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    Vijay Hatkar
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    This document discusses different types of drilling rigs and sampling methods used for geological exploration. It provides examples of early steam-powered diamond drilling rigs from 1908 used to recover coal cores, as well as simple A-frame rigs from around 1900 used for shallow dry borings powered by gas engines. Later, large diameter bucket auger excavations were used at dam sites. The document also discusses the original Standard Penetration Test (SPT) sampler developed in the 1920s, how samples can become disturbed, and common errors that can occur when using SPT tests.

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    RIGS 1

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    This document discusses different types of drilling rigs and sampling methods used for geological exploration. It provides examples of early steam-powered diamond drilling rigs from 1908 used to recover coal cores, as well as simple A-frame rigs from around 1900 used for shallow dry borings powered by gas engines. Later, large diameter bucket auger excavations were used at dam sites. The document also discusses the original Standard Penetration Test (SPT) sampler developed in the 1920s, how samples can become disturbed, and common errors that can occur when using SPT tests.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    32 views11 pages

    Examples of Various Kinds of

    Uploaded by

    Vijay Hatkar
    This document discusses different types of drilling rigs and sampling methods used for geological exploration. It provides examples of early steam-powered diamond drilling rigs from 1908 used to recover coal cores, as well as simple A-frame rigs from around 1900 used for shallow dry borings powered by gas engines. Later, large diameter bucket auger excavations were used at dam sites. The document also discusses the original Standard Penetration Test (SPT) sampler developed in the 1920s, how samples can become disturbed, and common errors that can occur when using SPT tests.

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    of 11

    Examples of Various Kinds

    of
    DRILLING RIGS
    J. David Rogers
    • One of the earliest diamond drilling machines is the
    steam-powered rig shown here in 1908, recovering
    cores for assessment of shallow coal deposits in
    Illinois. From Illinois State Geological Survey
    • From about 1900, shallow “dry borings” for
    geotechnical exploration utilized a 3-man crew with
    a simple A-frame, such as that shown here, along
    with a gas powered engine. This could be set up
    and broken down by hand, in confined spaces.
    A-frame rigs
    • A-frame rigs are still
    utilized world wide for
    drilling exploratory
    borings and advancing
    large diameter
    caissons, as the
    example shown here.
    • This is an early
    example of a large
    diameter “bucket
    auger” excavation for
    a dam site in Montana
    Old SPT Sampler
    • The original SPT sampler
    was developed by the Gow
    Division of the Raymond
    Concrete Pile Co. in the
    late 1920s
    • It used a 140 lb weight
    dropping 30 inches, using
    a rope drag line wrapped
    around a cat head, shown
    here
    • Blowcounts are measured
    in the field as the sampler
    is driven into the ground
    Damage and
    Disturbance
    • Sampler shoes and
    heads become
    increasingly damaged
    and deformed when
    used in granular
    materials, like cobbles
    and rock
    • This disturbance
    invalidates
    comparative
    measurements, such
    as Nspt or (N1)60
    Smear and selvage
    • Drive samples should be
    assumed to be disturbed
    • Their perimeter is often
    covered with a selvage of
    smeared material that may
    not be representative of the
    actual horizon being
    sampled
    • This selvage of gooey
    material should be lightly
    scrapped to ascertain what
    the sample interval actually
    recovered
    • Samples of cohesionless materials, such as coarse
    sand (shown here), may not be recoverable as neat
    cylinders of coherent material; esp. if sampling below
    the water table.
    Advantages of the SPT Test
    • Usually the most economical method of
    testing
    • Provides physical sample for soil
    classification
    • Long service life of equipment
    • Vast SPT database
    • Numerous empirical correlations with
    SPT
    • Other methods available to supplement
    when more refinement justified (e.g.
    liquefaction analyses)
    Most Common Errors when
    Using SPT test
    • Damaged drive shoes
    • Variation in hammer fall
    • Effect of overburden pressure (if not
    corrected)
    • Driving a stone ahead of the sampler
    • Hollow stem auger “quick condition” in
    saturated cohesionless soils
    • Careless or inexperienced drilling crew
    HOLLOW FLIGHT
    AUGERS

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