TYPES OF AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

1. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING:

This is the most common type of cooling system as it is the most preferable for larger homes due to its ability to cool
efficiently. Central air conditioners circulate cool air through supply and return ducts. Supply ducts and registers, which
are in the wall or floors, carry cooled air into the home. Then, once the air becomes warm it circulates back into the
supply ducts and registers where it will then be transported back to the air conditioner.

Installing a central air conditioning system requires a lot of planning and preparation as sizing is crucial to the
functionality of the system. If you install a system that is of the wrong size, even if it’s energy efficient, you’ll find that
your utility costs are more than they should be.

2. DUCTLESS, MINI-SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER:

Ductless, mini-split systems are most common in parts of the home that have been retro-fitted. Like central air
conditioning systems, these systems have an outdoor compressor/condenser and an indoor handling unit.

If you’re looking to cool individual rooms your house, this system might be just for you. Many ductless, mini-split
systems can have as many as four indoor handling units, which are all connected to the outdoor unit.

Each zone has its own thermostat, allowing you to adjust the temperature for each room accordingly. This is especially
advantageous if you’re wanting to cool only a particular part of the house that is being used.

3. WINDOW AIR CONDITIONER:

Think of a window air conditioner as a compact unit, cooling only one particular room. Also known as a “unitary unit,”
this system is installed in the window of a room.

Window units cool a room be emitting the warm air out the back of it and blowing cool air into it. These types of units are
best for those who live in small spaces. It would not be ideal for a larger home as you will discover that it doesn’t cool
efficiently in that kind of environment.

4. PORTABLE AIR CONDITIONER:

Portable air conditioners are considered as the next generator of window units. This type of air conditioning unit takes in
air from the room and cools it, then directs it back into the room. The unit then vents any warm air outside by means of an
exhaust hose that is installed in a window.
Like window air conditioning units, portable air conditioners are designed to cool only one room. They’re easy to install,
versatile, and an affordable option. You’ll find that the portability of your air conditioner makes staying cooling on a hot
summer day that much easier.

5. HYBRID AIR CONDITIONERS:

Like hybrid cars, hybrid heat pump systems alternate between burning fossil fuels and using electricity to run. The system
intelligently chooses between the two energy sources in order to save money and energy. You won’t have to be held
hostage by rising energy prices.

In the summer, your heat pump works as it normally does, pulling heat from your home and distributing it outdoors. In the
winter, your hybrid heat pump system works in reverse, pulling heat from the outside environment and distributing it into
your home. If you remember the Second Law of Thermodynamics from high school, you know that heat gets transferred
from a hot object to a cold object. When the refrigerant drops below the outside temperature, the heat from the outdoors
gets transferred to your heat pump’s coils and thus into your refrigerant. Now, the extracted heat can be turned into warm,
conditioned air for your home.

6. GEOTHERMAL HEATING & COOLING

Geothermal energy is sustainable, energy efficient, and has a long lifespan. Since the ground temperature below us
remains a fairly consistent 55 degrees no matter how hot or cold it is in the atmosphere, geothermal technology is able to
extract the heat from below and transfer it into your home. A geothermal coil (”loops” or “wells”) is installed deep in the
ground and can be used to heat and cool your home. In the winter, heat is extracted from the earth; in the summer, heat is
extracted from your home and distributed back into the ground.

TYPES OF CONDENSER
1) Air cooled condensers: Air cooled condensers are used in small units like household refrigerators, deep freezers, water
coolers, window air-conditioners, split air-conditioners, small packaged air-conditioners etc. These are used in plants
where the cooling load is small and the total quantity of the refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is small. Air cooled
condensers are also called coil condensers as they are usually made of copper or aluminum coil. Air cooled condensers
occupy a comparatively larger space than water cooled condensers. 

Air cooled condensers are of two types: natural convection and forced convection. In the natural convection type, the air
flows over it in natural a way depending upon the temperature of the condenser coil. In the forced air type, a fan operated
by a motor blows air over the condenser coil. 

2) Water cooled condensers: Water cooled condensers are used for large refrigerating plants, big packaged air-
conditioners, central air-conditioning plants, etc. These are used in plants where cooling loads are excessively high and a
large quantity of refrigerant flows through the condenser. 

There are three types of water cooled condensers: tube-in-tube or double pipe type, shell and coil type and shell and tube
type. In all these condensers the refrigerant flows through one side of the piping while the water flows through the other
piping, cooling the refrigerant and condensing it. 

