Air Law Dgca 1
Air Law Dgca 1
Air Law Dgca 1
Air Navigation
Navigation
- General principles and application:
Sovereignty The Contracting states recognize that every state has complete and
exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory.
Territory For the purpose of this convention the territory of a state shall be deemed to
be the land areas and territorial waters under the soverienty of such state.
right of non-scheduled flight Non-scheduled flights are those to which a schedule is not
attached. i.e. One-off flights or charter flights that are not flown on a regular basis.
Although
Althoug h the operations of scheduled
scheduled aircraft are restricted, The aircraft eng
engaged
aged in non
scheduled flights have the right to fly into or across the territory , however, the state
flown over has the right to require the non scheduled aircraft to land, and to follow the
prescribed routes.
scheduled air services No scheduled international air services may be operated into
or over the territory of other state,except with the special permission from the state.
Cabotage Each state shall have the right to refuse permission to the aircraft of other
contacting state to take on its territory passengers mail or cargo.
landing at customs airports The state can require that landing to be maed at a
designated custom airport and similarly the departure from the territory can be
required to be from a designated customs airport.
applicability of air regulations all aircraft tare to be treated equally while operating from
or in the territory of a nation irrespective of their nationality.
Rules of the air Each contracting state undertakes to adopt measures to insure that
every aircraft flying over on within its territory and that every aircraft carrying its
nationality mark shall comply with the rules and regulations relating to the flight
operations in that state.
search of aircraft The authorities of each of the contracting states have the right to
search aircraft of the other contracting states on landing or departure and to inspect
the certificates and other documents prescribed by this convention.
a) Certificate of registration
registration
b) air worthiness
c)pilots license of each crew
d) Log book
e) If equipped with radio the radio station license.
f) list of passengers with name and place of embarkation and destination
g) IF cargo then the detailed description of the cargo.
endorsement of certificates and licenses any aircraft or person not satisfying the
international requirement of airworthiness, shall get the license/certi endorsed giving
full details.
It is composed of the Assembly that has Council( which includes 36 contacting states and
the president of the council is elected by the council)
The council is further divided into Commisions and Committees & the Secretariat
Jurisdiction –
1) The state of registration is competent to exercise jurisdiction over offences and acts
committed on board.
2)
La Haye, Montreal – Jurisdiction, authority of pilot-in-command of the aircraft pg 50
- DGCA India: Organization( Ministry of Civil Aviation ) and Structure – Indian
organizations name, composition, objectives and relevant documents (Aircraft Act
1934, Indian Aircraft Rules 1937)
- Civil Aviation Requirements
- Warsaw Convention The Warsaw Convention of 1929 concerned itself with
responsibilities and liabilities of the Carrier and the Agents of aircraft together with
matters of compensation for loss oflife or injury to passengers. This limited the liability,
except in cases of gross negligence, to 125,000 gold Poincar francs (about US$10,000)
d) PIC authority and responsibility regarding safety and security
e) Operators and pilots liabilities towards persons and goods on the ground, in case of
damage and injury caused by the operations of the aircraft
Wet Lease – The aircraft is operated under the AOC of the Lessor ( the company who is
leasing the aircraft.)
AOC/AOP – Air Operators
Operators Certificate / Permit
1.6 Procedures for Air Navigation – Aircraft Operations Doc. 8168, Volume 1
a) Foreword – PAN ops
omni-directional departures
Where no track guidance is provided in the design of a departure
procedure, the departure criteria are developed by using the
omnidirectional method which basically provides for initial departure
tracks to be undefined. In other words, once off the end of the runway
and at a safe height, the aircraft can be navigated in any direction
required
The basic to achieve theisinitial
procedure that en-route point.
the aircraft will climb on the extended
runway centre line to 120 m (394 ft) before turns can be specified, and
at least 90 m (295 ft) of obstacle clearance will be provided before turns
greater than 15° can be specified.
d) Approach procedures
- general criteria (except tables)
The design of an instrument approach procedure is, as we have already
discussed, in general dictated by the terrain surrounding the aerodrome. It
is also affected by the type of operations to be considered and by the types
of aeroplane flying the procedures. These factors influence the siting of,
and type of, navigation aids in relation to the runway or aerodrome. As we
have already seen for departure procedures,airspace restriction may also
affect the design of the procedure.
