Geoscience Frontiers: Hosung Joun, Sotirios Kokkalas, Stylianos Tombros

Geoscience Frontiers 10 (2019) 1187e1210
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China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
Geoscience Frontiers
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Research Paper
Recycled oceanic crust as a source for tonalite intrusions in the mantle

section of the Khor Fakkan block, Semail ophiolite (UAE)
Hosung Joun a, Sotirios Kokkalas a, *, Stylianos Tombros b
a
Department of Earth Sciences, Khalifa University, 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
b
Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26442, Greece
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Several types of felsic granitoid rocks have been recognized, intrusive in both the mantle and the crustal
Received 1 November 2017 sequence of the Semail ophiolite. Several models have been proposed for the source of this suite of
Received in revised form tonalites, granodiorites, trondhjemites intrusions, however their genesis is still not clearly understood.
10 June 2018
The sampled Dadnah tonalites that intruded in the mantle section of the Semail ophiolite display arc-
Accepted 11 September 2018
type geochemical characteristics, are high siliceous, low-potassic, metaluminous to weakly per-
Available online 12 October 2018
Handling Editor: Sanghoon Kwon aluminous, enriched in LILE, show positive peaks for Ba, Pb, Eu, negative troughs for U, Ti and occur with
low d18OH2O, moderate εSr and negative εNd values. They have crystallized at temperatures that range from
Keywords:
w550 C to w720 C and pressure ranging from 4.4 kbar to 6.5 kbar. The isotopic ages from our tonalite
Tonalites samples range between 98.6 Ma and 94.9 Ma, slightly older and overlapping with the age of the
Felsic granitoids metamorphic sole. Our field observations, mineralogical, petrological, geochemical, isotopic and melt
Recycled oceanic crust inclusion data suggest that the Dadnah tonalites formed by partial melting (w10%e15% continuous
Source contribution or w12% batch partial melting), accumulation of plagioclase, fractional crystallization (w55%e57%), and
Partial melting interaction with their host harzburgites. These tonalites were the end result of partial melting and
Melt inclusions subsequent contamination and mixing of w4% oceanic sediments with w96% oceanic lithosphere from
the subducted slab. This MORB-type slab melt composed from w97% recycled oceanic crust and w3% of
the overlying mantle.
We suggest that a possible protolith for these tonalites was the basaltic lavas from the subducted
oceanic slab that melted during the initial stages of the supra-subduction zone (SSZ), which was forming
synchronously to the spreading ridge axis. The tonalite melts mildly modified due to low degree of
mixing and interaction with the overlying lithospheric mantle. Subsequently, the Dadnah tonalites
emplaced at the upper part of the mantle sequence of the Semail ophiolite and are geochemically distinct
from the other mantle intrusive felsic granitoids to the south.
2018, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by
Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction lenses or re-melting of hydrothermally altered mafic crustal rocks

(Amri et al., 1996; Brophy, 2008). Their variable composition,
Different types of felsic intrusives, although volumetrically mi- abundance across the oceanic lithosphere and geochemical char-
nor, are common in the oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle, acteristics make their formation and source still poorly understood
varying from diorite and trondhjemite-to-tonalite and granite (Lippard et al., 1986; Briqueu et al., 1991; Amri et al., 1996;
(Koepke et al., 2007; rock types generally called plagiogranites; Rollinson, 2009). Such felsic intrusions yield important insights
Coleman and Peterman, 1975) but are mostly concentrated at the into complex processes, such as the formation of earth’s conti-
gabbro-sheeted dykes boundary (Lippard et al., 1986; Amri et al., nental crust (Rollinson, 2009), evolution of oceanic crust by magma
1996), reflecting either extreme fractionation in shallow melt intrusion, recycling of crustal components (Liu et al., 2015; Spencer
et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2018) or oceanic crust, with or without minor
amounts of continental input (Hofmann and White, 1982) and
* Corresponding author. origin of MORB enrichment (Hemond et al., 2006). Crustal
E-mail address: skokkalas@pi.ac.ae (S. Kokkalas). component may be incorporated into basalts by either shallow
Peer-review under responsibility of China University of Geosciences (Beijing). contamination or deep mixing (>120 km; Liu et al., 2015) carried by
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.09.006
1674-9871/ 2018, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-
ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1188 H. Joun et al. / Geoscience Frontiers 10 (2019) 1187e1210
subducting crust into the asthenospheric mantle, producing both in their composition (i.e., Dadnah felsic granitoids) are thought to
soluble and insoluble materials at the slab-mantle interface be related to local differences in the physicochemical conditions
(Spencer et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2018). However, the percentage of during their formation.
crustal component in these felsic melts is highly variable (Cox et al., Later, more detailed work was done by Rollinson (2009, 2015) in
1999; Haase et al., 2015; Rollinson, 2015, and this study). which he set the broader context related to the felsic granitoids of
The plagiogranites that intrude the Semail ophiolite can be the Semail ophiolite, sampling from six different locations, e.g., the
categorized in three main types (Rollinson, 2009) based on their Wadi Hemli, Wadi Hajr, Wadi Zikt, Wadi Fizh, Al-Bithnah and Al-
location in the ophiolite section: (i) early crustal plagiogranites that Dadnah, and using data from Amri et al. (1996) about Maqsad
associated with partial melting in the upper gabbros (Lippard et al., area. Rollinson (2015) compared the major element trends between
1986), (ii) late crustal plagiogranites and minor gabbro emplaced in the crustal and mantle felsic granitoids in Oman. In contrast to Cox
the sheeted dyke and/or pillow lavas of the ophiolites (Lippard et al. (1999), these felsic granitoids are scarcely potassic, appear
et al., 1986), and (iii) plagiogranites intrusive in the mantle sec- relatively enriched in MgO, Cr and Ni and Th, U, Ta, La and Ce than
tion (Briqueu et al., 1991; Peters and Kamber, 1994; Cox et al., 1999). their crustal homologs and have REE patterns similar to the host
Alternatively, Spencer et al. (2017) used a geochemical distinction gabbros of the crustal sequence (Rollinson, 2009, 2015). Rollinson
scheme into three suites of granitoids: a metaluminous crustal (2009) suggested that these felsic granitoids were the products of
plagiogranite suite that ranges from granodiorite to tonalite (SiO2 of mixing, contamination of crustal and mafic components.
54e72 wt.% and low K2O) and two other mantle intrusive suites, Our study focused on the felsic granitoids that intrude the
one metaluminous that ranges from granodiorite to tonalite (SiO2 mantle section in the Dadnah area of the Khor Fakkan block, where
of 67e75 wt.%), while the other is peraluminous with higher SiO2 high degree of fractionation have been reported in previous studies
values (72e78 wt.%). (Peters and Kamber, 1994; Cox et al., 1999). We studied a smaller
More specifically, in our broader study area of the Khor Fakkan area with more detail comprising new petrographic, geochemical,
block (Fig. 1), the plagiogranites commonly occur in the cumulate isotope data, and geo-thermobarometry in order to identify, based
gabbros of the crustal sequence (Peters and Kamber, 1994) and in on our first reported melt inclusion analysis, the least fractionated
the harzburgites of the mantle sequence (Alleman and Peters, samples that can shed some more light on the formation and source
1972). Previous studies on these plagiogranites have focused on contribution for this distinct granitoid melts. We discuss the
the fact that potassic granitoids are relatively more frequent than in analytical results and complement them with all recent work done
other parts of the Semail ophiolite (Lippard et al., 1986; Python and in the Semail ophiolite (for further details see Rollinson, 2015 and
Ceuleneer, 2003). These granitoids are compositionally distinct references therein), in order to propose a tectono-petrogenetic
from the typical oceanic plagiogranites, which have an extremely model that could explain better the varied petrological and
low K content (e.g., Coleman and Peterman, 1975). In contrast, the geochemical characteristics of the north structural block of the
felsic granitoids in the Khor Fakkan block are quite potassic and are Semail ophiolite.
enriched in REE’s (Lippard et al., 1986; Cox et al., 1999; Amri et al.,
2007). 2. Geological setting
The genesis of plagiogranites is still poorly understood due to
their numerous petrological and geochemical constraints. To 2.1. The Khor Fakkan block
explain their genesis, several models have been proposed: (1)
magmatic differentiation, including fractional crystallization of The eastern part of the Arabian platform is made up of the UAE-
primitive basaltic magma (e.g. Coleman and Peterman, 1975; Oman ophiolite complex also known as Semail ophiolite, which is
Pallister and Hopson, 1981; Pallister and Knight, 1981; Lippard the largest and most widely studied ophiolite complex worldwide
et al., 1986; Peters and Kamber, 1994) and silicate liquid immisci- (Fig. 1). The Semail ophiolite, which is part of the Cretaceous
bility of a tholeiitic liquid (e.g. Dixon and Rutherford, 1979), (2) “Alpine ophiolite chain”, forms a well exposed allochthonous
partial melting of sediments, gabbros and basalts (e.g. Malpas, arcuate thrust sheet, w500 km in length, 100 km wide and
1979; Amri et al., 1996; Cox et al., 1999; Searle and Cox, 1999; 10e15 km thick, parallel to the Gulf of Oman (Glennie et al., 1974;
Koepke et al., 2004, 2007; Searle et al., 2015) or pure sediment Lippard et al., 1986). The first reported ages for the plutonic rocks
melting for the peraluminous type intrusive in mantle (Spencer in the ophiolite came from Tilton et al. (1981), from zircons in the
et al., 2017) and (3) mixture of melted crust and sediments (Cox plagiogranites and the dates span in the interval between 95.9 Ma
et al., 1999; Rollinson, 2009, 2015; Haase et al., 2015). and 93.5 Ma, with most of them clustering around 95 Ma. This age
Cox et al. (1999) and Amri et al. (2007) mainly discussed the range has been widely accepted as the mean age of the ophiolite.
formation of the felsic granitoids in the Khor Fakkan block. Based Recently, Rioux et al. (2016) reported higher precision UePb dates,
on whole-rock geochemistry and Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic com- suggesting that the main portion of the ophiolite crust formed
positions, Cox et al. (1999) proposed that the monzogranite-to- between 96.12 Ma and 95.50 Ma. The Semail ophiolite thrusted
leucogranite dikes were formed due to partial melting of a sedi- towards SW over the Neo-Tethyan Hawasina basin for more than
mentary protolith (i.e. Haybi and Hawasina complex). However, the 400e500 km and finally was emplaced onto the
dikes emplaced at higher structural levels (i.e., Dadnah area) are PermianeMesozoic passive continental margin of the Arabian plate
compositionally distinctive from the felsic granitoids of other lo- between 84 Ma and 72 Ma (Glennie et al., 1974; Tilton et al., 1981;
calities in the Khor Fakkan block, as they thought to be the products Tippit et al., 1981; Cox et al., 1999). Petrologic and structural evi-
of partial melting of both hybrid metasedimentary and oceanic dence suggests that the initial phase of the Semail ophiolite formed
crustal components (Cox et al., 1999). Experimental data on in an extensional setting, however, there is still debate concerning
potassic granitoids (e.g., tonalites and trondhjemites) of Amri et al. whether it was mainly formed at a mid-oceanic ridge (e.g. Coleman,
(2007) suggest that there is a genetic relationship between them 1981; Boudier et al., 1988; Ernewein et al., 1988; Nicolas, 1989;
and a sedimentary protolith. The granitoids are metaluminous and Pflumio, 1991) or at a supra-subduction zone (e.g. Searle and
are likely to be associated with both crustal and mantle compo- Malpas, 1980; Pearce et al., 1981; Alabaster et al., 1982; Searle and
nents. Amri et al. (2007) concluded that these granitoids were Cox, 1999, 2002).
derived by the partial melting of depleted mantle and then were The UAE part of the Semail ophiolite comprises two intact
metasomatized due to low-T hydrothermal alteration. The variation ophiolite blocks, the Aswad and the Khor Fakkan block (Fig. 1). The
H. Joun et al. / Geoscience Frontiers 10 (2019) 1187e1210 1189
1990; Searle and Ali, 2009). These were overthrust onto the Arabian
passive margin, which comprises a w4 km thick carbonate
sequence (Hajar Supergroup) that was deposited from mid-
Permian to Cenomanian (Glennie et al., 1974).
Recent studies have documented a more complex magmatic
history for the Semail ophiolite than the standard layered Penrose
ophiolite succession (Anonymous, 1972), involving younger,
ultramafic-to-felsic island-arc type intrusive rocks (known as phase
2) that cross-cut the earlier magmatic rocks of MORB-composition,
known as phase 1 (section 2.3, Grimes et al., 2013; Goodenough
et al., 2014, for more details see also section 2.3; Thomas et al.,
2014). In the Khor Fakkan block, the phase 2 magmatic rocks
mainly appear at the uppermost part of mantle sequence and are
restricted in the eastern part of the block. The phase 2 rocks include
gabbros, wehrlites and dunites, which cut both the harzburgites of
the mantle sequence and the layered gabbros of the crustal
sequence and are cut by later sills, dikes and pods of quartz-diorite
and tonalities (Goodenough et al., 2014).
2.2. Metamorphic sole and formation of felsic granitoids
The Semail metamorphic sole is a thin (10 m to w500 m thick)