3) Evaporative condensers: Evaporative condensers are usually used in ice plants. They are a combination of water
cooled and air cooled condensers. In these condensers the hot refrigerant flows through the coils. Water is sprayed over
these coils. At the same time the fan draws air from the bottom side of the condenser and discharges it from the top side of
the condenser. The spray water that comes in contact with the condenser coil gets evaporated in the air and it absorbs the
heat from the condenser, cools the refrigerant and condenses it.

TYPES OF COMPRESSOR
Reciprocating Air Conditioner Compressor

The reciprocating compressor uses piston to compressor the refrigerant driven by a crankshaft in a straight line back and
forth motion. This rotary motion is achieved by the use of an electric motor and the construction is quite similar to that of
an automobile engine.

The piston moves up and down inside a cylinder. Vapor from the suction line is moved through the intake valve as the
piston move downward. As the piston moves upward, it compresses the vapor refrigerant which is then pushed through
the exhaust valve into the condenser.

The compressor may has more than one cylinder which is also known as multicylinder compressor. The common ones are
the two-cylinder, four-cylinder and eight-cylinder compressors
Scroll

A scroll compressor has one fixed scroll which remains stationary and another moving or orbiting scroll that rotates
through the use of swing link. When this happens, the pockets of refrigerant between the two scroll are slowly pushed to
the center of the two scrolls causing the reduction of the volume of the gas. It is then discharged though the center port to
the condenser.

The advantage of scroll compressor is that it has fewer moving parts and less torque variation compared to the
reciprocating compressor. This advantage is translated to a smooth and quiet operation.

The scroll compressor is also known as scroll pump or scroll vacuum pump.

Screw

The screw compressor uses a pair of helical rotors where it traps and compresses the gas as the rotors revolve in the
cylinder. In HVAC, they are usually used in systems with 20 ton capacity and above. The male rotor and the female rotor
are built inside the cylinder. The low pressure refrigerant enters one end of the compressor and the resultant high pressure
refrigerant is discharged into the opposite end to the condenser.

Rotary

The rotary compressor can be divided into two types. One has blades or vanes that rotate with the shaft. The other type
has the blade which remains stationary and is part of the compressor housing assembly. In both types, the vapor from the
suction line is drawn into the cylinder through the suction port.As the blade rotates, trapped vapor in the space ahead of
the blade is compressed into high pressure gas after which it is discharged to the condenser through the exhaust port. The
number of blades can range from two to eight in a single system.

Centrifugal

Centrifugal compressor is usually used in large capacity refrigerating system. In this compressor, the vapor is moved in a
circular motion known as centrifugal force. An impeller which is a disk with radial blades spins rapidly inside this
housing causing the gas to gain velocity.

A diffuser converts this energy into pressure energy and is then discharged into the condenser. The pumping efficiency
increases with speed, hence this type of compressors are designed to operate at high speed.

TYPES OF EVAPORATORS

1) Bare Tube Evaporators

The bare tube evaporators are made up of copper tubing or steel pipes. The copper tubing is used for small evaporators
where the refrigerant other than ammonia is used, while the steel pipes are used with the large evaporators where
ammonia is used as the refrigerant. The bare tube evaporator comprises of several turns of the tubing, though most
commonly flat zigzag and oval trombone are the most common shapes. The bare tube evaporators are usually used for
liquid chilling. In the blast cooling and the freezing operations the atmospheric air flows over the bare tube evaporator and
the chilled air leaving it used for the cooling purposes. The bare tube evaporators are used in very few applications,
however the bare tube evaporators fitted with the fins, called as finned evaporators are used very commonly.
2) Plate Type of Evaporators
In the plate type of evaporators the coil usually made up of copper or aluminum is embedded in the plate so as so to form
a flat looking surface. Externally the plate type of evaporator looks like a single plate, but inside it there are several turns
of the metal tubing through which the refrigerant flows. The advantage of the plate type of evaporators is that they are
more rigid as the external plate provides lots of safety. The external plate also helps increasing the heat transfer from the
metal tubing to the substance to be chilled. Further, the plate type of evaporators are easy to clean and can be
manufactured cheaply.

