ARCH 411: Structural Design

Concrete Construction
(Chapter 11 in the book)

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 Introduction

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 Concrete Structures

Cast-in place structures

Curved Stairs Formwork

Ramp Formwork
Column Formwork
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What’s Concrete?

(Fine Aggregates)
Concrete is strong in compression

BUT very weak in tension

Concrete Mixture

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Reinforcement (Steel bars)

Steel is very strong in tension

Steel Reinforcement

Steel is added to concrete to

compensate the weakness of
concrete in tension

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Steel Reinforcement

Nominal Diameter, mm Area of bar, mm2

6 28
8 50
10 79
12 113
14 154
16 201
20 314
25 491
32 804

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 Column

Beam

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 3D view
Concrete

Shear
Reinforcement
Cross section

Moment
Reinforcement

Longitudinal
section

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 Concrete Cover
▪ Cover is distance from surface of
bar to closest concrete surface.
▪ Important to have cover for 4
primary reasons:
o To bond reinforcement to
concrete,
o To protect reinforcement
against corrosion,
o To protect reinforcement from
strength loss due to
overheating in case of fire,

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 Total Area of Steel Reinforcement
Nominal Diameter, mm Area of bar, mm2

3 Ф 32 mm 6 28
As = 3*804= 8 50
2412 mm2 10 79
12 113
14 154
16 201
20 314
25 491
32 804
6 Ф 25 mm 6 Ф 25 mm
As = 6*491=
2946 mm2 3 Ф 25 mm
As =
𝑑 = ℎ − 70 − 35 3*491=
d = 600 -70 -35 = 495 mm 1473 mm2
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 6 Ф 32
mm
As = 6*804=
4824 mm2

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 Reinforcement in a simply supported beam

➢ Compression in the Top Fiber

➢ Tension in the Bottom Fiber

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Reinforcement in a cantilever beam

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 Moment Capacity of a beam

Calculate the design moment capacity ΦMn of

3 Ф 32 450 mm
the beam with f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 420 MPa.

70

 is a strength reduction factor =0.9 300 mm

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 2412 ∗ 420
𝑎= = = 141.89 𝑚𝑚
d = 380 mm; 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 300
𝐴𝑠 = 3 ∗ 804 𝑎 141.89
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 2412 ∗ 420 380 −
= 2412 𝑚𝑚2 2 2
108
b = 300 mm = 3.13 ∗ 108 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 = 3.13 ∗ 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 313 KN.m
106

𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 313 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 282 kN.m

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 𝑤 =50 KN/m

50∗6
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = =150 kN
2

6𝑚
𝑅1 = 150 kN 𝑅2 = 150 kN

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 225 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑤𝐿2 50 ∗ 62
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 225 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8

𝑀𝑛 = 282 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 225 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Moment Diagram
⇒ The section is convenient

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 𝑤 =100 KN/m

150∗6
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = =450 kN
2

6𝑚
𝑅1 = 450 kN 𝑅2 = 450 kN

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑤𝐿2 100 ∗ 62
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 450 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8

𝑀𝑛 = 282 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Moment Diagram
⇒ The section is not convenient
⇒ Change Dimensions, or change reinforcement

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 Moment Capacity of a beam
Consider the following RC slab supported on beams and girders.
The total Dead Load on the slab is D= 2.5 kN/𝑚2
The total Live load on the slab is L= 5 kN/𝑚2
9m

1- Consider a typical interior beam.

4m Find the uniform dead load and live load acting on the
beam
Answer:
4m D = 2.5 * 4 =10 kN/m
L = 5*4 = 20 kN/m

4m

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 Moment Capacity of a beam
2- Find the design load on the beam

Answer:
Since only D and L, then we will only consider the first two
load combinations:
1.4 D = 1.4 (10) = 14 kN/m
1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 (10) + 1.6 (20) = 44 kN/m Max = 44 kN/m = w

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 Moment Capacity of a beam
3- Find the maximum moment on the beam

𝑤 = 44 kN/m

44 ∗ 9
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = =198 kN
2

9𝑚
𝑅1 = 198 kN 𝑅2 = 198 kN

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 446 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑤𝐿2 44 ∗ 92
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 446 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8

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 Moment Capacity of a beam
3- Is using this section of the beam convenient?

Find the moment capacity of the beam

530
mm 600 mm 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 3216 ∗ 420
d = 530 mm; 𝑎= = = 141.89 𝑚𝑚
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 400
4  32 mm
𝑎 141.89
70 mm 𝐴𝑠 = 4 ∗ 804 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 3216 ∗ 420 530 −
2 2
400 = 3216 𝑚𝑚2 108
mm = 6.2 ∗ 108 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 = 6.2 ∗ 106 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 620 KN.m
b = 400 mm
𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 620 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 558 kN.m >
446 kN.m => the section is acceptable.

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 Design of RC beams
Preliminary Dimensions for Control of Deflections

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 Design of RC beams
Preliminary Dimensions for Control of Deflections
▪ Numerical Examples

Cantilever Both end continuous Cantilever

𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
6m ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
8 21 8
2500 6000 2500
= = =
8 21 8
𝐿 6000 = 312.5 𝑚𝑚 = 286 𝑚𝑚 = 312.5 𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 375 𝑚𝑚
16 16
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 312.5 𝑚𝑚; 286𝑚𝑚; 312.5𝑚𝑚 = 312.5 𝑚𝑚
Round-up to a multiple of 50 mm =>
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 400 𝑚𝑚 Round-up to a multiple of 50 mm => ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 350 𝑚𝑚

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 Design of RC beams (Example)
Consider the following RC slab supported on beams and girders.
The total Dead Load on the slab is D= 2.5 kN/𝑚2
The total Live load on the slab is L= 5 kN/𝑚2
Consider f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 420 MPa.
9m 1- Consider a typical interior beam.
Find the uniform dead load and live load acting on the
beam
4m Answer:
D = 2.5 * 4 =10 kN/m
L = 5*4 = 20 kN/m
4m 2- Find the design load on the beam
w = 44 KN/m (Previously calculated)

4m

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 Design of RC beams (Example)
Design the beam
𝐿 9000
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 562.5 𝑚𝑚 ⇒ Round to 600 mm
16 16
𝑚 𝑓𝑦
𝑤 = 44 kN/m 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦 1 − 𝑚=
2 0.85𝑓′𝑐
For 𝑓’𝑐 = 28 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa; m= 17.6
Consider  = 0.011
0.011∗17.6
𝑅𝑛 = 0.011 ∗ 420 1 − =4.17
9𝑚 2

𝑅2 = 198 kN 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 446 ∗ 106

𝑅1 = 198 kN 𝑏𝑑 2 = = = 1.19 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚3
𝑅𝑛 0.9 4.17
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 446 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 ℎ = 600 𝑚𝑚 ⇒ 𝑑 = ℎ − 70
= 530 𝑚𝑚
𝑏(530)2 = 1.19 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚3
⇒ 𝑏 = 423 𝑚𝑚 ⇒ 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 450 𝑚𝑚

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 𝑏 = 450 𝑚𝑚 Nominal Diameter, mm Area of bar, mm2
Beam Dimensions
h = 600 mm 6 28
8 50
A𝑠 = 𝑏𝑑 = 0.011 450 530 = 2624 𝑚𝑚2 10 79
12 113
Choose bar diameter of 32 mm 14 154
=> number of bars = 2624/804=3.26
 Use 4 bars
16 201
 4  32 mm 20 314
25 491
32 804

Final Design

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