Speed Is of very important considerations
There are two types of approaches ( precision and non precision
approach)
Precision -- A precision procedure gives accurate track guidance during
the final approach phase and information concerning height above the
threshold of the runway. In all cases external equipment is required to
provide the necessary data. By flying the
required track and glide path (within the required accuracy) the aircraft
is kept within a protected area which ensures terrain clearance
throughout the procedure. ILS, MLS and Precision Approach Radar
(PAR) are examples of equipment that can be used as part of a
precision approach system.
a. Surveillance Radar Radar fix accuracies are based on radar mapping accuracies,
azimuth resolution, flight technical tolerances, controller technique tolerances, and the
speed of the aircraft in the terminal area.
1. Terminal Area Radar (TAR) within 37 Km (20 nm). Fix tolerances +/-
+/- 1.5 km
(0.8 nm).
nm).
b. DME. Fix tolerance is +/- 0.46 km (0.25 nm) + 1.25% of the distance to the
the
antenna.
descent altitude/height, visual flight manoeuvre, missed approach whilst
circling.
- Simultaneous ILS operations on parallel or near-parallel runways
- Area navigation
navigation (RNAV)
(RNAV) approach
approach procedures
procedures based on VOR/DME
VOR/DME
- Use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow conventional non-precision
approach procedures
e) Holding procedures In a hold, aircraft are stacked up, one on top of another
with the necessary vertical separation applied (1 000 ft). As the bottom
aircraft departs the hold to fly the approach procedure, the others above
are 'shuttled' (descended in the stack) to a lower level one at a time.
Flying the Pattern. In flying the holding pattern described, all turns are
to be made at an angle of bank of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second (rate
1), whichever requires the lesser bank.
Holding 1min below 14000ft and 1.5 outbound leg for heights above
14000ft
the change from altitude to flights levels and vicer versa depends upon
1) at the transition altitude when climbing
2) at the transition level while descending.
the lowest transition altitude in india is 4000ft
the calculated height of the transition alttidue is rounded to the next 1000ft.
- operation of transponders
commercial aviation, an aircraft is not permitted to
commence a flight without a transponder. If a transponder fails and cannot
be repaired before flight, ATC approval is to be sought to fly the aircraft
without a transponder.
"N" in item The Aflight
10 of the form). plan is to
serviceable be annotated
transponder is toaccordingly
be operated(put
at
all times in flight regardless of whether the aircraft is in an area where SSR
is used for ATC purposes.
7.14.2
7.14.2 Mode S. Pilots of aircraft engaged in international civil aviation equipped with Mode
1) Area Control Service – provision for the Air traffic control service for
controlled flights except for those parts of flight describe in approach
and aerodrome control services.
2) Approach control service – concerned with the arrival and departure
services
3) aerodrome control service – provision for all the services except in
approach control service
Control area CTA and Control zones CTR --- those portion of the airscpace
where the ATS will be provided to the IFR flights
Services will also be provided to the VFR flights and must be designated
as Class B, C or D airspace.
Controlled
Are aerodromes
designated
designated as the --- those
led aerodromes
the controlled
control aerodromes.where the ATS is provided
aerodromes.
establishment and designation of the units providing ATS The ATS shall
be provided by the units established and designated as ::
FIR FIR are responsible to provide the ATS services outside the
Controlled zone and over the waters.
- application
a) to all IFR flights in class A,B,C,D,E
b) to all VFR flight in B,C,D
c) to all SVFR flights
d) to all aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodrome
-
-
- provision of air traffic control service, operations of air traffic control
service, separation minima, contents of clearances, co-ordination of
clearances
- application
- scope of flight information service
h) General provisions
- air traffic control clearances: contents, description of air traffic control
clearances, clearance to fly maintaining own separations while in visual
meteorological conditions, essential traffic information, clearance of a
requested change in flight plan
- emergency and communication failure: emergency procedures (only
general priority, emergency descent, action by pilot-in-command), air-
ground communication failure (only concerning the actions by pilot-in-
command), interception of civil aircraft
Min 1 min separation b/t departing traffic if the aircraft are diverging by at
least 450.
If following the same track then min 2 min separation or when the
preceding aircraft is 40kt or faster.
5 min separation
aircraft before
is on different changing
level levels
than the after
behind onedeparture if the preceding
An expected
expected approach
approach time shall
shall be determined
determined for an
an arriving aircraft that
that
will be subjected to a delay of 10mins or more.