TELEPHONE SYSTEM
A business telephone system is a multiline telephone system typically used in business environments, encompassing
systems ranging from small key telephone systems (KTS) to large private branch exchanges (PBX).
A business telephone system differs from an installation of several telephones with multiple central office (CO) lines in
that the CO lines used are directly controllable in key telephone systems from multiple telephone stations, and that such a
system often provides additional features related to call handling. Business telephone systems are often broadly classified
into key telephone systems, and private branch exchanges, but many hybrid systems exist.
A key telephone system was originally distinguished from a private branch exchange (PBX) in that it did not require an
operator or attendant at the switchboard to establish connections between the central office trunks and stations, or between
stations. Technologically, private branch exchanges share lineage with central office telephone systems, and in larger or
more complex systems, may rival a central office system in capacity and features. With a key telephone system, a station
user could control the connections directly using line buttons, which indicated the status of lines with built-in lamps.
INTERCOM
An intercom (intercommunication device), talkback or doorphone is a stand-alone voice communications system for use
within a building or small collection of buildings, functioning independently of the public telephone network (Azori
2016). Intercoms are generally mounted permanently in buildings and vehicles. Intercoms can incorporate connections
to public address loudspeaker systems, walkie talkies, telephones, and to other intercom systems. Some intercom systems
incorporate control of devices such as signal lights and door latches.
There are simple house intercoms and intercoms developed for collective apartments. Some are equipped with video, and
its wiring (electrical installation), can be connected to the outside with few pairs (4-6 pairs) while controlling an electric
strike. The last generations are even compatible with computers and some models include TCP/IP.
CABLE TELEVISION
Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals
transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fiber-optic cables. This contrasts
with broadcast television (also known as terrestrial television), in which the television signal is transmitted over the air
by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television; or satellite television, in which the
television signal is transmitted by a communications satellite orbiting the Earth and received by a satellite dish on the
roof. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone services, and similar non-television services may also be
provided through these cables. Analog television was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems
have been upgraded to digital cable operation.
A "cable channel" (sometimes known as a "cable network") is a television network available via cable television. When
available through satellite television, including direct broadcast satellite providers such as DirecTV, Dish
Network and BSkyB, as well as via IPTV providers such as Verizon FIOS and AT&T U-verse is referred to as a "satellite
channel". Alternative terms include "non-broadcast channel" or "programming service", the latter being mainly used in
legal contexts. Examples of cable/satellite channels/cable networks available in many countries are HBO, MTV, Cartoon
Network, E!, Eurosport and CNN International.
The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access
Television or Community Antenna Television, from cable television's origins in 1948. In areas where over-the-air TV
reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large "community antennas" were
constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting for radio are even older
as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924.
PA SYSTEM
A public address system (PA system) is an electronic system comprising microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, and
related equipment. It increases the apparent volume (loudness) of a human voice, musical instrument, or other acoustic
sound source or recorded sound or music. PA systems are used in any public venue that requires that an announcer,
performer, etc. be sufficiently audible at a distance or over a large area. Typical applications include sports stadiums,
public transportation vehicles and facilities, and live or recorded music venues and events. A PA system may include
multiple microphones or other sound sources, a mixing console to combine and modify multiple sources, and multiple
amplifiers and loudspeakers for louder volume or wider distribution.
Simple PA systems are often used in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. PA systems with
many speakers are widely used to make announcements in public, institutional and commercial buildings and locations—
such as schools, stadiums, and passenger vessels and aircraft. Intercom systems, installed in many buildings, have both
speakers throughout a building, and microphones in many rooms so occupants can respond to announcements. PA and
Intercom systems are commonly used as part of an emergency communication system.
AUDIO/VIDEO SYSTEM
Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media.

Video was first

developed
for mecha nical
television  systems,
which were
quickly replaced
by cathode ray
tube (CRT ) systems
which were later
replaced by flat
panel displays of
several types.

Video systems
vary in display
resolution,  aspect
ratio, refre sh rate,
color capabilities and other qualities. Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on a variety of media,
including radio broadcast, magnetic tape, optical discs, computer files, and network streaming.

Bas
WHAT IS BUILDING AUTOMATION?

Building Automation is the automatic networked control of a buildings internal systems. Generally, building automation begins with
control of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems. For instance, the heating, ventilation, and airconditioning (HVAC)
system is almost always controlled, including control of its various pieces of equipment such as:

• Chillers

• Boilers

• Air Handling Units (AHUs)

• Roof-top Units (RTUs)

• Fan Coil Units (FCUs)

• Heat Pump Units (HPUs)

• Variable Air Volume boxes (VAVs) Other systems that are often controlled and/or brought under a complete building automation
system include:

• Power monitoring

• Security

• Close circuit video (CCTV)

• Card and keypad access

• Elevators/escalators

• Plumbing and water monitoring

WHAT A BAS CAN DO ?

• Manage all facility systems and equipment from one workstation, from anywhere in the world.

• Access, view, command and control in real-time over the intranet or Internet.

• Monitor critical environments with remote notification by phone or e-mail.

• Compile, organize and analyze information with automated data archiving and reporting.

HIGHLIGHTS OF BAS

1. Optimizing overall building performance

2. Reducing total energy costs

3. Creating occupancy comfort