amphibolite to granulite sliver of oceanic crust with variable pro-
portions of basaltic and sedimentary material that was strained and
metamorphosed, by heat transfer from the hot upper plate mantle
toward the slab, during the initial stage of intra-oceanic subduction
(Soret et al., 2017). The protoliths of metamorphic sole were the
TriassiceJurassic and Early Cretaceous Haybi volcanics, limestones,
Mn-rich chert, melange and other deep marine sediments of
Hawasina complex (Ghent and Stout, 1981; Searle and Cox, 2002).
The uppermost part of the sole, directly below a thick mylonitic
peridotite comprises high-temperature (HT) amphibolite-to-
granulite facies metabasalt, while below that there is the low
temperature (LT) sole which is mainly composed of greenschist
facies metachert with imbrications of metabasalts and metasedi-
mentary rocks (Searle and Malpas, 1980; Ghent and Stout, 1981;
Boudier et al., 1988; Soret et al., 2017). The estimated P-T for the
HT sole are on the range of 700e900 C and 0.4e1.3 GPa and de-
creases in the LT sole to w500 C and 0.45e0.55 GPa with an
inverted thermal gradient, grading steeply from granulite to
greenschist facies (>1000 C/km, Searle and Malpas, 1982; Hacker
and Mosenfelder, 1996; Searle and Cox, 2002).
Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the UAE ophiolite showing the main tectonic The age of the metamorphic sole is considered almost coeval or
structures and the distribution of mantle and crustal rocks (modified from Gnos and
slightly postdates the time of the Semail ophiolite obduction (Soret
Nicolas, 1996; Thomas et al., 2014). Our study area is shown with a red rectangle
(see Fig. 2 for details), and Rollinson’s (2015) sampling area with a cyan colored blue et al., 2017). Cox et al. (1999) assumed that HP metamorphism was
rectangle (R). roughly contemporaneous to the formation of the metamorphic
sole throughout the Semail ophiolite, based on contiguous meta-
morphism ages (i.e., 96 2 Ma, Ar/Ar of As Sifah eclogite age,
Khor Fakkan block occupies the northernmost part of the Semail 93.5 0.1 Ma, Ar/Ar sole metamorphism mean age of Wadi Tayin
ophiolite, covering an area of approximately 750 km2, and mainly area of Cox et al. (1999)). However, the published ages of the sole
exposes the mantle sequence of the ophiolite. The large-scale NE- were estimated by the cooling ages of minerals (e.g., hornblende,
trending Wadi Sidr and NW-trending Wadi Ham fault zones bound biotite, and garnet) and display various age ranges. Indeed, the K/Ar
the north and south margin of this block, respectively (Fig. 1). The dating on a metamorphic hornblende separated from the
southeast flank is juxtaposed against the Masafi-Ismah and Bani amphibolite yielded ages in the broad range 101e89 Ma and cluster
Hamid metamorphic thrust sheets that represent the metamorphic near 98 Ma (Gnos and Peters, 1993). Recent data from sole peak
sole of the Semail ophiolite (Fig. 1; Searle, 1980; Goodenough et al., metamorphism (Rioux et al., 2016) reported dates between
2006; Searle et al., 2015). 96.16 Ma and 94.82 Ma, suggesting that metamorphic rocks were
The Khor Fakkan ophiolite block forms the structurally upper- formed either prior to or during the formation of the oceanic crust.
most thrust sheet of the nappe stack. Below the mantle sequence
and the metamorphic sole, several thrust nappes were stacked 2.3. Magmatism in Semail ophiolite
during the obduction process. These allochthonous units include
Neo-Tethyan oceanic sediments (Hawasina Complex), deep-ocean In the Semail ophiolite two distinct phases of magmatism have
and subduction-related sediments, volcanics and mélange (Haybi been described. An earlier sea-floor spreading magmatism termed
Complex) and proximal carbonate slope-facies rocks (Sumeini as phase 1, composed of gabbros, sheeted dykes and pillow lavas
complex) (Glennie et al., 1974; Lippard et al., 1986; Bechennec et al., and a later phase 2 more hydrous magma suite, composed of
wehrlites, clino-pyroxenites and a complex network of gabbroic, The felsic granitoids in this area appear as veins, sills, and dikes,
diorite and tonalite intrusions, recording the initial stages of arc extending up to several hundreds of meters laterally and few me-
magmatism (Styles et al., 2006; Goodenough et al., 2014). The ters in thickness (Fig. 3aec). Almost all of the examined granitoids
different magmatic phases are marked by the lavas and the relevant are hosted by serpentinized harzburgites. They appear fine-to-
magmatic rocks found within the crustal and mantle sequence. medium-grained with typical granitic textures, although a few of
Three major lavas were distinguished based on their geochemical them display pegmatitic textures. They usually contain up to 20 cm
affinities: (1) V1 lavas (i.e., Geotimes) have MORB-like affinity and in length mafic enclaves and xenoliths in their rock body (i.e.
are formed at spreading axis, (2) V2 lavas (i.e., Lasail or Alley) are location D6, Figs. 2 and 3a). At the same location two different
formed off-axis and have arc-like petrochemical signatures granitoid types can be distinguished. There is a grayish-colored
(Alabaster et al., 1982; Ernewein et al., 1988) and (3) V3 lavas (i.e., coarser grained, intense foliated and more sheared type with
Salahi) are enriched in incompatible elements and range compo- hornblende clinopyroxene that comprises the biggest part of the
sitionally from alkaline to transitional tholeiites. The V3 lavas sill, while in the eastern part there is a composite body together
formed by off-axis magmatism and postdate the other two lavas with a less foliated, fine-to medium grained, less deformed leuco-
(Alabaster et al., 1982; Lippard et al., 1986). Furthermore, due to the cratic rock type containing abundant biotite crystals. The leuco-
fact that V2 and V3 lavas are more abundant in the Khor Fakkan cratic granitoid intrudes in places the foliated grayish type,
block i.e., phase 2 magmatism, the V1 lavas are relatively rare suggesting that probably was a later intrusive phase.
(Goodenough et al., 2014; Thomas and Ellison, 2014). The volcanic The majority of the felsic sills and dikes observed in this area are
rocks related to the phase 2 magmas are characterized by higher related to pre-existing ductile or reactivated brittle-ductile faults,
amount of plagioclase and clinopyroxene, with variable amounts of as their margins in many cases controlled by ductile shear zones or
olivine, orthopyroxene, hornblende and quartz and are considered hydrothermally altered striated surfaces. Most of the dikes are
to form by melting of a hydrous magma in a SSZ setting oriented subparallel-parallel to the fault/fracture planes (Fig. 2,
(Goodenough et al., 2014). Haase et al. (2016) have grouped the stereonets). Dikes exhibit various degree of deformation showing
plutonic rocks from the crustal sequence of Oman ophiolite into development of quartzose mylonites, gneissic fabrics or biotite
two groups, with each one mimic the geochemical signatures of the grain-shape preferred orientations often aligned almost parallel to
V1 and V2 lavas, respectively. V2 magmas are more voluminous in the dike margins due to intense ductile shearing. Many of the
the northern part of the ophiolite showing the stronger input of meter-to-hectometre scale in length felsic granitoids are feeder
slab component, regardless if that was sedimentary or not. dikes, developing around them cm-scale secondary veins. No clear
crosscutting relationships among the meter-to-hectometre scale
3. Sampling and analytical methods felsic dikes was observed, while the cm-scale veins frequently
crosscut each other, suggesting coeval development for these sec-
3.1. Field observations and sampling ondary veins.
The felsic dikes in the study area trend between a frequent
The study area, which is located between the Dadnah town and WNWeESE orientation (95 e105 ) and two less prominent orien-
east of Wadi Zikt, is structurally comprising the uppermost part of tations NEeSW (30 e50 ) and NWeSE (300 e310 ) (Fig. 2, ster-
the mantle sequence and the Moho transition zone (MTZ) of the eonet). This latter trend follows the map-scale NW-trending fault/
Khor Fakan block of the Semail ophiolite (Fig. 2). fracture set (Fig. 2, map) and is frequent among the meter-scale
Figure 2. Aerial view (Google Earth image) of the study area (red rectangle of Fig. 1) at the west side of the Dadnah city in the Khor Fakkan block. The yellow arrows indicate the
sampling locations and the red lines show the main map-scale fault trends in the study area. Stereonets of the tonalite dikes and fault planes are shown as great circles on the right
side of the figure.
Figure 3. (a) Field photograph of a tonalite sill that outcrops at locality D6. The sill contains xenoliths of the host harzburgite and is offset by later stage brittle faults. (b) Field
photograph of the same tonalite sill, showing in detail the xenoliths contained in the sill. The xenoliths appear partially resorbed and recrystallized with intense mylonitic textures,
comprising, olivine, ortho- and clino-pyroxene and plagioclase. (c) Sample from the tonalite sill composed of plagioclase, quartz and hornblende that is cross-cut by late quartz
veins. (d) Representative thin section image of tonalite composed of plagioclase (Pl), quartz (Qz), hornblende (Hbl) and clinopyroxene (Cpx). At the left bottom corner the
plagioclase crystal contain relic plagioclase (sample PGD2, XPL, 4x). The XPL colors of minerals are not typical due to the fact that thin sections are thicker and were constructed for
fluid and melt inclusions analyses. (e) Thin section image of a tonalite medium-to-intense mylonitized (sample PGD7_2, XPL, 2x), with clinopyroxene and plagioclase porphyroblasts
rotating in a foliated matrix of quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar and mica. (f) Cathodoluminescence (CL) image of the tonalite that contains xenoliths of the host harzburgite. The
plagioclase of the host harzburgite (purple Pl) appears with green CL colors and intergrowths with the non-luminescent clinopyroxene (Cpx). The plagioclase of the tonalite (cyan
Pl) appears with blue CL colors and replaces the plagioclase from the harzburgite, and very commonly resorbs these plagioclases (sieve texture). (g) Backscattered electron (BSE)
image of the tonalite plagioclase. The plagioclases appear with regular zonation with cores composing of andesine (An44e56) and rims of oligoclase (An25e38). At the down-left
corner partially resorbed plagioclases of higher An contents (An53e56), are also shown. At the up-right corner the plagioclase composition is shown on the ternary Ab-Or-An
plot (Ab: Albite, Ol: Oligoclase, And: Andesine, La: Labradorite, By: Bytownite, An: Anorthite, Ano: Anorthoclase). Solid pink squares symbolize the cores, deep yellow squares
the rims, and light ochre squares the relict plagioclase cores (Mineral abbreviations are after Whitney and Evans, 2010).
felsic dikes. The mesoscale fault orientations cluster around a 3.2. Analytical methods
NEeSW trend (w30 e45 ), while the WNWeESE trend
(110 e120 ) display sinistral shear motion along the fault surfaces In total, thirteen granitoid samples as well as few representative
and is the dominant map-scale trend in the area between Wadi Zikt host harzburgite samples (e.g., OPD2) were collected from seven
and the village (Fig. 2, map). sites in the study area (Fig. 2, Table 1). From these samples 25 thin
Table 1
Major and trace element chemistry of the tonalites. Melt inclusions are shown also on table.
Samples PG OP PG PG PG PG PG PG PG PG PG PG PG PG
D1 D2 D2_2 D3_1 D3_2 D4_Mi D4_Ma D5 D6_1 D7 D7_2 M1 M9 M12

wt.%
SiO2 66.92 65.99 72.90 73.59 74.57 73.41 75.00 76.99 75.92 75.18 76.40 73.45 74.98 76.45
Al2O3 19.43 13.76 13.90 12.48 13.57 13.11 12.97 12.94 12.29 13.49 13.52 15.78 14.78 13.29
Fe2O3t 0.62 6.12 0.73 1.64 0.82 1.87 1.15 0.98 1.58 1.38 1.09 0.01 1.32 0.65
MnO 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.11 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
MgO 0.56 2.77 0.28 2.18 0.42 1.51 0.91 0.50 1.77 0.39 0.22 0.00 0.02 0.00
CaO 1.16 7.05 0.21 1.52 0.80 3.15 2.81 2.94 2.17 0.88 1.34 0.00 0.03 0.01
Na2O 8.93 1.11 3.42 3.88 4.36 2.91 3.29 4.01 2.10 5.01 6.17 3.59 5.47 7.84
K2O 1.60 0.27 6.54 0.99 2.73 0.80 1.31 0.26 0.45 1.05 0.25 4.01 1.27 0.02
TiO2 0.01 0.91 0.02 0.11 0.06 0.17 0.11 0.09 0.26 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
P2O5 0.05 0.22 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.02 <0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
LOI/H2O 1.06 2.13 0.61 2.40 1.50 2.21 1.08 0.96 3.03 1.46 0.22 2.71 2.01 1.45
Cl - - - - - 0.02 - 0.01 0.01 - <0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01
F - - - - - <0.01 - 0.01 <0.01 - 0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Total 100.35 100.45 98.68 98.84 98.91 99.37 98.68 99.90 99.72 98.99 99.32 99.58 100.00 99.72
C.I.P.W. normative
Qz 36.4 - 28.8 56.0 47.9 57.3 55.7 62.4 64.8 56.9 59.7 42.4 55.8 60.1
An 57.8 - 63.7 27.6 44.7 21.2 27.4 14.2 14.2 33.7 32.7 51.7 37.9 36.3
Or 0.3 - 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Ab 0.5 - 2.9 3.8 1.1 6.5 4.8 5.2 7.7 2.6 1.9 2.6 2.7 1.1
ppm - - -
B - - - - - 4 - 6 6 - 4 - - -
Be <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 9 2 - - -
Sc 3 18 <1 1 4 2 1 <1 1 5 <1 - - -
V <5 85 <5 7 <5 12 8 <5 8 <5 5 - - -
Ge 1.32 20.17 2.66 4.31 4.33 6.58 7.67 3.23 5.60 3.52 4.73 - - -
Rb 39.91 7.26 4.05 28.24 130.15 20.09 20.10 80.40 15.26 81.98 23.84 - - -
Sr 187.00 371.00 5.00 152.00 12.00 261.00 266.00 275.00 236.00 540.00 152.00 - - -
Y 24.00 37.00 6.00 18.00 24.00 8.00 8.00 9.00 11.00 40.00 28.00 - - -
Zr 36.00 245.00 9.00 32.00 10.00 59.00 46.00 79.00 124.00 28.00 26.00 - - -
Nb 29.85 12.26 27.87 11.13 21.03 6.67 7.93 3.05 10.84 19.30 17.30 - - -
Cs 0.22 0.10 0.43 0.61 0.34 0.46 0.46 0.11 0.88 5.79 1.06 - - -
Ba 282.00 192.00 9.00 583.00 11.00 142.00 196.00 154.00 173.00 23.00 304.00 - - -
Hf 1.36 1.34 0.78 0.75 0.46 0.72 1.29 0.64 0.69 1.27 2.02 - - -
Ta 1.26 0.85 1.20 1.17 0.97 0.29 1.05 0.19 0.70 2.62 1.58 - - -
W 1.19 1.58 2.26 0.82 1.65 0.46 0.92 0.85 0.31 2.06 0.81 - - -
Pb 2.79 4.52 8.66 5.24 6.45 5.78 3.66 3.09 2.26 3.01 3.83 - - -
U 1.45 1.03 1.23 0.49 1.61 1.16 1.36 1.97 1.62 1.83 0.69 - - -
Th 2.17 0.18 3.45 8.09 2.10 6.50 10.70 4.47 0.43 5.04 9.15 - - -
La 17.96 10.28 16.66 65.32 6.45 46.08 67.72 30.58 3.75 6.58 70.06 - - -
Ce 36.05 24.61 39.78 117.16 15.98 85.57 121.73 58.25 6.43 16.14 120.83 - - -
Pr 3.66 3.75 4.34 11.77 1.89 9.00 12.52 5.93 0.64 1.73 12.01 - - -
Nd 11.67 18.36 14.41 38.30 6.88 32.56 44.88 20.90 2.31 6.24 41.99 - - -
Sm 2.81 5.34 3.79 5.45 2.43 5.89 7.10 3.62 0.52 2.83 6.00 - - -
Eu 2.15 2.90 1.16 3.40 1.49 3.43 3.31 3.18 2.66 1.86 3.94 - - -
Gd 2.67 3.86 3.34 7.66 2.39 10.69 14.57 6.88 1.00 2.85 16.87 - - -
Tb 0.73 1.41 0.96 1.38 0.69 1.95 2.48 1.22 0.19 0.92 2.74 - - -
Dy 3.59 7.19 4.51 2.93 3.03 2.92 2.39 1.02 0.53 4.84 1.70 - - -
Ho 0.59 1.25 0.70 0.46 0.49 0.47 0.36 0.15 0.10 0.78 0.24 - - -
Er 2.35 4.66 2.75 2.68 2.06 3.68 4.19 1.92 0.58 3.06 4.31 - - -
Tm 0.26 0.47 0.31 0.19 0.24 0.18 0.13 0.06 0.06 0.39 0.09 - - -
Yb 2.05 3.55 2.48 1.58 2.19 1.79 1.50 0.69 0.57 3.56 1.15 - - -
Lu 0.28 0.46 0.33 0.23 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.09 0.08 0.43 0.14 - - -
ASI 0.95 0.51 1.04 0.97 1.05 0.77 0.76 0.74 1.04 1.08 0.89 0.77 0.71 0.72
LREE/HREE 7.8 3.6 62.7 6.9 26.4 4.2 24.2 17.3 25.2 8.2 26.2 - - -
(La/Sm)N 0.93 0.28 0.64 1.74 0.39 1.14 1.39 1.23 1.06 0.34 1.70 - - -
(La/Yb)N 0.65 0.21 0.50 3.05 0.22 3.34 1.90 3.26 0.49 0.24 4.52 - - -
(Gd/Yb)N 0.79 0.66 0.81 1.93 0.66 1.88 2.62 2.02 1.07 0.68 1.92 - - -
Ce/Ce* 1.02 0.89 1.08 0.97 1.05 0.97 0.96 0.99 0.95 1.10 0.95 - - -
Eu/Eu* 3.08 2.17 1.25 2.55 2.36 2.07 1.61 3.10 7.13 2.36 1.94 - - -
Ti/Ti* 0.01 5.47 0.00 0.01 0,02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.27 0.00 0.00
Pb/Pb* 29.14 28.33 48.19 10.42 81.96 14.59 13.20 11.80 78.13 39.96 7.16
Y/Ho 40.41 29.71 8.62 38.83 46.97 22.39 17.04 60.53 109.08 51.45 118.93 - - -
Cl/B - - - - - 50 - 16.8 16.7 - 22.5 - - -
Mg# 78.2 64.2 60.3 84.0 67.0 76.2 75.8 66.9 81.6 52.8 44.4 - 55.7 -
Rb/Sr 0.21 0.02 0.81 0.19 10.85 0.08 0.08 0.29 0.06 0.15 0.16 - - -
PG ¼ Tonalite; OP ¼ Host harzburgite; M(1,9,12) ¼ Melt inclusion glass.

