IV Year B.

Tech – I Sem

Code: 7A714 POWER SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND CONTROL- IV

L T P C
4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVE:
This subject deals with Economic operation of Power Systems, Hydrothermal
scheduling and modeling of turbines, generators and automatic controllers. It
emphasizes on single area and two area load frequency control and reactive
power control.
Course outcomes:
1) Understand about importance of network matrices and usefulness in
power system analysis.
2) Analyze the power system under different types of faults.
3) Analyze the power system under steady state condition for voltage and
power flow calculations.
4) Analyze the power system for maintain constant frequency in single area.
5) Analyze the power system for maintain constant frequency in two area.
6) Analyze the power system for maintaining steady state and transient
stability.
UNIT -I POWER SYSTEM NETWORK MATRICES:
Graph Theory: Definitions, Bus Incidence Matrix, YBus formation by Direct and
Singular Transformation Methods, Numerical Problems.
FORMATION OF ZBUS: Partial network, Algorithm for the Modification of
ZBus Matrix for addition element for the following cases: Addition of element
from a new bus to reference, Addition of element from a new bus to an old bus,
Addition of element between an old bus to reference and Addition of element
between two old busses (Derivations and Numerical Problems), Modification of
ZBus for the changes in network (Problems).
UNIT – II LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL SINGLE AREA:
Speed governor, turbine, generator and power system simplified models,
excitation system model, Necessity of keeping frequency constant. Definitions
of Control area, Single area control, Block diagram representation of an isolated
power system, Steady state analysis, Dynamic response, uncontrolled case.
UNIT – III LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL TWO AREAS:
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Load frequency control of 2-area system, uncontrolled case and controlled case,
tie-line bias control, Proportional plus Integral control of single area and its
block diagram representation, steady state response, Load Frequency Control
and Economic dispatch control.
UNIT –IV POWER FLOW STUDIES:
Necessity of Power Flow Studies, Derivation of Static load flow equations,
Load flow solutions using Gauss Seidel Method, Acceleration Factor, Load
flow solution with and without P-V buses, Algorithm and Flowchart. Numerical
Load flow Solution for Simple Power Systems (Max. 3-Buses), Determination
of Bus Voltages, Injected Active and Reactive Powers (Sample One Iteration
only) and finding Line Flows/Losses for the given Bus Voltages.
Newton Raphson Method in Rectangular and Polar Co-Ordinates Form, Load
Flow Solution with or without PV Busses, Derivation of Jacobian Elements,
Algorithm and Flowchart. Decoupled and Fast Decoupled Methods,
Comparison of Different Methods, DC load Flow.
UNIT –V POWER SYSTEM STATE STABILITY ANALYSIS:
Concepts of Steady State, Dynamic and Transient Stabilities, Steady State
Stability Power Limit, Power Angle Curve and Determination of Steady State
Stability and Methods to improve steady state stability, Derivation of Swing
Equation, Determination of Transient Stability by Equal Area Criterion,
Application of Equal Area Criterion, Critical Clearing Angle Calculation -
Solution of Swing Equation: Point-by-Point Method, Methods to improve
Stability, Application of Auto Reclosing and Fast Operating Circuit Breakers.
UNIT-VI ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS:
Optimal operation of Generators in Thermal Power Stations, Heat rate Curve,
Cost Curve, Incremental fuel and Production costs, Input-output characteristics,
Optimum generation allocation with line losses neglected. Optimum generation
allocation including the effect of transmission line losses, Loss Coefficients,
General transmission line loss formula. Hydrothermal scheduling.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Electrical Power Systems–C.L.Wadhwa, Newage International, 6th
Edition.
2. Modern Power System Analysis–I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari, Tata Mc
Graw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, 2nd edition.
3. Power System Analysis-T.K. Nagasarkar, M.S. Sukhija, Oxford
University Press, 2nd edition.

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REFERENCES:
1. Power System Analysis and Design – J.Duncan Glover and M.S.Sarma.,
THOMPSON, 3rd Edition.
2. Electric Energy systems Theory– O.I. Elgerd, Tata Mc Graw Hill
Publishing Company Ltd., 2nd edition.
3. Power System Analysis – Grainger and Stevenson, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Power System Analysis – Hadi Saadat, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing, 2nd
Edition.

