TYPES OF SPEECHES

Persuasive Speech
This type of speech aims to influence the judgment, decision, and perspective of listeners on a certain
topic or to convince them to do a particular set of actions. A persuasive speech is a specific type of speech in
which the speaker has a goal of convincing the audience to accept his or her point of view. The speech is
arranged in such a way as to hopefully cause the audience to accept all or part of the expressed view. Though the
overarching goal of a persuasive speech is to convince the audience to accept a perspective, not all audiences can
be convinced by a single speech and not all perspectives can persuade the audience.
Three types of appeal that may be used to develop a persuasive argument
1. Logical Appeal - entails applying sound reasoning to persuade listeners.
Two types of reasoning
1. Inductive Reasoning - refers to the presentation of evidence before stating the
conclusion.
2. Deductive Reasoning - starts the argument with a general principle or idea before moving on
to specifics that illustrate or support the principle
2. Psychological Appeal - works on the audience's needs, desires, motives, feelings and concerns.
3. Personal Appeal - This appeal is based on the speaker's reputation and influence on the audience.
Entertainment Speech
An entertainment speech aims to share goodwill, joy, and pleasure to the audience. The purpose of an
entertainment speech is not to educate, inform, or inspire because the primary goal is to make the audience relax,
enjoy and even laugh. This means that you, the speaker, are expected to be friendly and relaxed, but still
courteous during the speech delivery. Moreover, you should know your audience well in order to entertain them
effectively.
How to make your speech entertaining
 tell jokes
 share funny stories
 dramatizes experiences; and
 recall a scary story

Steps in writing an entertaining speech

1. Choose! Choose a light topic. Remember, you are there to give the audience a good time.
2. Enjoy! If you exude confidence and you obviously enjoy the moment, the audience will enjoy
your presence, too.
3. Simplify! Simplify the flow of your speech. Your audience does not need a mentally
exhausting message.
4. Visualize! Your words should be highly descriptive. Use vivid words and keep them flowing to
make your audience feel as if they were in your story.
5. Surprise! Astonish your audience with unexpected twists in your presentation. The more you
surprise them, the more entertaining your speech will become.
Suggested Outline

1. Introduction
1.1 Open with an anecdote or funny story which captures the interest of the audience.
1.2 Introduce the main message of your speech
1.3 Provide a sneak peak of the content of your entertaining speech.
2. Body (you may use any of the techniques below)
2.1 Talk about the series of events that made you think of your main message.
2.2 Use a humorous quote which highlights your message.
2.3 Share related stories and anecdotes of others.
3. Conclusion
3.1 Recall the main points you talked about in your speech
3.2 Recount your main message
3.3 Make a final statement which connects to the opening anecdote.

Manuscript Speech
A manuscript speech implies reading a pre-written speech word by word. It is when an already prepared
script is read verbatim. The speaker makes the entire speech by referring to the printed document, or as seen on
the teleprompter. It is basically an easy method of oral communication. Manuscript speaking is generally
employed during official meetings, conferences, and in instances where the subject matter of the speech needs to
be recorded. It is used especially when there is time constraint, and the content of the talk is of prime
importance. Conveying precise and succinct messages is the inherent purpose of this speech. Public officials are
speaking at conferences, and their speech being telecast, is a pertinent example.
When speaking from a manuscript, you write and deliver a speech word for word. The question is, for
whom is the manuscript method most advantageous?
1. PUBLIC FIGURES.
Manuscript speeches are very beneficial to PUBLIC FIGURES like celebrities, hiring ghost
writers due to their hectic schedule

2. MEDIA PERSONALITIES
Speakers on radio and television always battle with time limits. Radio and TV anchors critically
choose and refine the words of their speech in advance.

3. Spokespersons for government and private organizations.

This role requires a great deal of contemplation and preparation, usually because of  the
 agenda’s high importance and sometimes contentious issues.

STRATEGIES in organizing and delivering the manuscript speech

1.Practice! Even if it’s a manuscript,know the speech BY HEART.Only if you do these can you keep 

frequent eye contact with the audience.

2. Adapt! Feel free to modify the text when the situation demands it, but make sure it doesn’t

change the message and context of the speech.

