Arheološki vestnik 65, 2014, str.

471–477 471

New epigraphic finds from Rogatica in Roman Dalmatia

Nove epigrafske najdbe iz Rogatice v rimski Dalmaciji

Snežana FERJANČIĆ, Gligor SAMARDŽIĆ

Izvleček

V članku so predstavljeni rimski spomeniki iz Rogatice in njene okolice (Republika Srbska, Bosna in Hercegovina),
odkriti v letih 2014 in 2016. Rimska naselbina, najverjetneje municipij, je bila povzdignjena na raven kolonije v 3. st. in
je ležala na vzhodnem robu rimske province Dalmacije. Med novoodkritimi spomeniki avtorja opišeta oltar, posvečen
bogovoma Liberu in Liberi, oltar, posvečen Najboljšemu in največjemu Jupitru, ter fragmentarno ohranjen kamen z
neopredeljivo moško upodobitvijo. Kulta Libera in Jupitra sta v epigrafskem materialu Rogatice že izpričana.
Ključne besede: rimska doba, provinca Dalmacija, Rogatica, rimski napisi, Liber, Libera, Jupiter

Abstract

The paper presents new Roman epigraphic finds from the city of Rogatica (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Hercego-
vina) and its vicinity, discovered in 2014 and 2016. The Roman settlement, possibly a municipium promoted to the rank
of a colony during the 3rd century AD, was located in the eastern reaches of the province of Dalmatia. New finds include
two altars, one dedicated to Liber and Libera, and the other, partially preserved, to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus, as well
as one fragmentary monument with a relief depicting an unidentifiable male figure. The cults of Liber and Jupiter are
already attested in the epigraphic material from Rogatica.
Keywords: Roman period, Roman Dalmatia, Rogatica, epigraphic monuments, Liber, Libera, Jupiter

Two new Latin inscriptions and one fragmentary since the beginning of the 20th century, have re-
monument from the province of Dalmatia have vealed considerable traces of a Roman settlement
been brought to our attention recently.1* They were in Rogatica, covering the area between the hill
discovered in modern Rogatica and its vicinity, in Ljuna and the river Rakitnica (remains of walls,
the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Hercegovina bricks, various architectural elements, coins), as
(Fig. 1). Archaeological excavations, conducted well as several villae rusticae in its vicinity, on the
Rogatica field (the villages of Plješevica, Potpeć
1 * The authors owe gratitude to Nebojša Golić, director and Drijenke).2 The name and status of the set-
of the Tourist Organization of the municipality of Rogatica, tlement have been frequently discussed among
and Željko Petrović, director of the Firefighting Unit of the
municipality of Rogatica, for providing the unpublished 2  Patsch 1909, 181; Bojanovski 1988, 171, 175; ALBiH

Roman finds from Rogatica and its vicinity. III 17. 288 (V. Paškvalin).
472 Snežana FERJANČIĆ, Gligor SAMARDŽIĆ

Fig. 1: Map of northeastern Dalmatia.

Sl. 1: Severovzhodni del province Dalmacije.