*****

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 LECTURE SCHEDULE
S.No Topic Proposed to be covered Periods Cumulative
UNIT – I
POWER SYSTEM NETWORK MATRICES
1 Graph Theory: Definitions 1 1
2 Bus Incidence Matrix 1 2
3 Formation of Ybus by Direct inspection method 2 4
and Singular Transformation Method,
Numerical Problems.
4 Formation of ZBus: Partial network, Algorithm 2 6
for the Modification of ZBus Matrix
5 Addition element for the following cases: 2 8
Addition of element from a new bus to
reference, Addition of element from a new bus
to an old bus, Addition of element between an
old bus to reference and Addition of element
between two old busses (Derivations and
Numerical Problems)
6 Modification of ZBus for the changes in network 2 10
(Problems)
UNIT-II
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL SINGLE AREA
7 Modeling of Turbine: First order Turbine 2 12
model, Block Diagram representation of Steam
Turbines and Approximate Linear Models.
8 Modeling of Generator (Steady State and 2 14
Transient Models): Description of Simplified
Network Model of a Synchronous Machine
(Classical Model), Description of Swing
Equation (No Derivation) and State-Space II-
Order Mathematical Model of Synchronous
Machine.
9 Modeling of Governor: Mathematical 2 16
Modeling of Speed Governing System –

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 Derivation of small signal transfer function.
10 Modeling of Excitation System: Fundamental 2 18
Characteristics of an Excitation system,
Transfer function, Block Diagram
Representation of IEEE Type-1 Model.
UNIT-III
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL TWO AREAS
11 Necessity of keeping frequency constant. 2 20
12 Definitions of Control area 2 22
13 Single area control 1 23
14 Block diagram representation of an isolated 2 25
power system
15 Steady state analysis 2 27
16 Dynamic response – Uncontrolled case. 1 28
17 Load frequency control of 2-area system 1 29
18 uncontrolled case and controlled case, tie-line 1 30
bias control
19 Proportional plus Integral control of single area 1 31
and its block diagram representation
20 steady state response 1 32
21 Load Frequency Control and Economic 1 33
dispatch control
UNIT-IV
POWER FLOW STUDIES
22 Necessity of Power Flow Studies – Data for 1 34
Power Flow Studies
23 Derivation of Static load flow equations – Load 2 36
flow solutions using Gauss Seidel Method:
Acceleration Factor, Load flow solution with
and without P-V buses, Algorithm and
Flowchart
24 Numerical Load flow Solution for Simple 2 38
Power Systems (Max. 3-Buses): Determination

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 of Bus Voltages, Injected Active and Reactive
Powers (Sample One Iteration only) and
finding Line Flows/Losses for the given Bus
Voltages.
25 Newton Raphson Method in Rectangular and 2 40
Polar Co-Ordinates Form: Load Flow Solution
with or without PV Busses- Derivation of
Jacobian Elements
26 Algorithm and Flowchart. 2 42
27 Decoupled and Fast Decoupled Methods.- 1 43
Comparison of Different Methods – DC load
Flow
UNIT-V
POWER SYSTEM STEADY STATE STABILITY ANALYSIS
28 Elementary concepts of Steady State, Dynamic 1 44
and Transient Stabilities.
29 Description of: Steady State Stability Power 2 46
Limit
30 Transfer Reactance, Synchronizing 1 47
31 Power Coefficient, Power Angle Curve and 1 48
Determination
32 Steady State Stability and Methods to improve 1 49
steady state stability
33 Derivation of Swing Equation. 1 50
34 Determination of Transient Stability by Equal 1 51
Area Criterion
35 Application of Equal Area Criterion, Critical 1 52
Clearing Angle Calculation.- Solution of Swing
Equation
36 Point-by-Point Method. 1 53
37 Methods to improve Stability 1 54
38 Application of Auto Reclosing and Fast 1 55
Operating Circuit Breakers.