sections, double polished and blue epoxy impregnated were con- the normalizing values of McDonough and Sun (1995). The results
structed (50 mm thick, 24 mm 46 mm, Wagner Petrographic Lab, of whole-rock analyses are presented in Table 1.
USA). An Olympus BX51 petrographic microscope was used for Furthermore, we have microthermometrically analyzed only
examining the thin sections. We should note that these thin sec- primary melt inclusions on one doubly polished 50e100 mm thick
tions were constructed primarily for fluid and melt inclusion ana- section, since primary inclusions were infrequent and showed signs
lyses and due to that they do not display the typical XL mineral of metastability in the other sections. The melt inclusions in the
colors, as shown in Fig. 3d and e. granitoid sample were completely crystallized in the quartz and
The same samples were prepared by removing exterior surfaces plagioclase grains, and so they were homogenized using the con-
with a rock splitter. Firstly, we separated the xenoliths of the host ventional horizontal cold-seal pressure vessel technique. High-
harzburgite from the felsic granitoids. Mineral separation from the temperature measurements were obtained with a MDSG600
granitoids involved handpicking after examination under a binoc- heating-freezing stage, at the USGS Denver Inclusion Analysis
ular microscope to ensure purity of better than 98%, based on their Laboratory. Heating-freezing rates range from 0.1 to 130 C/min.
paragenetic relations and textural equilibrium. In this way, only The stage was calibrated at the critical temperature of H2O
contiguous, non-tectonized and unaltered crystals of pyroxene, (374.1 C), the melting points of ultrapure NaCl (801 C), and silver
plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, quartz and calcite were selected. In (961 C). The accuracy and precision of homogenization tempera-
order to ensure primary isotopic signature, before the isotopic tures of melt inclusions are better than 5 C. From room tem-
analysis the samples were heated between 100 C and 200 C to perature to 400 C, a heating rate of 30 C/min was used. The rate
remove the involvement of secondary fluid inclusions. was slowed to 10 C/min from 400 C to 800 C and then held at
Mineral compositions were determined using a JEOL 8900 that temperature for thirty minutes before proceeding with ho-
Superprobe equipped with wavelength, energy dispersive and mogenization runs. Melt inclusion glasses were analyzed using the
back-scattered detectors and a xClent system for ppm-level res- EPMA difference technique (Table 1), with a Cameca SX50 and an
olution at the Microprobe Center of the Department of Earth and SX100 electron microprobe at the same laboratory equipped with
Planetary Sciences Department, at McGill University. Operating both WDS and EDS. Quantitative analyses were conducted using
conditions included an acceleration voltage of 15 kV, a beam WDS with silicate, oxide, and phosphate standards. The data were
current of 10 nA, and a counting time of 20 s. Scans in WDS mode corrected according to PAP methodology (Pichou and Pouchoir,
were also used to detect trace element contents. Standards used 1985) using a vendor supplied software.
were natural olivine, clino- and ortho-pyroxene, amphibole, Isotopic compositions of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and silicon
chlorite, epidote, K-feldspar, plagioclase, barite, muscovite, analyzed using a MAT-253 stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer.
magnetite, ilmenite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena, plus the Analyses were performed at the Chinese Academy of Geological
native metals Ag, Sb, Au, Se, Ta and Cd. ZAF corrections were made Sciences (CAGS), Beijing, China. Samples used for isotopic analyses
with proprietary JEOL software. A minimum of ten analyses were were cross checked under the CL microscope to avoid any possible
obtained from each sample and three from each grain. Scanning secondary isotopic signature due to alteration. Oxygen and
Electron Microscopy (SEM) was also used in order to determine hydrogen were released from pyroxene, plagioclase, hornblende,
the chemical composition of certain minerals of the felsic gran- biotite, quartz and calcite using the BrF5 extraction technique
itoids. These were carried out at the Laboratory of Electron Mi- (Clayton and Mayeda, 1963; Friedman and O’Neil, 1977). Silicon was
croscopy and Microanalysis, University of Patras (Greece), using a measured using the SiF4 technique of Ding (2004), whereas carbon
Jeol JSM-6300 Scanning Electron Microscope, equipped with EDS and oxygen in calcite were liberated as CO2 after Clayton et al.
and WDS and a THETA software. The operating conditions were (1972). The isotopic ratios are reported in standard d notation per
15 kV accelerating voltage and 3.3 nA beam current with 4 mm mil relative to SMOW for oxygen and hydrogen, NBS-28 for silicon
diameter beam. Also, at the same laboratory X-ray power and PDB belemnite for carbon. Analytical precision was better than
diffraction patterns of oriented granitoid samples were obtained 0.2& for d18O and d13C, 2& for dD and 0.1& for d30Si. We have
using a Bruker D-8 Focus diffractometer, with Ni-filtered Cu Ka used the AlphaDelta software of Beaudoin and Therrien (2009) to
radiation (with a 2q angle of 3 e70 ), using the XRD-data method compute the isotopic fractionation factors and equilibrium
of Moore and Reynolds (1997). The samples already used for temperatures.
probe analyses, prior to the microthermometric study of the melt The same minerals were analyzed for their Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd
inclusions were examined by cathodoluminescence (CL) using the isotopic compositions. The method used for Sr and Nd isotopic
Luniscope CL Reliotron spectrometer (Laboratory of Electron Mi- analysis is described by Papanastassiou et al. (1977) and De Paolo
croscopy and Microanalysis, University of Patras, Greece), equip- (1980). Samples were analyzed using a VG-354 ionization mass
ped on a Quanta 200F ESEM with 45-s scanning time. The applied spectrometer at the Modern Analysis Center, Nanjing University,
acceleration voltage and current were 15 kV and 120 nA and the Nanjing, China. The total procedure blanks for Rb and Sr were 20 pg
CL images were collected with a resolution of 1280 960 pixels and 50 pg and for Nd and Sm 1 ng and 0.2 ng, respectively.
and 256 gray level. Analytical precision for the 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios was
Major elements from the least altered felsic granitoid samples, better than 0.00001 (all errors are reported at 2s absolute). The
as their Ishiwaka Alteration Index is 8.5%, were detected by standards used for 87Sr/86Sr, 146Nd/144Nd and 143Nd/144Nd ratios
inductively coupled plasma (ICP), using a lithium tetraborate were NBS987 (0.710223 8) and JNdi-1 (0.7129 5 and
fusion, at the Actlabs laboratory in Ontario, Canada. The concen- 0.51112 5, Tanaka et al., 2000). The normalizing factors used to
trations of trace elements from the felsic granitoid samples were correct for isotopic fractionation of Sr and Nd were
86
obtained by Agilent 7700s inductively coupled plasma mass spec- Sr/88Sr ¼ 0.1194 and 146Nd/144Nd ¼ 0.7219, respectively. Isotopic
trometry (ICP-MS), at Chonnam National University, South Korea. data for Nd and Sr are presented in terms of the epsilon notation,
JG-2 gabbro and JGb-2 granite, obtained from the Geological Survey i.e., εSr and εNd (De Paolo, 1980). All ages were calculated using the
of Japan were used as standards. Repeated measurements of the decay constants for 87Rb and 47Sm which are 1.42 1011 and
data are between 0.05% and 1.4% relative for major elements, 7.1% 6.54 1012/yr, respectively. Ages were calculated using the least-
relative for TiO2, 0.06% and 0.1% relative for REE. To quantify the Ce, square regression technique. The Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isochron ages
Eu, Ti, Pb anomalies, we have used the equations of Taylor and were calculated using the York’s model 3 fit in Isoplot (Ludwig,
McLennan (1985), Bau et al. (1996), Peters and Day (2014) and 2001). We have used 2s errors of 0.5% for the 147Sm/144Nd
ratios, 0.0004% for the 143Nd/144Nd ratios, 0.055% for the augite (En59.8e61.8 and Wo27.7e28.2). Their Mg# (Mg# ¼ 100 Mg/
87
Rb/86Sr and 0.0055% for the 87Sr/86Sr ratios. (Mg þ Fe2þþFe3þþMn)) values range from 0.84 to 0.855, and are
relatively enriched in Al2O3 (up to 0.11 apfu; based on 6 oxygens)
4. Petrography and mineral chemistry and depleted in TiO2, Cr2O3 and NiO (0.01 apfu). Hornblende form
hypidiomorphic crystals showing intensive pleochroism in shades
4.1. Petrography of green. Some crystals appear with light colors or even colorless
and intergrown with plagioclases irregularly distributed due to
The felsic granitoids based on crystal size are fine and medium- intensive tectonism (Fig. 3d). Hornblende is classified as
grained with hypidiomorphic-to-allotriomorphic primary granular tschermatitic-hornblende towards tschermakite, with Mg# values
textures and preserve deformational textures, including grano- ranging from 0.73 to 0.81. Biotite appears with the same textural
phyric or mylonitic (Fig. 3d and e). In addition, sutured grain characteristics to hornblende and based on its Sitotal and Mg#
boundaries in most minerals, undulose grain extinction and wider values (w0.45) is categorized as biotite. Magnetite occurs as
grains of quartz are common because of ductile deformation. The medium-grained accessory phase, is rimmed by plagioclase and/or
felsic minerals of the granitoids are composed of plagioclase clinopyroxene and on the basis of its Fe, Cr, and Ti composition is
(70e60 vol.%), quartz (20e15 vol.%) and K-feldspar (5 vol.%). almost pure magnetite.
The mafic minerals (5e15 vol.%) are mostly hornblende, clino- Mixtures of fine-grained serpentine, muscovite, chlorite and
pyroxene and biotite. Epidote, titanite, titanomagnetite and minor albite and calcite are the main alteration products of the
ilmenite (5e7 vol.%) occur as accessory phases. In few samples, felsic granitoid minerals. Based on their Si and Al content, the
hydrothermal alteration resulted in the formation of chlorite, analyzed muscovites are rich-muscovites-to-low-phengites. Chlo-
muscovite, serpentine and syntaxial veinlets comprising quartz, rite appears fine-grained and fibrous. Chlorite is clinochlore due to
calcite, siderite, muscovite, and chlorite (Fig. 3d). its anomalous polarization colors and its Al, Si and Fe content.
A distinctive feature of the PGD1 to PGD4 samples is that they Serpentine is classified as solid solution of w25% sepiolite and
contain xenoliths of their host harzburgite, which in places w75% serpentine (e.g., sample PGD2_2).
comprise up to 50 vol.% of the felsic granitoids. These partially Olivine from the xenoliths occurs as a fine-grained matrix as
resorbed and recrystallized xenoliths with intense mylonitic tex- well as with medium-grained crystals that are highly altered to-
tures, comprise ortho- and clino-pyroxene porphyroblasts wards serpentine. The analyzed olivines are classified as forsterite
(60e70 vol.%) and plagioclase, with accessory minerals magnetite (Fo86.7e88.3Fa11.7e13.3) and their Mg# ratios range from 0.867 to
and chromite (Fig. 3a, b and f). Perthite clino- from ortho-pyroxene 0.883. Orthopyroxenes are classified as enstatite (En93.5e96.8 and
wispy exsolution textures and plagioclase mottled by clinopyrox- Fs3.2e6.5), with Mg# ratios ranging from 0.935 to 0.968, and the
ene occur in the xenoliths contained in the sample PGD3. The clinopyroxenes as augite (En72.3e75.6 and Fs10.5e11.4). The ortho- and
exsolution lamellae are planar, and their orientation is crystallo- clino-pyroxenes are enriched in Al2O3, and depleted in NiO. Spinel
graphically controlled along the (110) cleavage of orthopyroxene. contained in the host fragments occur as medium-grained acces-
Corona textures with cores of olivine mantled by rims of clino- sory phase with anhedral crystals and many of them appear in
pyroxene are common. Sometimes clinopyroxene, in turn, is rim- clusters of ortho- or clino-pyroxene. The spinel is categorized as
med by hornblende. In the PGD5 to PGD7 samples, the Al Mg-chromite.
recrystallized pyroxene-bearing xenoliths are surrounded by fine-
grained matrix comprising of quartz, hornblende biotite and 4.3. Geothermobarometry and physicochemical conditions of
muscovite. alteration
The wall-rocks are harzburgites, comprising relict olivine, othro-
and clino-pyroxene, and a hydrothermal assemblage that includes The compositions of the analyzed minerals were used for geo-
talc, serpentine, chlorite, muscovite and minor quartz. Serpentini- thermobarometry. For the temperature and pressure estimations,
zation is common among these rocks. Magnetite and chromite seven different geothermobarometers were used (Table 2). The
occur as accessory phases. Olivine and ortho- and clino-pyroxene two-feldspar geothermometer is based on the distribution of the
initially alter towards biotite, which in turn alters to Fe-rich chlo- albite component between plagioclase and alkali feldspar crystals
rite and muscovite. during magma solidification (Stormer, 1975; Putirka, 2008). The
temperature obtained from the application on the two-feldspar
4.2. Mineral chemistry geothermometer of Stormer (1975) in our granitoids is 681 C.
The Ti-in-biotite geothermometer of Henry et al. (2005) is based on
The plagioclases from the felsic granitoids are interstitial, sub- the Ti-saturation of near-isobaric natural biotite equilibrated at
hedral to anhedral composing of either fine-grained matrix or 4e6 kbar. Based on the Ti-in-biotite geothermometer of Henry et al.
coarse-grained squat crystals. They appear with regular zonation (2005), the calculated temperature is from 553 C to 583 C.
with cores composing of andesine (An44e56) and rims of oligoclase Pressure estimates for the granitoid samples were made using
(An25e38) (Fig. 3g), where the cores are enriched in the anorthite the clinopyroxene barometer. According to Ashchepkov et al.
component by w15%e20%. The K-feldspars are uncommon and (2001) pressure is the main variable that controls the chemical
always appear with allotriomorphic, medium-grained crystals behavior of clinopyroxene in the magmatic environment. The ex-
intergrown with plagioclases, forming intergranular textures. Their change of jadeite-diopside components on clinopyroxene allows
chemistry is persistent and characterizes them as orthoclase the calibration of the clinopyroxene thermobarometer
(Or100). In rare cases, relict plagioclases of higher An contents (Ashchepkov, 2002, 2003). Based on the clinopyroxene barometer
(Añ53e56, Fig. 3f and g) were observed under CL microscopy, char- the estimated pressure ranged from 5.7 kbar to 6.5 kbar. In addition,
acterized by resorption texture. the Al-in-hornblende geobarometer of Hammarstrom and Zen
The mafic minerals from the felsic granitoids analyzed are py- (1986) was employed. In the magmatic hornblendes the Altotal
roxene, hornblende and biotite (e.g., sample PGD6_1). Clinopyr- content correlates linearly with crystallization pressure of the
oxenes appear with the same crystallographic habit as plagioclases, intrusion. The Al-in-hornblende geobarometer was re-evaluated,
either as a fine-grained matrix or with coarse-grained crystals amongst others, by Johnson and Rutherford (1989) which empha-
(Fig. 3d). The clinopyroxenes analyzed are classified as diopside-to- sized that the Al-in-hornblende geobarometer should be applied
Table 2
Summary of the geothermo-barometrical results and melt inclusion analyses.
Geothermometer-geobarometer T ( C) P (kbar) logfO2 Reference

