Concrete Steel: Elasticity

Elasticity
Why are springs made of steel and not copper?

A spring will be better one, if a large restoring force is setup in it on being deformed, which in turm depends
upon the elasticity of the material of the spring. Since the Young's modulus of elasticity of steel is more than that
of copper. Hence steel is prefferred in making the spring
Why are steel rods embedded in concrete in house roofs?

Reinforced concrete, concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in
resisting forces. The reinforcing steel—rods, bars, or mesh—absorbs the tensile, shear, and sometimes the
compressive stresses in a concrete structure. Plain concrete does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses
caused by wind, earthquakes, vibrations, and other forces and is therefore unsuitable in most structural
applications. In reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength of concrete work
together to allow the member to sustain these stresses over considerable spans. The invention of reinforced
concrete (in the 19th century) revolutionized the construction industry, and concrete became one of the world’s
most common building materials.
What is elastic after effect?

The delay of certain substances in regaining their original shape after being deformed within their elastic limits.
When a elastic material is stretched and applied deforming force is removed then it take some time to return to
its original shape and size.
The time taken by materials to regain their original shape and size after deforming force is removed, is termed as
elastic after effect.
The elastic after effect is short for quartz fibre and more for glass fibre.
What is elastic Fatigue?

The temporary loss of elastic properties because of the action of repeated alternating deforming force is
called elastic fatigue.
The temperory loss in strength of a material due to repeated loading and unloading of stress, is termed as elastic
fatigue.
when a wire is bent number of times at the same point, it cracks and finally breaks.
The wire is said to be in the state of elastic fatigue.
When we stretch a wire, why do we have to perform work? What happens to the energy given to the wire?
When we stretch a wire, the work has been done against interatomic forces. This work is stored in the wire in the
form of elastic potential energy
An elastic wire is cut to half of its length. How would it affect the maximum load that the wire can support?
The breaking force is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the wire and not its length. Similarly,
breaking stress is dependent only on the material of the wire and not its size. Thus, when an elastic wire is
cut into half, there is no effect on the maximum load it can support
What is meant by elastic hysteresis?

Elastic hysteresis is the difference between the strain and stress energy. When stretching a rubber band, it
experiences stress and strain but strain is not simultaneous with stress, so a loop is formed when you plot the
force vs. deformation.
What are ductility and brittleness of a solid?
Ductile material: They are materials that can be plastically twisted with no crack. They have the tendency to hold
the deformation that occurs in the plastic region. Common ductile materials are copper, aluminum, and steel.
Brittle material: A brittle material is one that will break as opposed to bending. Brittle materials absorb very
small energy before fracture. Examples: Ceramics such as glass, cement, concrete, etc. and Stone
What are strength, rigidity, hardness, malleability and ductility of a solid substance?
Strength
Strength is a measure of a material’s resistance to permanent deformation or complete breakage under stress.
Strong materials are able to resist heavy impacts, and are able to absorb and distribute large amounts of energy
without breaking.
Rigidity
Rigidity, also called stiffness, is a measure of elasticity, and represents a material’s resistance to permanent
deformation. Rigidity is closely related to strength, but differs in that brittle materials can be rigid, but not
strong, and softer malleable metals, such as lead, can be strong, but not rigid. Rigidity is a material’s resistance
to bending, whereas strength is a material’s resistance to breakage.
Rigidity is measured by finding the Young’s modulus of a particular material.
Hardness
Hardness is a material’s resistance to surface deformation. Harder surfaces are subjected to greater internal
stresses, and have a tendency to increase in brittleness, often relying on unhardened internal material for their
structural strength. As hardness is only a resistance to surface deformation, it is often only improved at surface-
level, as treatments which significantly increase core hardness can also cause brittleness. Hardness can often be
easily altered by surface treatments such as case-hardening or plating.
Malleability
Malleability is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may
be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf. ...
Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility.
Ductility
Ductility is the physical property of a material associated with the ability to be hammered thin or stretched into
wire without breaking. A ductile substance can be drawn into a wire. Examples: Most metals are good examples
of ductile materials, including gold, silver, copper, erbium, terbium, and samarium
Why a rope of bridge is made from the cluster of strings but not from a rod?
Wire rope is several strands of metal wire twisted into a helix forming a composite "rope", in a pattern known as
"laid rope". Larger diameter wire rope consists of multiple strands of such laid rope in a pattern known as "cable
laid".
Why a rope of bridge is made from the cluster of strings but not from a rod?
To increase strength

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Elasticity

Why are springs made of steel and not copper?

Why are steel rods embedded in concrete in house roofs?

What is elastic after effect?

What is elastic Fatigue?

What is meant by elastic hysteresis?

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