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 UNIT-VI
ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS
39 Optimal operation of Generators in Thermal 1 57
Power Stations
40 Heat rate Curve, Cost Curve, input-output 1 58
characteristics
41 Incremental fuel and Production costs 1 59
42 Optimum generation allocation with line losses 1 60
neglected
43 Optimum generation allocation including the 1 61
effect of transmission line losses
44 Loss Coefficients, General transmission line 2 63
loss formula.
45 Hydrothermal scheduling 2 65

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 UNIT – I
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESITONS
1. What is a graph?
2. What are elements of a graph?
3. What are nodes?
4. What is a sub graph?
5. What is a path?
6. What is tree?
7. What are branches?
8. What is a loop?
9. What are basic loops?
10.What is a co-tree? Explain.
11.What is a cutest? Explain?
12.What are basic cut sets?
13.What are tie cut sets?
14.What is an incidence matrix?
15.What is a bus incidence matrix?
16.What is a branch path incidence matrix?
17.What is a basic cut-set incidence matrix?
18.What is an augmented cutest incidence matrix?
19.What is a basic loop incidence matrix?
20.What is an augmented loop incidence matrix?
21.What is a primitive network?
22.Given EBUS = ZBUS IBUS if p-q is an added branch. Write down the general
matrix relation for the partial network with m nodes.
23.If there is no mutual coupling Zpq, p=_______________________
24.With no mutual coupling, for the case of addition of a branch, with p as
reference node Zpi=______________________

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 UNIT – I
ESSAY TYPE QUESITONS
1. Prove that with usual notation Kt = Ab-1
2. Prove that with usual notation Bt = At Kt
3. Show that YBUS=At{y} A by singular transformation for the given
impedance data obtain the Ybus matrix. Impedance‘s are in per unit. Use
singular transformation.
Element Bus No Self impedance Bus No Mutual
No p-q pq-pq m-n impedance
1 1-2 0.5 1-5 0-1
2 2-3 0.5 2-4 0-2
3 3-4 0.25 - -
4 2-4 0.6 4-5 0-2
5 4-5 0.75 -
6 1-5 0.4 -

4. For the network shown in figure obtain Ybus by singular transformation.

Element Bus No Self
No p-q Impedance
1 1-2 0.04
2 2-3 0.04
3 1-3 0.05
4 3-4 0.03
5 4-5 0.07
6 5-6 0.10
7 2-5 0.02

5. What is the addition of a branch on the partial network?

6. What is the addition of a link on the partial network?
7. Explain with an example YBUS formation by direct inspection.
8. Give the steps for YBUS formation by singular transformation with a
suitable example.
9. In the 5 bus system shown below, find the bus admittance matrix.
The line data is as shown

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 Line p.u. Series Impedance line charging admittance
(p.u.)
L1 & L7 0.08 + j0.24 j.0.025
L2 & L3 0.02 + j0.06 Zero
L4 0.04 + j0.12 Zero
L5 & L6 0.06 + j0+ j0.18 J0.02

10.The positive sequence reactance for the network shown below is given in
Table. Designate elements A-B and D-F as links and node g as the
reference bus. Form the network matrices Z BUS and YLoop by non-singular
transformations.
Table Elements Positive sequence reactance
1 G-A 0.04
2 G-B 0.05
3 A-B 0.04
4 B-C 0.03
5 A-D 0.02
6 C-F 0.07
7 D-F 0.10

*****

UNIT –II
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESITONS
1. Write down the swing equation.
2. What is the inertia constant H?
3. What are the units of H?
4. Sketch the phases diagram for steady state performance of a synchronous
generator in term of two-axis theory
5. Sketch the phases diagram for transient condition of operation of an
alternator

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6. Sketch the phasor diagram for sub transient conditions of operation of an
alternator
7. Define Xd
8. Define Xq
9. Define Xd1
10. Define Xq1
11. Define Xd11
12. Define Xq11
13. Sketch the equivalent circuit for a 3- phase alternator under steady state
condition.
14.Sketch the equivalent circuit for a 3- phase alternator under transient state
condition.
15. Sketch the equivalent circuit for a 3- phase alternator under sub
transient state condition.
16. Write down the expression for Xd , Xd1, Xd11, Xq , Xq1 , Xq11 from the
equivalent circuits.

UNIT –II
EASSY TYPE QUESITONS
1. What is an excitation system?
2. Define exciter response?
3. What is a static excitation system?
4. What is a stabilizing transformer?
5. What is saturation factor?
6. Draw the block diagram for a speed governor.

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7. Draw the block diagram for reheat turbine.
8. Draw the block diagram for generator load model.
9. Develop the block diagram of AVR system.