Two-feldspar 682.1 - - Stormer (1975)
Magnetite-ilmenite 677e682 - 21 to e20.9 Buddington and Lindsley (1964)
Clinopyroxene - 5.7e6.5 - Ashchepkov (2002, 2003)
Al-in-hornblende - 5.0e6.0 - Johnson and Rutherford (1989)
Hornblende-plagioclase 620e626 5.0e6.0 - Blundy and Holland (1990)
Ti-in-biotite 553e583 - - Henry et al. (2005)
Chlorite 222e251 - Cathelineau (1988) and Kranidiotis and MacLean (1987)
Melt inclusions
Host Quartz Plagioclase
Homogenization temperature (Th) 635e650 C 664e733 C
Water content 1.5e2.1 wt.% H2O 2.1e2.7 wt.% H2O
Trapping pressure (Pt) 4.38e4.41 kbar 4.44e4.59 kbar
for the assemblage hornblende þ biotite þ plagioclase þ K- The ionic strength calculated values of the serpentinized solution
feldspar þ quartz þ titanite þ Fe-Ti oxides. Based on this geo- are I ¼ 0.3 0.01. From the equilibria at 230 C, the obtained ionic
barometer, the estimated pressure ranged from 5.0 kbar to 6.0 kbar. activity values occurred during the alteration of the plagiogranites
The Al-in-hornblende geobarometer was also combined with the are listed in Table 3.
hornblende-plagioclase geothermometer after Blundy and Holland Fluid-wall rock interaction played a major role in the alteration
(1990). This geothermometer also uses the Altotal values in horn- of the granitoids. Alteration involved hydration of the mafic min-
blende as well as the An and Ab components of the plagioclase that erals (Table 3, reaction 1) and ion exchange between the fluid phase
co-exists with it. Based on geothermometer of Blundy and Holland and these rocks (Table 3, reactions 2e4). The most significant
(1990), the obtained temperatures are 620e626 C. parameter during alteration was pH neutralization. The pH increase
Buddington and Lindsley (1964) proposed the use of the com- modified the stability fields of the alteration minerals, and subse-
positions of coexisting ilmenite-hematite and magnetite- quently drove reactions (reactions 1e4, Table 3) to the right leading
ulvospinel solid solutions in the system FeO-Fe2O3-TiO2 as a geo- to their precipitation.
thermometer and oxygen barometer (i.e., magnetite-ilmenite
geothermo-oxygen-barometer) which has been re-evaluated by 5. Melt inclusions
Powell and Powell (1977) and Stormer (1983). The tem-
perature obtained based on the application on the magnetite- 5.1. Petrography of melt inclusions
ilmenite geothermo-oxygen-barometer of Buddington and
Lindsley (1964) (calculated with ILMAT excel, Lepage, 2003) for Melt inclusions in the Wadi Zikt felsic granitoids occur as iso-
this co-existence is estimated to range from 677 C to 682 C. For lated inclusions or in assemblages defining crystal growth zones
these temperatures the logfO2 values are w e21 or DlogfO2 within plagioclase and quartz crystals. Melt inclusions that occur in
(HM) ¼ e8.5 at w 680 C, suggesting a highly oxidized melt. The the same growth zone suggest synchronous crystallization at the
used geothermobarometers and the crystallization temperatures time the melt was being trapped (Fig. 4b) and provides the
and pressures of the felsic granitoid minerals are summarized in necessary evidence that the melt was in equilibrium with the host
Table 2. The non-stoichiometric behavior of chlorite makes it a plagioclases and quartz. Melt inclusions vary in sizes from 10 mm to
geothermometer, as chlorite composition (i.e., AlIV content of 30 mm. The analyzed melt inclusions are composed of homoge-
chlorite) unequivocally relates to temperature of formation neous glass with or without bubble or daughter minerals (Fig. 4a,b,
(Cathelineau and Nieva, 1985; Kranidiotis and MacLean, 1987; respectively). The shapes of melt inclusions are rounded, negative
Cathelineau, 1988; Jowett, 1991). Based on the chlorite geo- or elongate (Fig. 4c). The melt inclusions are assumed to be primary
thermometer the calculated temperatures that represent the as they are trapped along crystal growth faces or between growth
temperatures of hydrothermal alteration range from 222 to 251 C. zones with no visible fractures, following the nomenclature of
The chemical conditions of the highly serpentinized sample Roedder (1984).
PGD2_2 were estimated from phase stability relationships using
SUPCRT92 (Johnson et al., 1992) with thermodynamic properties 5.2. Microthermometry of melt inclusions
from the 2007 database (slop07.dat; Shock and Helgeson, 1988).
These estimations are based on the coexistence among silicates for Microthermometric measurements included the complete
NaCl-saturated aqueous liquids. Temperatures of 230 C (averaged melting temperature (Tm) of all silicate phases (except host) within
T obtained from chlorite geothermometer) and pressure of 1 kbar the melt inclusion and the homogenization temperatures (Th). For
are assumed. All solid phases considered to have ideal behavior. undersaturated melts, the Th constrains the minimum trapping
Individual ion activity coefficients of dissolved species were temperature (Tt). The pressure inside an inclusion (internal trap-
calculated using the B-gamma extension of Helgeson et al. (1981). ping pressure Pt) can be estimated using the measured
Table 3
Summary of the alteration chemistry.
Reaction Minerals Physicochemical

conditions (T ¼ 230 C)
1. 2Mg2Si2O6(s) þ 2Hþ(aq) þ H2O(l) ¼ Mg3Si2O5(OH)4(s) þ Mg2þ(aq) þ 2SiO2(s) Enstatite-serpentine log[aMg2þ/(aHþ)2] ¼ 5.2
2. 3KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2(s) þ 20Hþ(aq) ¼ KAl3Si3O10(OH)2(s) þ 2Kþ(aq) þ 9 Mg2þ(aq) þ 6SiO2(aq) þ 12H2O(g) Biotite-muscovite log(aK þ/aHþ) ¼ 3.8
3. CaAl2Si2O8(s) þ 5Mg2þ(aq) þ 8H2O(l) þ SiO2(aq) ¼ Mg5Al2Si13O10(OH)8(s) þ Ca2þ(aq) þ 8Hþ(aq) Andesine-chlorite log[aCa2þ/(aHþ)2] ¼ 6.5
4. CaAl2Si2O8(s) þ 2Naþ(aq) þ 4SiO2(aq) ¼ 2NaAlSi3O8(s) þ Ca2þ(aq) Andesine-albite log(aNaþ/aHþ) ¼ 4.9
Homogenization temperatures of the melt inclusions hosted

in plagioclase ranged from 664 C to 733 C whereas the ones in
quartz from 635 C to 650 C (Table 2). These temperatures
are w þ50 C higher than the ones obtained from the geo-
thermometry, suggesting that some of these temperatures
represent cooling or closure temperatures (Table 2). The water
contents (Cw) and entrapment pressures of melt inclusions were
also calculated with the MELTS software (Asimow and Ghiorso,
1998). The water contents of the melt inclusions based on their
measured melting temperatures of plagioclase range of 1.5e2.1
equivalent wt.% H2O, and that of quartz range of 2.1e2.7 equiv-
alent wt.% H2O. The calculated pressures range from the melt
inclusions hosted in quartz and plagioclase, i.e., from 4.4 kbar to
4.6 kbar (Table 2) are determined by using the equation Holtz
et al. (1992). These pressures are lower w2 kbar than the pres-
sures obtained from the geobarometry, and attributed to ductile
deformation of the pyroxene and hornblende (Table 2, see also
Searle et al., 2015).
Based on the model the Ebadi and Johannes (1991) for the
haplogranite system (Ab-An-Or-Qz-H2O) and their equations, the
glass has a composition of An36.3e51.7, Ab1.1e2.7, Or0.06e0.1 and
Qz42.4e60.1. EPMA analyses of the glasses showed that they
compose of (all in wt.%) 73.45e76.45 SiO2, 13.29e15.78 Al2O3,
0.01e0.65 FeO, 3.59e7.84 Na2O, and 0.02e4.01 K2O, whereas TiO2,
MnO, MgO and CaO are 0.03 wt.% (Table 1). The glass compo-
sition in plagioclase has (K/Ti)N values ranging from 10.1 to 17,
which is considered as typical of MORB composition (Sobolev,
1996; Michael et al., 2002). The analyzed halogen and H2O con-
tents were 0.012e0.021 Cl, 0.0002e0.005 F and 1.45e2.71 wt.%,
respectively (Table 1).
6. Geochemistry
6.1. Major element geochemistry
The Dadnah felsic granitoids have high SiO2 (66e77 wt.%), low
to moderate total alkali contents (Na2O þ K2O ¼ 1.4e10.5 wt.%) and
Mg# values ranging from 44.8 to 84.0 (clustering at 65 and 75,
Table 1). Utilizing the total alkali-silica (TAS) discrimination dia-
gram of Middlemost (1994) and the normative Qz-An-Or and An-
Ab-Or ternary plot (after Barker, 1979), the majority of the
analyzed granitoids and melt inclusion glass are classified as sub-
alkaline trondhjemites and tonalites (for simplicity from now on
are referred as tonalites, Fig. 5a and b). The tonalites and melt in-
clusion glass of Dadnah area display a wide range of An contents
(plagioclase normative compositions from w14 to w 64) with low
values of Or, suggesting plagioclase fractionation (Table 1, Fig. 5b).
Similar distributions of Ab, An, and Or contents have been reported
from previous studies, especially, for the crustal tonalites-to-
granites (Rollinson, 2009, 2014, 2015; Grimes et al., 2013). Based
on the ASI values and silica contents, our tonalites
(ASI ¼ 0.74e1.08), trondhjemite (ASI ¼ 0.95) and melt inclusion
glass (ASI ¼ 0.71e0.77) are from strong-to-mildly metaluminous to
weakly peraluminous and are mainly plotted as I-type granitoids
(Fig. 5c).
Figure 4. Petrography of melt inclusions trapped in quartz (a and b) and plagioclase (c) On the Harker diagrams, in which we have added the EPMA
crystals. The melt inclusions contain glass, and sometimes bubble or daughter minerals analyses of the glass obtained from the melt inclusions and the
(M.I.: Melt inclusions, P.F.I.: Primary fluid inclusions, S.F.I.: Secondary fluid inclusions in
available data of Rollinson (2015) from the Dadnah area, the Fe2O3,
arrays, Qz: Quartz, Pl: Plagioclase). Photographed at þ 22.5 C in plane-polarized,
transmitted light.
CaO, K2O and MgO contents of our tonalites show strong-to-weak
depletion with increasing SiO2. Moreover, Na2O reveals positive
correlation with increasing SiO2 (Fig. 6aef). These trends suggest
temperature, isochores for associated melts, and the appropriate that the tonalitic magmas were evolved due to fractional crystal-
melt-solid phase equilibrium, using the MELTS software (Asimow lization of clinopyroxene and plagioclase (alkali feldspar), which
and Ghiorso, 1998). All of the studied melt inclusions were ho- was accompanied with an increase of the Ab content of the
mogenized to liquid upon heating. plagioclase (cores to rims). Scatter of K2O and Na2O indicates that
K-feldspars and albite were not significant crystallizing phases