Tips in using manuscript method

1. Prepare! Keep your text easy to use by neatly composing it in triple space.
2. Mark! Feel free to modify the text when the situation demands it, but make sure it  doesn’t
change the message and context of the speech.
3. Practice, practice some more! You can make revisions as long as you see fit. As you practice, vary the
volume, rate, and pitch of your voice during appropriate points in the speech.
4. Concentrate! Concentrate on making eye contact but do not stare at only one area. Familiarize 
yourself with the most important parts of your speech.
5. Act it out! Practice in front of a mirror or a close person. If a podium is accessible, make use of it 
for your practice

Memorized Speech
Memorized delivery takes two basic forms: the total speech or manuscript is committed to memory, or
standard parts of the message are memorized and woven into each speech. Memorizing your speech allows you
to stay in touch with your audience. One of the main problems of delivering a speech from memory is that it
sounds like you are reading since you are focusing your attention on remembering the words. When writing your
speech, write as if you were speaking naturally, directly to an audience.

Uses of Memorized Delivery

Good orators of the past were expected to deliver their speeches from memory without notes or other aids.
Today, you may find it to your advantage to memorize your speech or presentation.
Today, memorization takes two basic forms:
 The total speech or manuscript is committed to memory.
 Standard parts of a message are memorized and woven into each speech.

Advantages
If you memorize your speech you are more likely to perform better than the speaker reading from a manuscript,
since you can stay in touch with your audience. When speaking from memory, you do not need to think about
what is coming next or how to express an idea as you would in extemporaneous speaking; therefore, you can
give more attention to the audience. Today, we generally admire and stress extemporaneous speaking in our
society, but many of the great speeches in history were delivered all or partially from memory.

Disadvantages
One of the main problems of delivering a speech from memory is sounding rehearsed, or like you are reading. It
is possible to memorize and deliver a speech with variety and emphasis.

Tips for the Speaker

You may use various approaches to memorize and rehearse your speech. Below are some guidelines to follow
when delivering a memorized speech:
 When writing the speech, write as if you were speaking naturally, directly to an audience.
 Develop an outline of the main points and then memorize the outline.
 If delivering the same speech to different audiences over time, memorize the individual sections and
then weave them together for each occasion.
 If you forget a word or two or a small section, just continue speaking.

Impromptu Speech
An impromptu speech is given with little or no preparation, yet almost always with some advance
knowledge on the topic. When called to speak “off the cuff” on the “spur of the moment,” is is usually because
the speaker is quite knowledgeable about the subject. For example, if called on to speak in class, a student might
give a short impromptu speech about a topic that was in the assigned readings. Business meetings also use a
“check in” to tell everyone else about a current project. In small informal meetings, the audience will interrupt an
impromptu speech and ask questions, which helps guide the speech and the information that is presented. When
campaigning, politicians sometimes respond to reporters or voters almost anywhere and at any time.
Advantages
Remember that you are generally in control of the content you are presenting, so you can include topics that you
want to talk about. Additionally, you can use personal examples from experience to support what you are saying.
Since you are an authority on the topic, you want to speak with conviction like you really mean it. Your delivery
will naturally be more conversational and spontaneous. Since you are not prepared with pages of notes, you are
more likely to speak directly to the audience just like if you were speaking to another person in a conversation.
Disadvantages
Since you are not well-prepared, you may have difficulty thinking of what to say or formulating the ideas once
you get up to speak. Although you are familiar with the topic, your speech may lack details and supporting
information. If the audience is passive and does not ask questions to guide you, you may overlook some
significant content. Hopefully, someone in the audience will ask questions so you can fill in gaps. Additionally,
impromptu speaking is rarely appropriate for occasions which require more reasoned discourse with supporting
ideas or more formal events.
Tips for the Speaker (Impromptu Preparation)
What do you do if you are asked to speak at the last minute? It is best to become familiar with common
organization patterns so you can apply them in any situation and then also consider what you have been asked to
speak about. Are you presenting your opinion? State your opinion, the reasons why you support that opinion,
and conclude. Is it something that happened? Retell the event from beginning to end (first, next, then, etc.). Is it
a demonstration? Explain each step in the process from first to last.
 Make sure to plan an introduction and a conclusion. If possible, take a few moments to think about what
you want to say to introduce the topic and have some way of concluding.
 Make a few notes for yourself on a card, phone, or iPad. Or, text yourself a few single words to remind
yourself of the important ideas.
 Consider the simple three part outline of an Introduction, Body, and Conclusion, and fit your ideas into
that pattern.
 Do not try to remember a detailed outline for your entire speech; just remember the order of important
points.
 Be sure to stop when you have made your points.