modern scholars. According to some, Rogatica Fig. 2: The altar of Liber and Libera, inscription field.
was a Flavian municipium.3 Others, starting with Sl. 2: Rogatica. Napisno polje oltarja, posvečenega Liberu
C. Patsch,4 believed that it was a colony and that in Liberi.
its abbreviated name – Ris( ) – and status were re-
corded on the tombstone of the decurio T. Claudius
Maximus.5 Found in the modern city, it is dated
to the 3rd century AD.6 However, Ris( ) might not New finds
refer to Rogatica at all, but to Risinium, in the
bay of Boka Kotorska, in the south of Dalmatia. 1. Votive altar of limestone, with the base and
The reading of the abbreviation as Ris(inii) was capital doubly moulded on three sides (front, left,
suggested by Mommsen and accepted by other and right). The capital is decorated with simple
scholars.7 Reflecting on the possibility that Ris( ) acroteria and a disc between them on the front
actually referred to Roman Rogatica, one might side and with simple acroteria on the left side. The
presume that the settlement enjoyed the status of acroteria on its right side, as well as the moulding
a municipium at first and that it was elevated to on the right side of the base, are chipped off. The
the rank of a colony at some point during the 3rd back side of the altar is roughly dressed. Dimen-
century AD.8 A similar development is recorded, sions: 78 × 40 × 30 cm. Inscription field: 35 × 30
for instance, in the case of the neighbouring cm. Letter height: 5 cm. The altar was found in
Domavia. The municipium was given the status of March 2016, during regulation works in the newly
a colony in the time between the reigns of Severus excavated bed of the river Rakitnica in the Rogatica
Alexander (222–235 AD) and Trebonianus Gallus field, at the depth of 2 metres. The site is located
(251–253 AD).9 approximately 50 metres east of the present river
bank. The inscription, consisting of four lines,
3   Alföldy 1965, 154; Wilkes 1969, 281; Mrozewicz reads as follows (Fig. 2; 3):
2015, 158.
4  Patsch 1909, 182–183. Cf. A. et J. Šašel, ILJug (Situla Lib(ero) L(iberae) | Tib(erius) Cl(audius) An|tonius |
25), p. 87; Bojanovski 1988, 172. Loma 2010, 287–288, n. v(otum) l(ibens) s(olvit).
43 has suggested that the area of Rogatica belonged to
the territory of the municipium Malvense, which she had Translation: To Liber and Libera. Tiberius
identified with Skelani on the Drina. Claudius Antonius fulfilled his vow willingly.
5  CIL III 2766b + pp. 1035, 2256 = 8369 = 12748 =

ILJug 1571 = HD033828.

6  Bojanovski 1967, 146 ad no. 1. Ligatures: IB and AN in line 2, NI in line 3.
7  Mommsen, CIL III 2766b; Alföldy 1965, 142; Wilkes Triangular punctuation marks in lines 1, 2, and 4.
1969, 255; Loma 2010, 297; Grbić 2014, 142, n. 387. The altar was dedicated to Liber, the ancient Italian
8  Wilkes 1981, 273 stated that the city at Rogatica was
god of fertility of both nature and men, and his
perhaps a municipium called Ris( ). Cf. Mrozewicz 2015, 159.
9  Alföldy 1965, 155; Wilkes 1969, 279–280.
 New epigraphic finds from Rogatica in Roman Dalmatia 473

that the cult of Liber was well established in Dal-

matia, since the end of the republican period. L.
Annaeus Epicadus, quaestor of the conventus civium
Romanorum at Narona at the time of the civil war
between Caesar and Pompey, built a temple to Liber
Pater in the city.14 The altar erected by Tib. Claudius
Antonius is not the first attestation of Liber’s cult
in Rogatica. The site has already yielded a dedica-
tion to the god, styled Liber Bacchus, because of his
connection with wine, grapevines, and viticulture
in general.15 The altar was set up by a certain P.
Aelius Clemens, veteran of an unnamed regiment.
It contains two inscriptions, one dedicated to Liber
Bacchus, the other to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus.16
P. Aelius Clemens should be identified with the
homonymous duovir of the Roman city at Rogatica,
who dedicated an altar to Jupiter.17 The monument
is dated to the middle of the 2nd century AD (A.
and J. Šašel) or to the end of the 2nd century AD/
first half of the 3rd century AD (I. Bojanovski, based
on the palaeographic features).18 Clemens’ family
played a prominent role in the administration of the
Roman town at Rogatica. His homonymous son – P.
Aelius Clemens Iunior, also a veteran discharged
from an unnamed unit – held the high magistracies
of duovir and quinquennalis.19
The altar of Liber and Libera was dedicated by a
certain Tib. Claudius Antonius, whose origin and
status remain undetermined. The imperial name
Fig. 3: The altar of Liber and Libera, found in Rogatica. Claudius, very frequent in all parts of the Roman
Sl. 3: Rogatica. Oltar, posvečen Liberu in Liberi. Empire, especially in Dalmatia and the Danubian
provinces,20 is already attested in Rogatica, on the
aforementioned epitaph of the decurion T. Claudius