(Fig. 6c and d, Table 1). However, the fact that the compositions of
glass measured from the melt inclusions are similar to the analyzed
compositions of the tonalites (e.g., PGD2_2, PGD3_2, PGD6_1, PGD7,
Table 1) indicates that some of them represent least-fractionated
melts.
6.2. Trace element geochemistry
Chondrite-normalized multi-element plot of the tonalites

shows that the high field strength elements (HFSE) are rather
depleted relative to the large-ion lithophile elements (LILE). Also U
and Ti (Ti/Ti* ¼ 0.00e0.27) display strong negative and the Nb, Ta,
Zr, Y, Hf, and Th moderate negative anomalies, relative to the
adjacent elements of similar incompatibility (Zr and REE’s). Zr, Y, Hf,
Nb and Ta depletion is related to fractionation of hornblende and
zircon. From the more incompatible elements, Ba is strongly
enriched and Pb (Pb/Pb* ¼ 7.16e78.13), La and Ce show a small
positive anomaly. This trace element distribution pattern is prob-
ably attributed to subduction of recycled oceanic crust (Hofmann,
2004; Pilet et al., 2011, based on Monte-Carlo simulations) with
minor contamination of oceanic sediments (Fig. 7a).
The total REE abundance of the tonalites is up to w283 ppm.
Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the studied samples display
two different forms. The first type is essentially sub-parallel with
relatively flat and gently sloping patterns for the middle- (MREE)
and heavy-rare earth elements (HREE) with (Gd/Yb)N values
ranging from 0.8 to 1.1. The undepleted patterns for the MREE and
HREE suggest low-pressure during the formation of the tonalitic
melts (e.g., garnet-free), which is also consistent with the pressure
determined by melt inclusions (Table 2). They appear mildly-to-
strong enriched in the light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to
the HREE, with (La/Sm)N and LREE/HREE values ranging from 1.1 to
1.7, and 4.2 to 62.7, respectively (Table 1). They also show weak
positive Eu and negative Ce, Sm and Ho anomalies. These trends
suggest fractional crystallization of plagioclase and hornblende.
These tonalites which contain plagioclase, quartz, hornblende and
minor clinopyroxene are metaluminous with (La/Yb)N values of
1.9e4.5 indicating that are moderate fractionated (Fig. 7b, Table 1).
Fractionation and enrichment of LREE is considered typical for
felsic granitoids related to SSZ, and is also found in the tonalite-
granodiorite suite from the mantle section of Oman ophiolite
(Wadi Hemli or Hamiliya; Rollinson, 2014, 2015).
The second type occurs with the same overall form (e.g., (Gd/
Yb)N ¼ 0.8e2.1 and (La/Sm)N ¼ 0.9e1.2). In addition, they charac-
terized by intense positive Eu (Eu/Eu* ¼ 2.6e7.1), no or slightly
positive Ce and negative Sm anomalies, coupled with high Ba and
low Rb/Sr values which are attributed to accumulation of plagio-
clase (Table 1). These tonalites that contain plagioclase, quartz,
biotite and minor hornblende are peraluminous with (La/Yb)N
values of 0.5 suggesting that they are least fractionated (Fig. 7b,
Table 1).
For comparison, we have also plotted the host harzburgite (e.g.,
sample OP_2) that displays similar U and Th depletion and Ba
enrichment to the tonalities (Fig. 7a). The host harzburgite shows
the lowest values of (La/Sm)N ¼ 0.28, (La/Yb)N ¼ 0.21, (Gd/
Yb)N ¼ 0.66 and Mg# ¼ 64, negative Ce (w0.9) and strong positive
Figure 5. Tonalite classification plots using major elements: (a) Alkali versus silica Eu (w2.2) anomaly. Few of Dadnah tonalites appear with (La/
classification plot (TAS in wt.%) after Middlemost (1994). The alkaline and subalkaline Sm)N, (La/Yb)N, (Gd/Yb)N and Mg# values similar to their host
boundary of Irvine and Baragar (1971) is shown (after Rickwood, 1989). (b) Normative
quartz-anorthite-orthoclase (Qz-An-Or) ternary diagram, where the tonalite-
harzburgite. This suggests that there was interaction of the
trondhjemite fields are shown (after Barker, 1979) (blue triangles refer to composi- tonalite melt with its host harzburgite. In one of the thickest dikes,
tion of the analyzed melt inclusions, D: diorite, T and Tj: tonalite-trondhjemite). The we have sampled both the margins and the median plane of the
experimental basaltic melt compositions are from Koepke et al. (2004). (c) SiO2 (wt.%) dike (e.g., PG4Ma and PG4Mi). This dike appears internally
versus ASI plot (ASI ¼ the aluminum saturation index Al/[2(Ca 1.67P) þ Na þ K]. The
geochemically variable from the margins towards the median
metaluminous and peraluminous fields are adapted from Maniar and Piccoli (1989).
plane. For the major oxides there is a decrease of the Fe2O3t and
Figure 6. (aee) Harker diagrams for selected major elements (wt.%). The black circles represent the tonalites, the red squares the host harzburgite, the blue triangles the analyzed
melt inclusions and the purple rhombs the data of Rollinson (2015) from the Dadnah area. (f) Ti versus Al2O3/TiO2 plot depicting fractional crystallization for the tonalites.
Figure 7. Chondrite-normalized (a) multi-element plot (concentrations are normalized to chondrite average composition of McDonough and Sun, 1995) and (b) rare earth element
(REE) concentrations (normalized after chondrite of Sun and McDonough, 1989). The solid lines represent the metaluminous tonalites, and the dashed lines the peraluminous
tonalites. For comparison, we have also plotted the host harzburgite (e.g., sample OP_2, red circles).
MgO (w60%) and CaO and increase of their K2O (w40%) and Na2O Stakes and Taylor (1992) have argued that the plagiogranites
contents (Table 1). Also regarding the trace elements, there is a represent the final magmatic event that occurred at the spreading
decrease of the Ba and SREE (w30%), Hf and Th (w40%) and Ta axis. Grimes et al. (2013) have interpreted the low d18O values of
(w70%) and an increase of the Zr (w30%) and Pb (w60%) contents. zircons in tonalites-trondhjemites due to re-melting of the crust,
These relationships support that fractionation increased towards which was altered by hydrothermal fluids (i.e., seawater at higher
the center of the dike and there was also interaction with the host temperatures). Recently, Spencer et al. (2017) reported unusually
harzburgite at the margins. high d18O values from peraluminous, S-type granite samples in UAE
Pearce et al. (1984) proposed the Y versus Nb trace elements for and Oman that range from 14& to 28& (whole-rock: 14&e23&,
the classification of granitoids, on the basis that Y and Nb are quartz: 20&e22&, and zircon: 14&e28&). They suggest that
relatively more independent for alteration. In Fig. 8a, it is supported these extremely high d18O values indicate that the protolith of these
that our samples plot mainly in the volcanic arc granites field (VAG) granitoids was marine pelitic/siliceous muds that entered the
which is also evident from the trace element patterns (Fig. 7a). mantle through the subduction zone.
Additionally, it appears that the majority of the tonalites and glass In our study, the oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions
intruded under compression, suggesting that the melts are asso- were obtained from the tonalite minerals, including pyroxene,
ciated with the subduction process (Fig. 8b, see discussion also). plagioclase, quartz, hornblende, biotite, and calcite (Table 4). For
the calculations, we have used the average trapping temperature of
6.3. Characterization of source and magmatic differentiation melt inclusions as well as the temperatures obtained from the
application of the different geothermometers (Table 2). We have
Based on the Nd versus Nd/Ce plot, we have been able to utilized the mineral-melt and -H2O equations of Zhao and Zheng
distinguish the two plausible processes responsible for the (2003) and Zheng (1993a,b). The calculated d18OMelt, d18OH2O and
magmatic differentiation of the tonalite melts (Fig. 8c). The positive d18DH2O values are listed in Table 4. The d18Omelt or d18OH2O values
trend between Nd and Nd/Ce (Fig. 8c) implies that the tonalites range from 5.3& to 6.7&, clustering at w5.3& and 6.2&. The
were produced from partial melting, whereas the constant values d18OH2O values of hydrous mafic minerals of the tonalites are higher
of Nd/Ce over a wide range of the Nd content as well as the (e.g., 7.3&e7.8&, Table 4), whereas the d18OH2O values of quartz and
increasing of SiO2 with decreasing (La/Sm)N at almost constant LaN calcite from the later veins are lower (e.g., 1.8&e3.0&, Table 4).
values, indicate that they were subjected to fractional crystalliza- Valley (2003) and Carmody et al. (2013) suggested that the values
tion (Fig. 8c and d). of w5.5& represent a lithospheric mantle source, whereas the
Following the evidence for partial melting involvement in the values that are w 6.8& are enriched relative to the mantle and
formation of the tonalites, the CaO/(MgO þ FeOt) versus Al2O3/ retain isotopic characteristics of typical oceanic crust related to
(MgO þ FeOt) plot indicates that the tonalites and related melt MORB (Zi et al., 2012). Additionally, the d13CCO2 values of the vein
inclusion glass derived from partial melting of basaltic and grey- calcite are plotted in the ‘Igneous calcite box’ indicating a MOR-type
wacke sources (Fig. 8e). The majority of them, however, relate to a source for CO2 (Fig. 9c, Chaussidon et al., 1991).
basaltic protolith (Mg# values of 44e53, Kelemen et al., 1997, and We report, for the first time, nine helium isotope compositions
TiO2 values for the melt inclusions glass of 0.03 wt.%, Table 1). obtained from pyroxene, plagioclase, hornblende and biotite in the
These results are consistent with the ones obtained from halogens Dadnah tonalites (Table 4). The R/RA compositions range from 6.05
(Table 1). It is apparent that there are two types of tonalites. The to 7.99 (Table 4) and are close to or lower than the values attributed
first group has elevated Cl/B ratios (Cl/B ¼ 50) depicting the pres- to MORB (R/RA ¼ 8, Savelieva et al., 2008; Lustrino and Anderson,
ence of tourmaline, while the second group shows lower Cl/B ratios 2015). It is implied that the possible helium source for our
(Cl/B 22.5) depicting the presence of apatite. The presence of analyzed tonalites is related to MOR-type oceanic crust. Most of
tourmaline and apatite could be related to both partial melting of these minerals were also analyzed for their hydrogen isotopes.
sedimentary and igneous protoliths. The majority of the tonalites, Previous studies of hydrogen isotopes from Gregory and Taylor
according to the log(Nb/Y) versus log(Ti/Y) diagram, are plotted in (1981) obtained data from whole rock and hornblende. Their
the transitional field from tholeiitic to calc-alkaline affinity (Fig. 8f). measured dD values range from e56& to 0.0&, and are attributed
These trends are consistent with various degrees of partial melting to magmatic H2O, which interacted with seawater, however, there
of subducting oceanic crust (e.g. Martin et al., 2005; Thorkelson and are no data for the d18DH2O values. We have obtained a dDmelt value
Breitsprecher, 2005). of e85& from pyroxene, which is also related to MOR-type oceanic
crust (Chaussidon et al., 1991).
6.4. Isotope geochemistry Spooner (1977), Gregory and Taylor (1981) and McCulloch et al.
(1981) reported that 87Sr/86Sr initial ratios of the mantle and crust
Previous studies of oxygen isotopes of the Semail plagiogranites lithologies of the Semail ophiolite display extremely large variation
(obtained from tonalites-trondhjemites and minerals: plagioclase, (e.g., 0.7030e0.7065). They suggested that they were modified due
pyroxene, hornblende, quartz and zircon) indicated that d18O values to hydrothermal interaction of oceanic crust with seawater.
range from 2.4& to 14.0& (e.g. McCulloch et al., 1980, 1981; McCulloch et al. (1981) also reported that the initial 143Nd/144Nd
Gregory and Taylor, 1981; Stakes and Taylor, 1992; Grimes et al., ratios of these rocks have a limited range of εNd values of 7.5e8.6,
2013). McCulloch et al. (1980, 1981), and Gregory and Taylor indicating that all have distinctive oceanic affinity. Cox et al. (1999)
(1981) suggested that the d18OH2O values have been modified due reported negative εNd values and intermediate-to-high initial
87
to interaction of seawater with the oceanic crust. Gregory and Sr/86Sr ratios of the analyzed monzogranites-to-leucogranites
Taylor (1981) attributed the average d18OH2O values (e.g. from the Khor Fakkan block, and suggested mixing of a LILE
5.7& 0.2&) of the oceanic crust to seawater buffering due to enriched mantle component, i.e., metabasalts and a continental
hydrothermal circulation. Unfortunately, there are no calculated sedimentary component. Haase et al. (2016) proposed that the
d18Omelt or d18OH2O values for the isotopic equilibrium of the pla- almost constant age-corrected εNd values of w8 from the tonalites
giogranites or their minerals. Additionally, the d18OH2O values given over a range of 87Sr/86Sr initial values (e.g., 0.7035e0.7060)
by Gregory and Taylor (1981) were calculated based on the resemble to MORB oceanic crust affected by seawater.
assumption that both the granitoids and all of their minerals were The rubidium, strontium, samarium and neodymium isotope
in equilibrium with a fluid phase and not with the melt. results were obtained from fifteen samples of the tonalite minerals,
Figure 8. Diagrams indicating the possible tectonic settings of Dadnah tonalites (symbol color same as Fig. 6). (a) Y (ppm) versus Nb (ppm) plot. The WPG (Within Plate Granite),
VAG þ Syn-COLG (Volcanic Arc Granite, Syn-Collisional Granite) and ORG (Ocean Ridge Granite) fields are adapted from Pearce et al. (1984). (b) SiO2 (wt.%) versus log (CaO/
(Na2O þ K2O)) plot. The extensional and compressional fields are adapted from Wu and Kerrich (1986). (c) Nd (ppm) versus Nd/Ce plot. The partial melting and fractional crys-
tallization trends are adapted from Pearce (1980) and Ahmad and Tarney (1991). (d) LaN versus (La/Sm)N plot. The partial melting and fractionation trends are adapted from Xu et al.
(2015). (e) Molar CaO/(MgO þ FeOt) versus molar Al2O3/(MgO þ FeOt) plot (A: partial melts with metapelitic source, B: partial melts with metagreywackes source and C: partial
melts with meta-basaltic and -tonalitic source). The meta-pelitic, -greywackes and meta-basaltic and -tonalitic fields are adapted from Altherr et al. (2000). (f) Nb/Y versus Ti/Y plot.
The tholeiitic, transitional and calc-alkaline fields are adapted from Winchester and Floyd (1977) as modified by Pearce (1996).
Table 4
Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, silicon, and helium isotope data of the studied tonalites. Utilized the mineral-melt-H2O and -CO2 equations and isotope fractionation values from
Zhao and Zheng (2003) and Zheng (1993a,b).
Samples Minerals d18O (&) T ( C) d18Omelt d18OH2O dD (&) dDmelt dDH2O d13C d13Cfluid d30Si 4
He (107 cm3 3He (1013 cm3 3He/4He R/RA
(&) (&) (&) (&) (&) (&) (&) STP/g) STP/g) (106)
PGD6_1a Pyroxene, fine-grained 4.4 730 6.4 37 85 3.56 38.49 10.81 7.78
PGD6_1b Pyroxene, fine-grained 4.7 730 6.7 3.77 39.88 10.58 7.61
PGD6_1c Pyroxene, fine-grained 4.3 730 6.3 3.64 37.92 10.42 7.49
PGD6_1a Pyroxene, coarse-grained 4.3 700 6.2 2.43 22.95 9.44 6.79
PGD6_1c Pyroxene, coarse-grained 4.2 700 6.1 4.19 38.56 9.20 6.62
PGD6_1c Plagioclase, fine-grained 4.2 680 5.3 3.37 37.45 11.11 7.99
PGD6_1c Plagioclase, 5.1 620 6.1 2.28 23.17 10.16 7.31
coarse-grained
PGD6_1b Hornblende 5.0 620 7.3 55 77.1 4.23 37.93 8.97 6.45
PGD6_1c Biotite 5.3 550 7.8 61 95.2 4.84 40.67 8.40 6.05
PGD6_1b Calcitea 5.9 430 3.0 6.2 4.7
PGD6_1a Calcitea 5.7 430 2.8 5.6 4.1
PGD6_1c Calcitea 5.4 430 2.5 5.8 4.3
PGD6_1b Quartza 5.8 430 2.1 62 e 0.43
PGD6_1a Quartza 5.5 430 1.8 e 0.42
PGD6_1c Quartza 5.6 430 1.9 e 0.41
a
Temperatures were determined independently based on the calcite-quartz equilibrium pairs (based on the equations of Zhao and Zheng, 2003 and Zheng, 1993a, b). The
isotopic temperatures obtained are w430 C.
including pyroxene, plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, quartz and 7. Discussion