 If you do not know what to say next, you can summarize and paraphrase what you have just said, and
then will probably be ready to move on to the next topic.
 Remember that, in most situations, you will know more about the subject than the audience. Usually you
will not be called up to speak impromptu about something you know nothing about, so you have
probably spoken about the general topic before or you probably have knowledge to share with others.
 Talk like you mean it. In other words speak with conviction. You are explaining your ideas or knowledge
and you are an authority.
 Relax!

Informative Speech
This type of speech aims to get the listeners to know more about the topic. It is designed to enlighten or
to instruct, as well as to increase their knowledge and understanding about the topic. An informative speech is
one that intends to educate the audience on a particular topic.
In this guide, we focus on informative speeches about:
1. Objects
2. Processes
3. Events
4. Concepts
These categories provide an effective method of organizing and evaluating informative speeches. Although they
are not absolute, these categories provide a useful starting point for work on your speech.
In general, you will use four major types of informative speeches. While you can classify informative speeches
many ways, the speech you deliver will fit into one of four major categories.
Speeches about Objects
Speeches about objects focus on things existing in the world. Objects include, among other things, people,
places, animals, or products.
Because you are speaking under time constraints, you cannot discuss any topic in its entirety. Instead, limit your
speech to a focused discussion of some aspect of your topic.
Some example topics for speeches about objects include: the Central Intelligence Agency, tombstones, surgical
lasers, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the pituitary gland, and lemmings.
To focus these topics, you could give a speech about Franklin Delano Roosevelt and efforts to conceal how he
suffered from polio while he was in office. Or, a speech about tombstones could focus on the creation and
original designs of grave markers.
Speeches about Processes
Speeches about processes focus on patterns of action. One type of speech about processes, the demonstration
speech, teaches people "how-to" perform a process. More frequently, however, you will use process speeches to
explain a process in broader terms. This way, the audience is more likely to understand the importance or the
context of the process.
A speech about how milk is pasteurized would not teach the audience how to milk cows. Rather, this speech
could help audience members understand the process by making explicit connections between patterns of action
(the pasteurization process) and outcomes (a safe milk supply).
Other examples of speeches about processes include: how the Internet works (not "how to work the Internet"),
how to construct a good informative speech, and how to research the job market. As with any speech, be sure to
limit your discussion to information you can explain clearly and completely within time constraints.
Speeches about Events
Speeches about events focus on things that happened, are happening, or will happen. When speaking about an
event, remember to relate the topic to your audience. A speech chronicling history is informative, but you should
adapt the information to your audience and provide them with some way to use the information. As always, limit
your focus to those aspects of an event that can be adequately discussed within the time limitations of your
assignment.
Examples of speeches about events include: the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington, Groundhog's Day, the
Battle of the Bulge, the World Series, and the 2000 Presidential Elections.
Speeches about Concepts
Speeches about concepts focus on beliefs, ideas, and theories. While speeches about objects, processes, and
events are fairly concrete, speeches about concepts are more abstract. Take care to be clear and understandable
when creating and presenting a speech about a concept. When selecting a concept, remember you are crafting an
informative speech. Often, speeches about concepts take on a persuasive tone. Focus your efforts toward
providing unbiased information and refrain from making arguments. Because concepts can be vague and
involved, limit your speech to aspects that can be readily explained and understood within the time limits.
Some examples of topics for concept speeches include: democracy, Taoism, principles of feminism, the
philosophy of non-violent protest, and the Big Bang theory.
Organizational Pattern
An informative speech can follow different patterns of organization to arrange and frame the details
effectively.
A. Chronological Pattern. This can be used if you want to present the history, evolution, or development of your
topic in a sequential order, from past to present or beginning to end.
B. Spatial Pattern. This pattern used when you want to talk about the physical structure of an object or the way
things fit together in a certain space (Glendale Community College; University of Washington Tacoma). Topics
that deal with geography fit this pattern best.
C. Topical/Categorical Pattern. This can be used if you want to inform your audience about the main features,
descriptions, or categories of your topic.
D. Cause-Effect Pattern. This can be used if you want to show the causal relationship of events or phenomena.
Your outline may follow different patterns of organization depending on the relationship between the causes and
effects of the event.
E. Comparison-Contrast. This can be used if you want to compare objects, events, or concepts underscoring
their similarities and differences. Your outline may follow either a block or point-by-point format.
Extemporaneous Speech
Extemporaneous speaking is one of the most natural methods for delivering a prepared speech. You can
use an extemporaneous speech to achieve a more natural tone, flow and style with the audience. It is delivered
with the help of short notes and a clear outline.
Most people who speak in public often prefer the extemporaneous method of delivery. Although it might
look more challenging than the manuscript or memorized speeches, it is more spontaneous and personal.