feminine companion Libera.10 Radical abbreviation 87–90; Pilipović 2011, 63–66. For a different view on the
of the goddess’ name to L(ibera) is not frequent in assimilation see: Imamović 1977, 161–162.
14  CIL III 1784 = ILLRP 206 = ILS 3354 = HD053382.
the epigraphic evidence of the Roman Empire. It
On the dating of Epicadus’ quaestorship see: Wilkes 1969,
is attested in Dacia11 and Lusitania.12 Liber and
247. Alföldy 1965, 134 dates the inscriptions mentioning
Libera were particularly venerated in the Balkan the officials of the conventus at Narona (CIL III 1820 =
and Danubian provinces of the Roman Empire 8423, 1784) to the middle of the first century BC. On the
(Macedonia, Moesia, Dacia, Dalmatia, Pannonia, and cult of Liber in Dalmatia in general see: Matijašić, Tassaux
Noricum). It is usually believed that they represent 2000, 69 and Tab. I: 93–96.
15   On the assimilation of Liber and Bacchus see:
old autochthonous deities of fertility and vegetation,
assimilated to the Roman ones and worshipped De Cazanove 1988, 245–265; Isler-Kerényi 2010, 27–44;
Matijašić, Tassaux 2000, 69–71; DNP VII 136–137, s. v.
under Latin names.13 Epigraphic evidence testifies
Liber, Liberalia.
16   CIL III 8367 + pp. 2127, 2256 = ILJug 1567 =
10  On Liber in general see: Bruhl 1953; Radke 1965, Imamović 1977, 398, no. 155 + 376, no. 118 = HD023076.
175–183; Matijašić, Tassaux 2000, 66–76. 17  CIL III 8366 + p. 2127 = ILJug 1566 = Imamović
11  Micia: IDR III/3, 103 = HD045094. 1977, 374, no. 117 = HD033825.
12   Norba: HEp 1994, 223 along with the radically 18  A. and J. Šašel, ILJug 1566; Bojanovski 1967, 146, no. 2.

abbreviated name of Liber to L(iber). For a different reading 19  ILJug 624 = AE 1976, 533 = Imamović 1977: 458,

see: HEp 1990, 206. no. 243 = HD012315.

13  Wissowa 1902, 248; Schur 1926, 73–74; Bodor 1963, 20  Alföldy 1969: 37. For the frequency in the western

211–239; Dobruna-Salihu 2005, 223–232; Pilipović 2005, part of the Roman Empire see: OPEL II 60–62.
474 Snežana FERJANČIĆ, Gligor SAMARDŽIĆ

Maximus.21 The Latin cognomen Antonius is found

in northern Italy, western and eastern provinces
(where it was particularly widespread).22 In Dal-
matia, it is recorded after ca. 160 AD, in the area
of Salona and in the interior of the province, in
the Municipium S.23