calcite. Unfortunately, we were able to obtain only two 143Nd/144Nd
isotopic values from hornblende and biotite. Accordingly, we have 7.1. Formation mechanisms and source for the Dadnah tonalities
calculated their initial isotopic ratios, epsilon values (εSr and εNd)
and isotopic ages (Table 5). Their initial 143Nd/144Nd and εNd values Previous studies in the Khor Fakkan block have frequently
(e.g., 0.511968 and 0.512032, and e13.07 and e11.82, Table 5) are depicted the monzogranites-to-leucogranites as low to high
lower than those of the MORB lithospheric mantle (εNd z þ19) and potassic and mostly peraluminous, with high contents of LILE and
the chondritic reservoir (εNd ¼ 0.0). These values are similar to elevated 87Sr/86Sr ratios relative to mantle (Briqueu et al., 1991;
those of MORB protolith and suggest contamination from oceanic Peters and Kamber, 1994; Cox et al., 1999 and references therein).
sediments (Chaussidon et al., 1991; Savelieva et al., 2008; Zi et al., These geochemical characteristics have been interpreted as
2012; Xu et al., 2015 and references therein). contribution from a crustal source, attributed to the partial melting
From the hydrogen versus oxygen isotope plot, it is evident that of metasedimentary rocks (e.g., Cox et al., 1999; Spencer et al.,
all of the calculated d18OMelt, d18OH2O and d18DH2O values relate to 2017). Our analytical data suggest that the Dadnah tonalites are
the Subduction-Related Vapor, Arc and Crystal Felsic Magma high siliceous, low-potassic, metaluminous to weakly per-
(Fig. 9a, Kuşcu et al., 2011). The possibility of mixing of different aluminous, enriched in LILE, (Rb, Ba, Sr, Pb, Eu), and Ta, La, Ce,
end-members to the formation of the tonalite melts can be depleted in U, and occur with low d18OH2O, moderate εSr and
depicted from d18Omelt or d18OH2O versus age-corrected εSr values negative εNd values. The Dadnah tonalites most probably formed
(Fig. 9b). MOR-type lithospheric mantle is characterized by lower from a complex process involving partial melting of the subducted
d18OMelt and εSr value (e.g., d18OMelt w 5.6& and εSr w e30) relative slab of MOR-type composition, accumulation of plagioclase and
to oceanic crust (e.g., d18OMelt w 6.8& and εSr w 0e10), and fractional crystallization, and interaction of the tonalite melt with
oceanic sediments (e.g., d18OMelt > 10& and εSr > 35) (Ito and the host harzburgite.
Stern, 1986; Zi et al., 2012; Carmody et al., 2013; Roberts and Accumulation of plagioclase, as a mechanism for the genesis of
Spencer, 2014; White and Klein, 2014; Lustrino and Anderson, the Dadnah tonalites, is evidenced by the intense positive Eu (Eu/
2015, and references therein). The tonalite samples on Fig. 9b Eu* ¼ 2.6e7.1, Fig. 7b), negative Sm anomaly coupled with high Ba
are plotted on the mixing line between the oceanic lithospheric and low Rb/Sr values (Table 1). The Eu anomaly may also indicate
mantle and oceanic crust. This suggests that from these two the temperature of solidification of the melts during the plagioclase
sources, the oceanic crust is dominant (Fig. 9b). However, this plot accumulation. Temperatures decreased from 730 C down to 665 C
cannot distinguish between the genesis of the melt due to direct (Table 2) as the melts ponded at the Moho Transition zone, due to
mantle-derived differentiation or to re-melting of the oceanic its behavior as a permeability barrier (Kelemen et al., 1997). The
crust. Moreover, the εSr coupled with the εNd values of the tonalites strong positive Eu, Ba and negative U and Th anomalies (Fig. 7a and
suggest that their parental magmas were formed from partial b) coupled with Mg# of w64, similar to their host harzburgite,
melting of mainly recycled oceanic crust (Table 4, see Stracke et al., suggest that some of the tonalites have interacted with their host
2003). The composition of silicon isotopes from the tonalites suits rock (Fig. 3f).
with the silicon isotope composition of recycled oceanic crust Fractionation is suggested by the linear trends on the normative
related to partial melting (i.e. d30SiNBS e0.4&; Pringle et al., An-Ab-Or ternary plot (Fig. 5b), the depletion of the Fe2O3, CaO, K2O
2016). Our helium isotopic data concur with the hypothesis of and MgO coupled with the positive correlation of Na2O with
recycled oceanic crust of MORB affinity that subducted in a lith- increasing SiO2 on the Harker diagrams (Fig. 6aee) and the linear
ospheric mantle (Savelieva et al., 2008; Graham et al., 2014; trend in the Ti versus Al2O3/TiO2 plot (Fig. 6f). Fractionation is also
Lustrino and Anderson, 2015). Additionally, in the R/RA versus supported by the enrichment of the tonalities with Mg#
(87Sr/86Sr)i plot (Fig. 9d) there is a negative trend between the R/ values 75 in the LREE relative to HREE (LREE/HREE z 4.2e62.7),
RA and initial 87Sr/86Sr isotopic values, which is consistent with the constant values of Nd/Ce over a wide range of Nd content
contamination from oceanic sediments of the subducted slab (Fig. 8c) and negative trend of increasing SiO2 wt.% with decreasing
(Savelieva et al., 2008; Lustrino and Anderson, 2015). (La/Sm)N at almost constant LaN values (Fig. 8d).
Figure 9. Diagrams indicating origins of melts and fluids involved in the formation of the tonalites: (a) Hydrogen versus oxygen isotope plot, showing the calculated water
compositions from Dadnah tonalites. The ‘Meteoric Water Line’ and ‘Kaolinite Line’, ‘Subduction-Related Vapor, Arc and Crystal Felsic Magma’, ‘Metamorphic water box’, ‘Magmatic
melts and Traditional Magmatic Water box’ are obtained from Kuþcu et al. (2011) and references therein. (b) εSr versus d18Omelt or d18OH2O compositions of Dadnah tonalites, relative
to possible magma sources. ‘Lithospheric mantle’, ‘Oceanic crust’ and ‘Sediments’ fields are after De Paolo (1980), Ito and Stern (1986), Cox et al. (1999), Rudnick and Gao (2003),
White and Klein (2014), and Lustrino and Anderson (2015). The inset histogram is a detail of the d18Omelt or d18OH2O axis. The colored bars represent the analyzed minerals, i.e.,
pyroxene, plagioclase, quartz, calcite, hornblende and biotite. (c) Carbon versus oxygen isotope diagram for vein calcites showing the calculated isotope systematics of the tonalites.
The ‘Marine Limestone’ and ‘Igneous Calcite’ boxes are from Bowman (1998). (d) R/RA versus (87Sr/86Sr)i plot, relative to possible magma sources. The ‘MORB line’ and ‘Oceanic crust’
field are after Savelieva et al. (2008) and Lustrino and Anderson (2015). (e) 87Rb/86Sr versus (87Sr/86Sr)i plot, relative to magma mixing and possible sources. ‘Lithospheric mantle’
and ‘Oceanic crust’ are after Ito and Stern (1986), Rudnick and Gao (2003), and Lustrino and Anderson (2015).
Table 5
RbeSr and SmeNd isotope results of the studied tonalites.
87
Samples Minerals Rb/86Sr 87
Sr/86Sr 87
Sr/86Sr Age (Ma) εSr 147
Sm/144Nd 143
Nd/144Nd 143
Nd/144Nd Age (Ma) εNd
measured measured initial measured measured initial
PGD6_1a Pyroxene, coarse-grained 0.24 0.705325 0.705650 98.22a,c 16.3
PGD6_1b Pyroxene, coarse-grained 0.36 0.705841 0.706166 98.5 2a,c 23.6
PGD6_1c Pyroxene, fine-grained 0.39 0.704958 0.705283 97.82b,c 11.1
PGD6_1b Pyroxene, fine-grained 0.37 0.704977 0.705295 97.32b,c 11.3
PGD6_1a Pyroxene, fine-grained 0.26 0.704886 0.705211 97.52b,c 10.1
PGD6_1b Plagioclase, fine-grained 0.15 0.704865 0.705190 97.72d 9.8
PGD6_1c Plagioclase, coarse-grained 0.19 0.705337 0.705662 98.61d 16.5
PGD6_1c Quartz 0.20 0.707357 0.707682 95.61e 45.2
PGD6_1a Quartz 0.19 0.707760 0.708085 95.71e 50.9
PGD6_1b Quartz 0.18 0.707342 0.707667 95.71e 45.0
PGD6_1b Calcite 0.15 0.708002 0.708327 95.4 1 54.3
PGD6_1c Calcite 0.16 0.707460 0.707785 94.9 1 46.6
PGD6_1a Calcite 0.17 0.707190 0.707515 95.2 1 42.8
PGD6_1b Hornblende 0.246 0.512468 0.511968 96.51f 13.07
PGD6_1c Biotite 0.257 0.512475 0.512032 96.31g 11.82
The MSWD (Mean Square of Weighted Deviates) shown in the table is a measure of the ratio of the observed scatter of the points (from the best-fit line) to the expected scatter
(from the assigned errors and error correlations).
a
MSWD ¼ 0.83 for coarse-grained pyroxene.
b
MSWD ¼ 0.88 for fine-grained pyroxene.
c
MSWD ¼ 0.85 for all analyzed pyroxene.
d
MSWD ¼ 0.95 for fine- and coarse-grained plagioclase.
e
MSWD ¼ 0.97 for quartz.
f
MSWD ¼ 0.80 for hornblende.
g
MSWD ¼ 1.12 for biotite.
The degree of fractionation that the tonalite melts were sub- age-corrected isotopic composition of (87Sr/86Sr)i,96Ma ¼ 0.703 and
87
jected was performed with the AFC-Modeler software (Ersoy and Rb/86Sr ¼ 0.001, Allégre and Sutcliffe, 2008; White and Klein,
Helvaci, 2010). For this model we used two incompatible trace el- 2014; and oceanic sediments (87Sr/86Sr)i,96Ma ¼ 0.716 and
87
ements Rb and Zr (D ¼ 0.01 and 0.002, respectively) and the least Rb/86Sr ¼ 0.32, Cox et al., 1999; Rudnick and Gao, 2003). The
and most evolved samples (e.g., PG1, SiO2 ¼ 66.92 wt.%, oceanic lithosphere component as a source of the least-fractionated
Zr ¼ 36 ppm and Rb ¼ 79 ppm, and PG5, SiO2 ¼ 77.99 wt.%, and fractionated Dadnah tonalites is contributing 93% to 97.5%,
Zr ¼ 79 ppm and Rb ¼ 80.4 ppm, Table 1). Assuming Rayleigh with an average of w96%, while the melted sediments contribution
crystal fractionation, we estimate that the Dadnah tonalites expe- is 2.5%e7%, with an average of w4% (Fig. 9b). The low contribution
rienced w55%e57% fractional crystallization (F ¼ 73). of oceanic sediments (w4%) in the melt that formed the Dadnah
Partial melting is implied by the fact that the Dadnah tonalities tonalites is also supported by the observation of Ernewein et al.
are enriched in LILE, the positive trends of Nd versus Nd/Ce and LaN (1988) which argue that no major sedimentary layer was
with (La/Sm)N (Fig. 8c and d). The CaO/(MgO þ FeOt) versus Al2O3/ involved during the transition of V1 and V2 volcanism.
(MgO þ FeOt) plot indicates that the tonalites and related melt We have also estimated the contribution of the oceanic crust
inclusion glass were derived from the partial melting of basaltic and component of MOR-type composition on the tonalite partial melt.
greywacke sources (Fig. 8e). The majority of them, however, relate For our calculations, we have used the incompatible element Rb. A
to a basaltic protolith (Mg# values of 44e53, Kelemen et al., 1997, typical RbMean value for the oceanic crust is considered as 1.4 ppm
and TiO2 values for the melt inclusions glass of 0.03 wt.%, Table 1). (White and Klein, 2014). The least-fractionated tonalites have Rb
Their elevated εSr values relative to mantle and negative εNd values, values ranging from 4.1 ppm to 82 ppm (average of w34 ppm,
coupled with the composition of silicon isotopes, suggest that their Table 1), while the fractionated ones have values ranging from
parental magma originated from partial melting of mainly recycled 7.3 ppm to 130.3 ppm (average of w43 ppm, Table 1). Since the
oceanic crust with minor contribution of melting from oceanic average contribution of the oceanic lithosphere, as estimated above,
sediments (Table 5). is w96%, the concentration of Rb in the least-fractionated and
The degree of partial melting in the oceanic slab of MOR-type fractionated tonalites ranges of 3.9e78.7 ppm and 7e124.9 ppm,
composition was performed with the AFC-Modeler software respectively. Applying these values on the MELTS software (Smith
(Ersoy and Helvaci, 2010). For this model, we used the typical LaN and Asimow, 2005) the obtained F values are 1.8%e7.1% for the
and (La/Sm)N composition of the oceanic lithosphere (Sun and least-fractionated and 2.2%e4.1% for the fractionated tonalites.
McDonough, 1989) and the least fractionated tonalite sample Therefore, the least-fractionated tonalite melts originated from the
PGD7 with (La/Yb)N values of w0.3 (Table 1, Fig. 8d). Assuming the partial melting of w1.8%e7.1% lithospheric mantle and w92.9%e
continuous and batch melting models, we obtain that the Dadnah 98.2% recycled oceanic crust, while for the fractionated tonalites the
tonalites formed due to w10%e15% continuous melting or 11.6% lithospheric mantle contribution was 2.2%e4.1% and 95.9%e97.8% of
(w12%) batch partial melting of the oceanic slab (Fig. 8d). recycled oceanic crust (average values for all tonalites, 97% recycled
In an attempt to estimate the possible contribution of the oceanic crust and 3% lithospheric mantle; Fig. 9e). A possible origin
oceanic lithosphere representing the slab (as defined by Jacobs of the recycled oceanic crust is evident from the occurrence of mafic
et al., 2015, his Fig. 6 for the Semail ophiolite) and the overlying enclaves, the LREE/HREE ratios of 26e63, the R/RA and lower εSr
sediments that possibly involved in the formation of Dadnah values (e.g., w10, Tables 4 and 5), the association on CaO/