Three Steps in Studying your Extemporaneous Topic

1. Identify the type of extemporaneous question that you have to answer.
2. Determine the purpose appropriate to your topic.
3. Stick to your topic and look at all of the sides and angles of the problem.

Steps in Preparing for a Successful Extemporaneous Speech

1. Reinforce! You may explore other main points, but always refer back to your thesis. This will greatly help
your audience remember your message.
2. Capture! State the central idea of your extemporaneous speech in one declarative sentence. Keep your
sentence specific. Ask yourself what you want your audience to know exactly.
3. Develop! Now that you have a central idea, you are ready to map out the supporting points in an outline.
4. Introduce! In the introduction, make sure you:
 grab the attention of the audience with a striking one-liner.
 give a short background by explaining why they have to listen.
 state your thesis.
5. Check! Develop at least three main points and check each of them with these questions:
 Does each point have one single idea?
 Does each point reiterate the thesis statement?
 Does each point prepare the discussion of the next main point?
6. Supply! Make sure that each main point has enough examples, testimonies, statistics, or cases. In doing this,
you give the audience new information or views to learn from.
7. Conclude! Reinforce your introduction by coming up with a closing attention-getter that is related to your
opening. Connect the needs and interest of your audience with the theme of your speech. Restate your thesis or
review your main points.

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

(a)           Appearance - The speaker’s appearance should be appealing to the audience. The audience in fact
likes speakers who are similar to them.
(b)           Movement - All the movements on the stage should be voluntary and warranted. Nervousness can
cause involuntary movements which can distress both the speaker and the audience. If the speaker gets involved
in the speech and trusts the audience, nervousness can go. No movement can happen on the stage without reason.
Movements driven by the speech can help the speaker maintain contact with all the sections of the audience.
(c)     Posture: A confident speaker stands straight with his arms well relaxed. Nervous speakers sprawl on the
podium and lean against the wall. There is always fear and       tension. Great speakers on the other hand take
an informal posture and relax their audience too. Informal postures get the speaker a positive reaction from
the audience.
(d)           Facial Expressions: The expression on the speaker’s face determines the audience’s closeness to
him. Warm smile and confident look take the audience close to the speaker. The expressions display the
degree of involvement, the speaker has in his speech. The involvement with the speech is all the necessity and
the rest will take care of itself.
The expressions and the tone used by the speaker should go hand in hand with the message and the
emotions that are delivered. For example, the expression and tone of the speaker should be serious when he
delivers a serious message and sad when he delivers something sad. Any deviation in this would confuse the
audience.
(e)           Eye Contact: It is one of the most important gestures. It not only increases the speaker’s direct
contact with the audience but also increases their interest in their speech. Direct eye contact helps the
speaker understand audience reaction then and there and it makes the occasion less frightening.
(f)          Volume: It is confirmed by the number of the audience but it should be loud enough for the speech to
reach everybody. The beginners who have stage fear are usually not loud enough and it is they who should
check it through rehearsals.
(g)                        Articulation: It is the right pronunciation of all the words. The people who suffer stage
fright commit the mistake of deletion, addition, adding extra parts towards slurring. Perfect articulation and
Standard English are a must for any public speaker.
(h)                      Time: Time is an important factor in Speech delivery. At the outset, the speaker should know
the amount of time given for his speech and prepare accordingly. Sticking to time can be achieved by proper
rehearsals.
(i) Language : The speaker should use the language well suited for the audience. Too much of scientific terms
may not go well with the common public. The words that the speak uses should be readily understood by the
audience. It is good to stoop to the level of the audience.
(j) Use Short stories, Anecdotes and Quotations according to the need. It is always good to start the speech with
a small story as stories normally arouse interest. But remember, too much of anything is good for nothing.