2. Fragment of a votive altar of limestone, with a

doubly moulded capital on three sides (front, left,
and right). The back side of the altar is roughly
dressed. The lower part and the left side of the
monument are broken, as is the upper part of the
capital. Traces of a circular decoration (perhaps a
patera ?) are visible on the front side of the capital.
Dimensions: 55 × 42 × 42 cm. Inscription field: 40
× 32 cm. Letter height: 5 cm. The letters are shallow
and worn. The fragment was found in April 2014,
in the village of Plješevica, on the site of Crkvina, 2
km to the north of Rogatica, during the widening of
the local road. Judging by the architectural remains
on the site, i.e. the foundations of a building, a villa
rustica might have been located at Crkvina.24 The
altar is kept in the office of the Tourist Organization Fig. 4: The altar of Jupiter, found in Plješevica.
of Rogatica. The fragmentary inscription, consist- Sl. 4: Plješevica. Oltar, posvečen Jupitru.
ing of three lines (lines 2 and 3 are only partially
preserved), runs as follows (Fig. 4):
duovir and quinquennalis – remains uncertain.
I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) | [.] Aur(elius) | His cognomen was Albanus and his nomen gentile,
[± 3]us | [- - -. at the beginning of the second line, was read as
Fl(avius)28 or [A]el(ius).29 The first preserved letter
Translation: To Jupiter, Best and Greatest. [-] in line 2 seems to be an E and consequently one
Aurelius [-]us ... should accept the latter suggestion.30 The altar that
he had dedicated to Jupiter is dated to the end of
The cult of Jupiter Capitolinus, supreme de- the 2nd century AD or to the 3rd century AD.31
ity of the Roman pantheon,25 is already attested The cognomen of M. Ulpius, the dedicator of the
in Rogatica. The god is called Iuppiter Optimus fourth inscription, is restored by modern scholars
Maximus on four inscriptions, while the fifth as [Apo]llo[dorus].32 It appears, however, that one
monument records the comparatively less frequent should take into account other options as well:
epithet Capitolinus.26 Three inscriptions were set Apollonianus, Apollonides or Apollonius.33 Judging
up by the municipal magistrates. We have already by its palaeographic features, the altar was erected
mentioned those dedicated by the duovir P. Aelius
Clemens.27 The name of the other magistrate –
28   Patsch 1893, 89, no. 3; Patsch 1909, 183, no. 2;
21  CIL III 2766b + p. 1035 = 8369 = 12748 + p. 2256 Hirschfeld, CIL III 12747; Alföldy 1965, 161, n. 31; Imamović
= ILJug 1571 = HD033828. 1977, 374, no. 115; HD052416.
22  Kajanto 1965, 140; Alföldy 1969, 153; OPEL I 131. 29  Bojanovski 1967, 148, no. 3; Mesihović 2009, 61,
23  Alföldy 1969, 153–154. no. 5. Hoernes 1880, 46 has read the name as [Ae?]l(ius)
24  Sergejevski 1936, 13; Mesihović 2009, 64. Alb(inus).
25   On Jupiter see: Wissowa 1902, 100–113; Radke 30  Photograph in Bojanovski 1967, 147, Pl. 1, Fig. 4.

1965, 155–160. 31  Bojanovski 1967, 148 ad no. 3.

26  On the epithets and their frequency see: Diz. epigr. 32   Patsch 1912, 160; Bojanovski 1967, 152, no. 6;

IV 240 sqq. Imamović 1977, 374, no. 116; A. et J. Šašel, ILJug 1569;
27  CIL III 8366 + p. 2127 = ILJug 1566; CIL III 8367 Mesihović 2009, 58, no. 2.
+ p. 2127, 2256 = ILJug 1567 = HD033825. 33  OPEL I 145–146.
 New epigraphic finds from Rogatica in Roman Dalmatia 475

during the 2nd century AD.34 The fifth monument

pertaining to the cult of Jupiter in Rogatica is the
altar dedicated by M. Ulpius Marcianus. Found
in Rogatica in 2012, it was transferred to the vil-
lage of Kondžilo in the municipality of Visoko
in 2014. 35 Jupiter bears the epithet Capitolinus,
previously attested in Dalmatia on inscriptions
from the territories of Domavia36 and Delminium,
respectively. 37 The dedicator is presumably the
same person as M. Ulpius Marcianus, who erected
the fragmentary altar of Juno Regina, found in the
village of Živaljevići, to the northeast of Rogatica.38
The altar from Plješevica should be dated to
the second half of the 2nd century AD or to the Fig. 5: Fragmentary monument, found in Sjeversko.
3rd century AD. The name Aurelius points to the Sl. 5: Sjeversko. Fragmentiran spomenik.
reign of Marcus Aurelius as the terminus post quem.
The cognomen of the dedicator is impossible to
restore. Judging by the length of the second line,
it contained approximately three letters before the
preserved ending of ‘VS’. Sreten Mitrović, in the village of Sjeversko, district
of Borika, approximately 20 km to the northeast
3. Semicircular upper part of a limestone monu- of Rogatica. Its current location is the office of
ment with a naked (?) and bearded (?) male figure the Tourist Organization of Rogatica. The relief is
in relief. Dimensions: 52 × 72 × 15 cm. The frag- extremely worn, and the male figure could not be
ment was found in June 2014 on the property of identified. Perhaps it depicted an autochthonous
deity (Fig. 5).
34  Bojanovski 1967, 152 ad no. 6.
35  Silajdžić, Mesihović 2014, 121. Altars dedicated to Liber and Libera and Jupiter,
36  ILJug 1555 = Imamović 1977, 368, no. 104 = HD033815
respectively, as well as the fragmentary monument
found at the village of Sikirić.
37  ILJug 167 = Imamović 1977, 360, no. 90 = HD019702
with the depiction of a male figure, represent a
found at the village of Mokronoge.
small but welcome addition to the epigraphic and
38  CIL III 14616 = Imamović 1977, 384–385, no. 131 archaeological material from the Roman settle-
= HD052569. ment at Rogatica.