tonalites, we have employed the mixing model method of De Paolo (MgO þ FeOt) versus Al2O3/(MgO þ FeOt) plot in which the tonalites
(1980) (Fig. 9b and d). For our calculations, we have used the AFC- and the glass contained in the melt inclusions display Mg# values of
Modeler software (Ersoy and Helvaci, 2010). The tonalite melt 44e56, strong Ti depletion (Ti/Ti* 0.27) and the Pb spike in the
consists of two end-members, i.e., oceanic lithosphere (with an spidergram (Pd/Pb* up to w 82, Fig. 7a, Table 1; see also Hofmann
and White, 1982; Hofmann, 2004) suggest mainly a meta-basaltic mainly contribute to the aluminous character of the Dadnah
protolith field (Fig. 8e, field C). tonalites. Hornblende and biotite can derived from the partial
It is quite difficult to define with confidence the protolith (i.e., melting of metasedimentary rocks, but our hydrogen and oxygen
volcanic rocks, gabbros, amphibolites etc.) that comprised the isotopes (e.g., d18OH2O ¼ 7.3&e7.8& and d18DH2O ¼ e95.2& to
recycled oceanic crust which partially melted to generate the e77.1&, Table 4), suggest that these minerals are associated with
Dadnah tonalite melt, since the magmatism in the Khor Fakkan typical magmatic fluids (Fig. 9a). Therefore, we suggest that the
block was almost continuous during the late Cretaceous and the mafic minerals of the tonalites are most probably related to slab-
transition from V1 to V2 phase occurred almost at the same time, derived fluids (Fig. 9a and c). The low d18OH2O values obtained
i.e., 96.4e95 Ma (Goodenough et al., 2014; Thomas and Ellison, from quartz and calcite (Table 4) coupled with the Y/Ho ratios that
2014). Furthermore, the subducted slab should be also comprised are w 100 (Table 1) suggest that some of the tonalites may have
by older oceanic crust formed during the Arabian passive margin interacted with seawater (Bau et al., 1996).
development (Triassic to Cretaceous Haybi volcanics, cherts and The influx of seawater and its interaction with the tonalites
shallow water exotic limestones; Searle et al., 2015). However we resulted in the precipitation of the late quartz-calcite veins at T
cannot rule out the possibility of layered or massive gabbros below w430 C (based on the temperatures obtained from calcite-quartz
those units as a source too. The Dadnah tonalities contains clino- isotopic pair, Table 4). Possibly, few sub-localities in our study area
pyroxene as a minor mafic mineral (Fig. 3d, with high Mg# values of (i.e. sub-locality D6 and D7; Fig. 2) associate to water excess
84e85.5 and TiO2, Cr2O3 and NiO depletion), while their plagio- through fault zones. The intense talc and serpentine assemblages
clases are less calcic (An44e56, Figs. 3g and 5b) than the experi- observed along these faults indicate that the fluids used these faults
mental products of Koepke et al. (2004). Koepke et al. (2004) have as pathways. Our geothermobarometry results suggest that alter-
melted gabbro samples, amongst others, at T 900 C which ation occurred at temperatures of w230 C. Therefore, the Dadnah
contain clinopyroxene (with Mg# values of 75e78) and plagioclase tonalites appear to have experienced minor excess from seawater
(An53e55) to produce plagiogranites enriched in Al and depleted in and are affected only locally where fault zones developed.
Ti and Fe. These An contents can be explained due to the smaller
influence of water during the plagioclase crystallization (Koepke 7.3. Genetic model for Dadnah tonalites
et al., 2004). Alternatively, these plagioclases with cores An53e56,
which occur in the least-fractionated tonalites with (La/Yb)N The plagiogranites can formed at any level in the ophiolite
values 0.5, may represent residual plagioclase (Fig. 3d and g) after section, through various magmatic processes with diverse source
the partial melting event of the recycled oceanic crust. origin (see Rollinson, 2009, 2015). The variation of local conditions
The least-fractionated, weakly peraluminous tonalites can be influences significantly the plagiogranite formation and thus, is
also derived from the fractional crystallization and plagioclase hard to define a simple genetic model. In previous plagiogranite
accumulation of a metaluminous melt (Lee and Morton, 2015; Gao related genetic models, the source was suggested by: (1) the loca-
et al., 2016). Plagioclase accumulation is an effective way for the tion where the plagiogranite melts generated (i.e., spreading axis or
tonalite melt, which formed by partial melting of the subducted off-axis), (2) the structural level of emplacement (mantle or crustal
slab, to evolve from strong-to-mildly metaluminous to weakly section of ophiolites) and (3) the variety of magmatic processes,
peraluminous (ASI 1.08). In this scenario, which can also give an such as partial melting, fractional crystallization, magma mixing
explanation for the two different tonalite types (metaluminous and and contamination. In order to propose a genetic model for the
peraluminous types in the sill of D6 location; Fig. 2), the Dadnah Dadnah tonalites, we briefly summarize the already published ge-
metaluminous tonalites were subjected to feldspar fractionation netic models for the northern and other parts of the Semail
(ASI z 1, Bilal and Giret, 1999). Feldspar accumulation is not ex- ophiolite, e.g., Searle and Cox (1999), Rollinson (2009), Grimes et al.
pected to significantly change the Al content of the residual tonalite (2013), France et al. (2014), Haase et al. (2015, 2016).
melt (Bilal and Giret, 1999; Frost and Frost, 2008). Textural evidence The genesis of felsic crustal intrusive rocks in the Semail
(Fig. 3d) suggests that feldspar accumulation which occurred at ophiolite was documented by Haase et al. (2016), where they
temperatures ranging from 665 C to 730 C (Table 2) was followed suggest that these granitoids formed by fractional crystallization
by fractionation of hornblende (ASI ¼ 0.5, Bilal and Giret, 1999) at from mafic melts that were genetically related. These melts formed
T z 620 C (Table 2) that resulted in the formation of the moderate by the fluid-induced melting of the mantle wedge and mixing with
fractionated, metaluminous tonalites (ASI 0.71) coupled with an subducted sediments and emplaced on the crustal sequence under
increase of the Al content in the residual melt. Then, the residual crustal extension (Haase et al., 2016). For the mantle leucogranites
was mixed and contaminated with the oceanic sediments and so Haase et al. (2015) argue that they represent partial melts of pelagic
was relatively enriched in water (higher PH2O), which facilitated the sediments from the subducted slab. The Dadnah tonalites are
crystallization of biotite (ASI ¼ 1e1.5, Bilal and Giret, 1999). Biotite emplaced on the uppermost part of the mantle sequence of the
that commonly replaces hornblende in Dadnah tonalites in- northernmost block of the ophiolite during compression, while the
corporates the remaining Al from the residual melt (Frost and Frost, primary melts of Dadnah tonalite generated by w12% partial
2008) and its crystallization, at T z 570 C (Table 2) differentiate melting of the oceanic slab (Fig. 8d) with minor contribution from
the tonalite melt to evolve to a more leucocratic and less fraction- mantle and sediments. Such a difference in the source contribution
ated peraluminous type (ASI 1.08). between our study and Haase et al. (2015, 2016) suggests spatial
heterogeneity and variety of processes in the genesis of the felsic
7.2. Effect of water content and alteration on tonalites granitoids along the different localities along the Semail ophiolite.
The genetic model of Rollinson (2009) included tonalite-to-
A small volume of water can significantly increase the degree of granite samples from both the crustal and mantle sequence of the
partial melting for the generation of the plagiogranites (Koepke ophiolite. He argues that the mantle-hosted granitoids formed due
et al., 2004). The melt inclusion glass in our plagioclase obtained to either mixing or contamination at the upper part of the depleted
from the uppermost part of mantle sequence contains 2.1e2.7 mantle during the early stage of ophiolite emplacement (i.e., from
equivalent wt.% H2O (Table 2), showing that considerable amount Wadi Hamaliya, Oman). Mixing between 10% and 30% of a meta-
of water was involved during the fractional crystallization. From sedimentary melt into the melt of a mafic source is considered as
our mineralogy results, the plagioclase, hornblende and biotite the main genetic process for the tonalites-to-granites in the mantle
sequence of Oman ophiolite (Rollinson, 2015). This model bears gabbro transition involves seawater circulation from an active hy-
many similarities to our results in the aspect of the source drothermal system in close proximity to the active-melt lenses at
involvement that contributed to the formation of the tonalite melts. the top of the magma chamber (e.g. Grimes et al., 2013; France
However, the Dadnah tonalites have quite different geochemical et al., 2014). However, this model aims to explain the generation
character and source component contribution, related to the of the intrusives at the crustal sequence of the ophiolite. The
melting of the subducted slab. Searle and Malpas (1982) and Searle seawater can infiltrate the deeper level gabbros in a ductile regime
and Cox (1999) reported centimeter-to-meter scale tonalitic melt through oceanic detachment faults (e.g. Koepke et al., 2007), but is
pods and veins, formed by 5%e10% partial melting of the subducted unlikely to reach and react with the melt-lenses in Moho level due
continental crustal basement at the late stages of obduction. to the higher depth. Moreover, Nicolas et al. (2000) reported
Furthermore, Briqueu et al. (1991) based on Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes absence of a magma chamber or mantle diapir in the Dadnah area
obtained from felsic granitoids of the mantle sequence in the according to their structural mapping in the Semail ophiolite.
northeastern Oman ophiolite, suggested anatexis of the meta- Based on our geochemical, isotope and geochronology data
morphic sole as source for the formation of these granitoids. (Fig. 10), complemented with new melt inclusion data, we make an
An alternative model for the genesis of the shallow level attempt to propose a tectono-petrogenetic model for the northern
intrusive rocks (tonalites-trondhjemites) at/or near the dike- Khor Fakkan ophiolite block with reference to the source
Figure 10. Summary chart for the ages of the Semail Ophiolite, plagiogranite intrusions and metamorphic sole. Our calculated Rb/Sr isochron ages from sample PG 6_1 on (a)
pyroxene (coarse and fine grained), (b) plagioclase (coarse and fine grained) and (c) quartz range from 98.1e95.4 Ma. In general our dating results span between 98.5 Ma and
94.9 Ma (Red square -7-, see also Table 5). The green area indicates the possible time interval for the formation of plagiogranites, based on the published ages for the plagiogranites
from Tilton et al. (1981) and Warren et al. (2005). The green arrow indicates the maximum age range from subduction-related metamorphism (110 Ma). Blue arrow indicates the
metamorphism of the sole. The obtained ages from previous studies are: (1) and (2) U/Pb plagiogranite ages (93.5e95.9 Ma and 97e97.9 Ma) from Tilton et al. (1981). (3) SmeNd
isochron age (98.8 9.5 Ma) from Cox et al. (1999). (4) 40Ar/39Ar on garnet-bearing granite in UAE (89.1 Ma and 89.9 0.4 Ma) and (5) from hornblende-bearing granite
(93.8 0.2 Ma) from Hacker et al. (1996). (6) U/Pb resampling of the plagiogranite of Tilton et al. (1981) (93e83 Ma, 95.5 0.24 Ma, and 95.16 0.2 Ma) from Warren et al. (2005).
(8) The oldest age of ophiolite from McCulloch et al. (1981). (9) 40Ar/39Ar on hornblende from amphibolite (95.7e92.4 Ma) from Hacker (1994). (10) K/Ar on metamorphic
hornblende from the amphibolite with ages in the wide range 101 Ma to 89 Ma that cluster age near 98 Ma of Gnos and Peters (1993). (11) 40Ar/39Ar on mafic dike intruding the
metamorphic sole and lowest part of the mantle sequence (93.7 0.8 Ma) from Hacker and Gnos (1997). (12) 40Ar/39Ar on muscovite from metamorphic sole (92.4 0.2 Ma) from
Hacker and Gnos (1997). (13) Hornblende from the metamorphic sole in northern part of the Semail ophiolite (94.9 0.2 Ma) and (14) in the southern part (93.5 0.1 Ma) from
Hacker and Gnos (1997). (15) K/Ar biotite from the metamorphic sole (89.2 0.4 Ma) of Gnos and Peters (1993). (16) U/Pb age (99.8 3.3 Ma) of peraluminous granite dikes from
zircon cores and rims from Spencer et al. (2017). (17) New high precision UePb dates on zircons (96.169 0.022 Ma to 96.146 0.035 Ma) from Sumeini sole (Rioux et al., 2016) and