An EAT shall
shall be transmitted to the aircraft ASAP whenever
whenever it is anticipated
anticipated
that the aircraft will be required to hold for 30mins or more.
All is done
info andby theinfo
met aerodrome control towers
towers startup procedure aerodrome
Prior take off and taxi info
- information to aircraft by aerodrome control towers: information related to
the operation of the aircraft, information on aerodrome conditions
- control of aerodrome traffic: order of priority for arriving and departing
aircraft, control of departing and arriving aircraft, wake turbulence
categorization of aircraft and increased longitudinal separation minima,
authorization of special VFR flights
- essential definitions
- applicability
1.9 Aerodromes (Based on Annex 14, Vol. 1 & 2)
a) Annex 14
- definitions
- aerodrome data
- conditions of the movement area and related facilities
-- markings
lights
- signs
- markers
- marking of objects
- lighting of objects
f) Attachment A to Annex 14
- definitions
- entry and departure of aircraft – description, purpose and use of aircraft documents
general declaration
- entry and departure of persons and their baggage – entry requirement and procedures
for crew and other operator’s personnel
a) Annex 12 – definitions
b) Organization
c) Operating procedures
-- signals withvisual
ground/air surface craftcode
signal
- air/ground signals
1.15 National Law – National Law and differences to relevant ICAO Annexes and CARs.
Indian aircraft act 1934-section 1,2,8,10,11A,11B, 17&18(3/9)
Aircraft Rule 1937- Rule No. 1-19,21-29A.30,3
1-19,21-29A.30,33,37A,38
3,37A,38--
48,50,52,53,55,65,67,67A,67B,68-70,76,79-89,133A,134,140, 140(AB&C)15&161
Schedule I, II, VI, & XI
INDAIN AIRCRAFT RULES 1920-RULE NO 53-64
AIRCRAFT RULES
RULES 1954
1954 (Public Health
Health Rules)
Rules)
AIRCRAFT RULES
RULES 2003
2003 (Carriage of Dangerous
Dangerous Goods)
Goods)
2 Human Performance & Limitations
- personal hygiene
- common minor ailments: cold, influenza, gastro-intestinal upset
- problem areas for pilots : hearing loss, flight related hazards to hearing,
defective vision, hypotension, hypertension, coronary disease, obesity,
nutrition hygiene, tropical climates – epidemic diseases
- intoxication: tobacco, alcohol, drugs and self-medication, various toxic
materials
- incapacitation: symptoms and causes, recognition, operating coping
procedures
2.3 Basic Aviation Psychology
a) Human information processing
- attention and vigilance: selectivity of attention, divided attention
- perception: perceptual illusions, subjectivity of perception
- Response selection: learning principles and techniques, drives, motivation
and performance
- safety(oneself),
awareness: risk areaofawareness,
identification identification
error sources of error awareness
(others), situational proneness
stress
d) Personality
e) Human overload and under load
- arousal
- stress: definitions, anxiety and stress, effects of stress
- fatigue: types, causes, symptoms, effects of fatigue
- body rhythm and sleep: rhythm disturbances, symptoms, effects,
management, circadian rhythm
- fatigue and stress management: coping strategies, management techniques,
health and fitness programmes, relaxation techniques
f) Advanced cockpit automation
a) Definitions
- Aerodrome weather
- Weather broadcast
d) Action required to be taken in case of communication failure
a) Definitions
- Meaning and significance of associated terms
- Air Traffic Control abbreviations
- Q-code groups commonly used in RTF air-ground communications
b) General Operating Procedures
- Transmission of letters
- Transmission of numbers (including level information)
- Transmission of time
- Transmission of technique
- Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology included)
- Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of
abbreviated call signs
- Radiotelephone call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs
- Transfer of communication
- Test procedures including readability scale; establishment of RTF
communications
- Read back and acknowledgement requirements
– Radar procedural phraseology
- Level changes and reports categories of messages
c)
d) Action
Distressrequired to be taken
and Urgency in case of communication failure
Procedures
- PAN medical
- Distress (definition – frequencies – watch of distress frequencies – distress
signal – distress message)
- Urgency (definition – frequencies – urgency signal – urgency message)
e) Relevant Weather Information Terms (IFR)
- Aerodrome weather
- Weather broadcast
f) General Principles of VHF propagation and allocation of frequencies
g) Morse Code