Abbreviations (Situla 5), Ljubljana 1963; iidem, Inscriptiones Latinae

quae in Iugoslavia inter annos MCMLX et MCMLXX
AE = L’Année épigraphique, Paris. repertae et editae sunt (Situla 19), Ljubljana 1978; iidem,
ALBiH = Arheološki leksikon Bosne i Hercegovine I–III, Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter annos
Sarajevo 1988. MCMII et MCMXL repertae et editae sunt (Situla 25),
CIL = Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum. Ljubljana 1986.
Diz. epigr. = E. De Ruggiero, Dizionario epigrafico di ILLRP = A. Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae liberae rei pu-
antichità romane, Roma 1886-. blicae I–II, Firenze 1957-1963.
DNP = Der neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike, Stuttgart, ILS = H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae selectae I–III, Berlin
Weimar, 1996-. 1892–1916.
HD = EDH = Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (Service OPEL = B. Lőrincz, Onomasticon provinciarum Europae
provider: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften) Latinarum, Vol. I: Aba – Bysanus, Budapest 1994; Vol.
[http://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/home?&lang=de]. II: Cabalicius – Ixus, Wien 1999; Vol. III: Labareus – Py-
HEp = Hispania Epigraphica, Madrid. thea, Wien 2000; Vol. IV: Quadratia – Zures, Wien 2002.
IDR = Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae I–III, Bucureşti RE = Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll-Mittelhaus-Ziegler, Realency-
1975–1999. clopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft.
ILJug = A. et J. Šašel, Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Iugoslavia
inter annos MCMXL et MCMLX repertae et editae sunt
476 Snežana FERJANČIĆ, Gligor SAMARDŽIĆ

ALFÖLDY, G. 1965, Bevölkerung und Gesellschaft der MESIHOVIĆ, S. 2009, Cives coloniae Ris... ? Likovi s
römischen Provinz Dalmatien. – Budapest. antičkih epigrafskih spomenika rogatičko-romanijskog
ALFÖLDY, G. 1969, Die Personennamen in der römischen područja. – Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja
Provinz Dalmatia. – Beiträge zur Namenforschung Bh. 38, 55–74.
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BODOR, A. 1963, Der Liber und Libera-Kult. Ein Beitrag dem Balkan. – In: G. von Bülow (ed.), Kontaktzone
zur Fortdauer der bodenständigen Bevölkerung im Balkan. Beiträge des internationalen Kolloquiums ‘Die
römerzeitlichen Dazien. – Dacia 7, 211–239. Donau-Balkan-Region als Kontaktzone zwischen Ost-
BOJANOVSKI, I. 1967, Rimski kameni spomenici iz West und Nord-Süd’ vom 16.–18. Mai 2012 in Frankfurt
Rogatice. – Naše starine. Godišnjak Zavoda za zaštitu a. M., Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 20,
spomenika kulture S. R. Bosne i Hercegovine / Annuaire 151–163, Bonn.
de l’Institut pour la protection des monuments historiques PATSCH, C. 1893, Bericht über eine Reise in Bosnien.
de la S. P. de Bosnie et Hercegovina 11, 143–164. – Archaeologisch-epigraphische Mittheilungen aus Oe-
BOJANOVSKI, I. 1988, Bosna i Hercegovina u antičko sterreich 16, 75–93.
doba. – Djela, knjiga LXVI. Centar za balkanološka PATSCH, C. 1909, Archäologisch-epigraphische Unter-
ispitivanja, knjiga 6, Sarajevo. suchungen zur Geschichte der römischen Provinz
BRUHL, A. 1953, Liber Pater. Origine et expansion du culte Dalmatien VII. – Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus
dionisiaque à Rome et dans le monde romain. – Paris. Bosnien und der Herzegowina 11, 104–183.
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Revue de l’histoire des religions 205, 245–265. suchungen zur Geschichte der römischen Provinz
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GRBIĆ, D. 2014, Plemenske zajednice u Iliriku. Predurbane PILIPOVIĆ, S. 2005, Votive Relief from Barovo (Scupi).
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 477