(17*) UePb dates on zircons (94.815 0.030 Ma) from Wadi Tayin sole (Rioux et al., 2016). Stars in the plagiogranite field are the ages of 98.5 Ma of the composite sill of Ra’s Dadnah
and 95.3 Ma trondhjemite. The ages of tonalites-trondhjemites (stars), metamorphism of the sole (blue arrow), exhumation (80e70 Ma) and end of obduction (72 Ma) are obtained
from McCulloch et al. (1980, 1981), Gregory and Taylor (1981), Stakes and Taylor (1992), Hacker and Gnos (1997), Cox et al. (1999), Warren et al. (2005), Grimes et al. (2013), Searle
et al. (2015), Rioux et al. (2016).
contribution, the water effect and related magmatic evolution of this complex tectono-magmatic process, the input of small
processes (Fig. 11). The subducted older and denser oceanic crust amount of sediments on the subducted slab led to the mixing of the
(Triassic to late Cretaceous Haybi complex) was overridden by recycled oceanic crust (i.e., upper basaltic lavas and lower gabbros)
young hot asthenospheric mantle providing the thermal gradient which interacted with the mantle wedge (e.g. Haase et al., 2016),
that facilitated melting at shallower than the expected depth. That but with the influence of lithospheric mantle being relatively mi-
intra-oceanic subduction was more evolved in the northern nor. Cox (2000), using mixing calculations on subducted metabasalt
ophiolite blocks (Khor Fakkan and Aswad blocks) compared to the (i.e. metamorphic equivalents of Haybi volcanics), suggested that
central and south blocks, based on the gradual increase in volume Ra-Dibba monzogranites contain w65% of the basaltic end-
phase 2 magmatism, the influence of fluids from the subducting member, the Ra-Dadnah composite dikes 30%e50%, and the Wadi
slab (Goodenough et al., 2014) and the timing of ophiolite Hulw dikes less than 5%, emphasizing the high degree of hetero-
emplacement onto the continental margin at 93e92 Ma (Styles geneity of the source. Additionally, Rollinson (2015) proposed
et al., 2006) in the north compared to the younger emplacement in mixing of 10%e30% metasedimentary melt into a mafic source.
the south (82e79 Ma; Warren et al., 2005; Fig. 10). Subduction Our estimations suggest that the tonalites of Dadnah were the
appears to be almost contemporaneous with the operation of the end result of partial melting and subsequent contamination and
fast-spreading ridge, based on the almost continuous magmatism mixing of w4% oceanic sediments with w96% oceanic lithosphere
from MORB-like composition (phase 1) to the more hydrous island from the subducted slab. This MORB-type slab melt composed from
arc-type composition (phase 2) related to the SSZ setting w97% recycled oceanic crust and w3% of the overlying mantle.
(Goodenough et al., 2014; Haase et al., 2016). During the evolution Partial melting of the slab assisted also by the fluids released from the
Figure 11. (a) A proposed schematic petrogenetic model for the formation of the Dadnah tonalites intrusive in the mantle sequence at the northern part of the Semail ophiolite. The
anatexis of recycled oceanic crust (upper part of slab with basaltic primary composition mixed with minor sedimentary component) produced the off-axis melts and their sub-
sequent minor interaction and mixing with the overlying mantle produced the tonalite melts. The melts recorded temperatures from 720 C to 680 C, ascent and pond at the upper
part of mantle, just below the Moho transition zone (plate setting modified from Cox et al., 1999, Goodenough et al., 2014; Searle et al., 2015, Roberts et al., 2016; Soret et al., 2017).
(b) Schematic illustration for the process of the tonalite generation at the upper part of the subducting slab. Oceanic lithosphere and sediments on the slab mantle interface can melt
at low pressures (3e7 kbar, i.e. 10e20 km; Kostopoulos and Murton, 1992) due to unusually hot conditions within the mantle wedge during the first 5e10 Myr after subduction
initiation (Stern et al., 2012). The higher degree of depletion in the lithospheric mantle of the SSZ ophiolite is balanced by the introduction in the subduction zone of older oceanic
enriched crust (Haybi complex and below) with the associated sediments carried above the slab. The discontinuous sediment cover along and across the slab interface can be
responsible for the variety of granitoid types and ages observed. On the slab interface, the metamorphic sole accretion is controlled by the percentage of partial melting. In our case
for the northern part, the sole accretion is inhibited and mechanical decoupling is favored triggering less sedimentary input and more oceanic crust to be involved in the partial melt
(see also Soret et al., 2017).
hydrous subducted sediments. We imply that the composition and despite some analytical uncertainties, leave also a hint that the
thickness of the subducted slab and its sedimentary cover was highly inta-oceanic subduction might initiated a bit earlier than the
heterogeneous laterally and vertically, consisting by older oceanic ophiolite generation at the spreading ridge. Since the ages of the
crust (mainly of Late Triassic exotic reefal limestones (seamount) metamorphic sole, the ophiolite formation and the plagiogranite
above an basaltic substrate, cherts, and mélanges; Haybi complex) melt are very close and overlapping, a mechanism including partial
and was discontinuously overlain by marine sediments (Searle et al., melting of the subducted slab with synchronous formation and
2015). Another potential source could be the metabasalts and met- exhumation for the metamorphic sole as a direct consequence of
agreywackes comprising the basement unit (Hatat fm.) below the spreading above a nascent subduction zone is required, explaining
Haybi and Hawasina allocthons (Gray and Gregory, 2003). in a way the varied estimations for the sedimentary input in the
Oceanic crust and sediments on the slab mantle interface can tonalite melts.
melt at low pressures (3e7 kbar, i.e. 10e20 km; Kostopoulos and
Murton, 1992) due to unusually hot conditions within the mantle 8. Conclusions
wedge during the first 5e10 Myr after subduction initiation (Stern
et al., 2012). Mantle melting is enhanced due to SSZ fluid input Our concluding remarks based on the synthesis and analysis of
(Pearce et al., 1984). The higher degree of depletion in the litho- geological, mineralogical, petrological, geochemical and isotopic
spheric mantle of the SSZ ophiolite is balanced by the introduction data in the Khor Fakkan ophiolite block in the Eastern Emirates can
in the subduction zone of the older oceanic enriched crust (Haybi be summarized as follows:
complex) with the associated sediments carried above the slab. The
discontinuous sedimentary cover along and across the slab inter- (1) The Dadnah tonalites, intrusive in the mantle section of the
face can be responsible for the variety of granitoid types and ages Khor Fakkan block, are high siliceous, low-potassic, metal-
observed along the ophiolite structural grain (from UAE to Oman) uminous to weakly peraluminous, enriched in LILE, Ta, La, Ce,
and across the oceanic mantle and crust (crustal and mantle pla- depleted in U, and occur with low d18OH2O, moderate εSr and
giogranites). Soret et al. (2017) argued that on the slab interface, the negative εNd values. Geochemical and isotopic compositions
metamorphic sole accretion is controlled by the percentage of link our tonalites with magmatic processes occurring at the
melting since low melt fractions < 7% do not affect the inter-plate initial stages of a supra-subduction zone setting.
viscous coupling and only contribute to strain localization and (2) Melt inclusions hosted in plagioclase indicated the least-
weakening on the detachment of the sole thrust slices. For melt fractionated tonalites and the PeT conditions
fractions >7% (w12% partial melting in our case) sole accretion is (T ¼ 664e733 C, P ¼ 4.4e4.6 kbar) for their formation.
inhibited and mechanical decoupling is favored (Soret et al., 2017). (3) The Rb/Sr isochron suggest an age range of 98.6e94.9 Ma for
This can explain the low percentage of sedimentary component in the Dadnah tonalites.
our tonalite melt, since sole accretion stacks up thicker thrust slices (4) The Dadnah tonalites formed by partial melting (w10%e15%
of metasediments, while in the decoupling the oceanic crust carries continuous or w 12% batch partial melting), accumulation of
only thinner sedimentary layers. Partial melting and mixing fol- plagioclase, fractional crystallization (w55%e57%), and mild
lowed by plagioclase accumulation and fractional crystallization interaction with the host harzburgite.
and interaction with the host harzburgite. The melts ascended to (5) The stable and noble gas (He) isotopes indicate that the tona-
higher structural levels (pressure difference from 6.5 kbar to lites were formed by melting of mainly recycled oceanic crust
4.4 kbar, corresponding to w7 km upward flow, Table 2) and that was hydrothermally altered.
ponded at the uppermost part of mantle sequence and in the MTZ (6) From the estimation of source contributions, the tonalite melt
of the Khor Fakkan block, which represents a permeability barrier, evolved from w96% of oceanic lithosphere and w4% of oceanic
forming the unique in geochemical and isotopic character Dadnah sediments. The oceanic lithosphere was mainly recycled
tonalites. oceanic crust (w97%) with minor component from the over-
Our calculated Rb/Sr isochron ages for the tonalites yielded a lying mantle (w3%).
range between 98.6 Ma and 94.9 Ma (Fig. 10, Table 5) which indicates
that the crystallization of these melts predates slightly the suggested
Acknowledgements
96.1e94.8 Ma age range of the metamorphic sole (Rioux et al., 2016).
In addition, our ages obtained from sample PG6_1 (Fig. 10a, b and c;
We express our appreciation to the Petroleum Institute (part of
Table 5) in which pyroxene has a weighted mean Rb/Sr isochron of
Khalifa University, UAE) for providing us access to the ADRIC lab
97.86 1.5 Ma (Mean Square of Weighted Deviates, MSWD ¼ 0.85;
facilities and field support during this study. Especially, we would
Fig. 10a), plagioclase of 98.1 1 Ma (MSWD ¼ 0.95; Fig. 10b) and
like to thank Dr. Kil and his staff of Chonnam National University, S.
quartz of 95.4 1 Ma (MSWD ¼ 0.97; Fig. 10c). Spencer et al. (2017)
Korea for the permission to use their ICP-MS facility. We also thank
reported ages (UePb on zircon) of 99.8 3.3 Ma obtained from S-
the staff of the USGS Denver Inclusion Analysis Laboratory for the
type, granite dikes that intruded the Semail peridotite. The dates
melt inclusions microthermometry and EPMA analyses, and the
from quartz are identical with the ages (e.g., 96.1e94.0 Ma and
Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), Beijing, China for
within a narrow age range of 95.3 0.5 Ma) reported from Warren
the isotopic analyses. This work is part of H.J.’s MSc thesis project
et al. (2005), Goodenough et al. (2014), and Rioux et al. (2016).
(PIPGSTS-16-16) conducted at the Petroleum Institute, UAE. H.
These authors have dated zircon grains from several tonalite and
Rollinson and three anonymous reviewers are warmly thanked for
trondhjemite intrusions along the length of the ophiolite.
their constructive reviews and suggestions and S. Kwon for his
We attribute the older ages obtained to possibly record the
editorial handling that lead to a significant improvement of the
partial melting event, i.e., relate to relict plagioclases of higher An
final version of the manuscript.
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Geoscience Frontiers: Hosung Joun, Sotirios Kokkalas, Stylianos Tombros

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Geoscience Frontiers 10 (2019) 1187e1210

H O S T E D BY Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

China University of Geosciences (Beijing)

Recycled oceanic crust as a source for tonalite intrusions in the mantle

1. Introduction lenses or re-melting of hydrothermally altered maﬁc crustal rocks

2.2. Metamorphic sole and formation of felsic granitoids

The Semail metamorphic sole is a thin (10 m to w500 m thick)

D1 D2 D2_2 D3_1 D3_2 D4_Mi D4_Ma D5 D6_1 D7 D7_2 M1 M9 M12

PG ¼ Tonalite; OP ¼ Host harzburgite; M(1,9,12) ¼ Melt inclusion glass.

Geothermometer-geobarometer T ( C) P (kbar) logfO2 Reference

Reaction Minerals Physicochemical

Homogenization temperatures of the melt inclusions hosted

6.1. Major element geochemistry

K-feldspars and albite were not signiﬁcant crystallizing phases

6.2. Trace element geochemistry

Chondrite-normalized multi-element plot of the tonalites

including pyroxene, plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, quartz and 7. Discussion

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