blowers, air
conditioners, computer disc drives and in many more.

Permanent Magnet DC Motor

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Permanent Magnet DC Motor

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Permanent Magnet DC Motor

The Permanent Magnet DC motor generally operates on 6 V, 12 V or 24 Volts DC supply

Construction of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

Equivalent Circuit of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

Where, I is armature current and R is armature resistance of the motor.

Eb is the back emf and V is the supply voltage.

Advantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

The advantages of a PMDC motor are:

The disadvantages of a PMDC motor are:

Applications of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

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