Nove epigrafske najdbe iz Rogatice v rimski Dalmaciji

Povzetek

Prva arheološka izkopavanja v Rogatici in njeni dveh županov (duovir) ter eden od dveh županov
okolici (Republika Srbska, Bosna in Hercegovina) z oblastjo cenzorja (quinquennalis; odgovoren za
segajo na začetek 20. st. Odkrite so bile sledi po- popis prebivalstva na vsakih pet let) Elij Alban.
membne rimske naselbine ter številne vile rustike. Kot dedikant oltarja iz Plješevice se omenja mo-
Na podlagi epigrafskih spomenikov se je naselbina ški z rodovnim imenom Avrelij brez ohranjenega
morda imenovala Ris( ), moderni raziskovalci pa ji kognomna. Zaradi tega se spomenik datira v čas
pripisujejo status municipija, preden je bilo mesto vladavine Marka Avrelija ali kmalu zatem.
v 3. st. povzdignjeno v kolonijo. Fragment tretjega spomenika, ki se zgoraj pol-
Med spomeniki iz Rogatice in njenega zaledja, krožno zaključuje, ni mogoče tipološko opredeliti.
odkritimi v letih 2014 in 2016, so v članku po- Najden je bil leta 2014 v vasi Sjeversko. Slabo
drobneje opisani dva oltarja ter fragment tretjega ohranjen relief gole (?) in bradate (?) moške osebe
spomenika. verjetno predstavlja neko domače božanstvo.
Prvi oltar, ki ga je postavil Tiberij Klavdij An-
tonij, je bil posvečen bogovoma Liberu in Liberi. Prevod: Anja Ragolič
Spomenik je bil odkrit v novoizkopanem rečnem
koritu med urejanjem struge Rakitnice. Čaščenje
Libera, starega italskega boga plodnosti, je v Ra-
kitnici že izpričano. Publij Elij Klemens, veteran
nedoločljive vojaške enote in eden od dveh županov Snežana Ferjančić
(duovir) rimskega mesta, je oltar posvetil božan- Faculty of Philosophy,
stvu, ki so ga Rimljani zaradi njegove povezave z University of Belgrade,
vinogradništvom poistovetili z Bakhom. Čika Ljubina 18-20
Drugi, fragmentarno ohranjen oltar je bil od- SR-11000 Beograd
krit na najdišču Crkvina v vasi Plješevica, kjer sferjanc@f.bg.ac.rs
so arheologi izkopali vilo rustiko. Posvečen je
Najboljšemu in največjemu Jupitru, čigar kult je v Gligor Samardžić
Rogatici in njenem zaledju prav tako že izpričan. Faculty of Philosophy,
Poudariti je treba, da so tri doslej odkrite oltarje, University of Kosovska Mitrovica,
posvečene Najboljšemu in največjemu Jupitru, s tega Filipa Višnjića 66
območja postavili mestni uradniki: eden od dveh SR-38220 Kosovska Mitrovica
županov (duovir) Publij Elij Klemens in eden od gligorijas@yahoo.com