*****

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 UNIT –III
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESITONS
1. What is coherence?
2. Why frequency must be maintained constant in power system?
3. What is the control area?
4. Sketch single area control of power system is defined by transfer
function Kp / (1 + sTp)
5. What is the significance of Kp?
6. What is the significance of Tp?
7. What is the ‘H’ constant with usual notation If for a single area
system rated capacity is 2000 MW, operating load 1000 MW inertia
constant is 5 sec, regulations 2.4 Hz per unit MW and f is 60Hz.
8. What is the value of ‘D’
9. What is the value of ‘Kp’
10. What is value of ‘Tp’
11. What is area of frequency response characteristics? , If D = 8.33 x 10-3
per unit MW/Hz; R = 0.02Hz per unit MW
12.What is the value of area of frequency response characteristics?
13.‘Proportional control single area system has always steady state error
comment on it.
14.What is the nature of control signal in proportional integral control in
LFC?
15. Write down the characteristic equation for PI control if the roots of the
characteristic equations are positive and real, what is the nature of
response?
16.If roots are complex conjugate, what is the nature of response?
17. What is flat frequency control?
18. If inertia constant ‘H’ of machine of 200 MVA is 2 pu. What is its value
corresponding 400MVA.

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19. Load frequency control is achieved by properly matching the individual
machine’s turbine inputs. (True / False)

UNIT –III
EASSY TYPE QUESITONS
1. Give an expression for the synchronizing coefficient.
2. Express tie line power deviation hi terms of stiffness coefficient.
3. Write down an expression for the frequency deviation in two area system
in terms of moment of inertia and area frequency response
characteristics.
4. If two areas are identical what will be the tie line power deviation?
5. In case of two equal areas, if a step load occurs in any one area what will
be the frequency deviation?
6. If the load damping is zero what is the transfer function for a power
system.
7. A two area system which is uncontrolled is inherently oscillating (true of
false)
8. If the speed regulation coefficient ‘R’ of the governing system becomes
too large how does it affect the operation?
9. In a two area system how the frequency deviation can be made zero?
10.For satisfactory operation of a two area system the tie-line deviation in
both the areas should be zero (true / false)
11.From the fundamental, obtain the block diagram for single area system.
12.Analyze the single area system for a step input.
13.Explain how the performance of uncontrolled single area system being
improved by PI control.
14.Discuss the inter dependence of LFC, EDC.
15.A 100 MVA synchronous generator operating on full load at a frequency
of 50Hz. The load is suddenly reduced to 50MW. Due to time lag in

101
 governor system the steam value begins to close after 0.4 sec.
determine the change in frequency that occurs in this time. Given
H=5Kw-sec/K VA of generator capacity.
16.Two generators rated 200 MW and 400MW are operating in parallel the
drop characteristics of their governor are 4% and 5% respectively
from its load to full load. Assuming that the generators are
operating at 50Hz at no load, how would a load of 600MW is shared
between them? What will be the system frequency at this load?
Assume free governor operation.
17.Two generating stations A and B have fill load capacities of 500 MW and
210 MW respectively. The inter connector connecting the two stations
has a motor generator set (Plant-C) near station A of full load capacity
50MW. Percentage changes of speeds of A, B and C are 5, 4 and
2.5 respectively. The loads on bus bars A and B are 250MW and
100MW respectively. Determine the load taken by set C and indicate the
direction in which the energy is flowing.
18.Derive ∆f steady state interms of Kp1, R, ∆Pc and ∆P1 for controlled and
uncontrolled cases of frequency of an isolated power system
19.Obtain a dynamic state variable model by considering and uncontrolled
two-area system.
20.Give the block diagram representation of an isolated power system.
Explain the terms involved in it.

*****

102
 UNIT –IV
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESITONS
1. What is power flow study for load flow study?
2. What are the information that are obtained form a load flow study?
3. What is the need for load-flow study?
4. What is the work involved in a load flow study? Or how a load flow
study is performed?
5. What are the quantities that are associated with each bus in a system?
6. What are different types of buses in a power system? Or how the busses
are classified and what are its types?
7. List the quantities specified and the quantities to be determined from load
flow study for various types of buses.
8. Define voltage controlled bus.
9. What is PQ- bus?
10.What is swing bus (or sack bus)?
11.What is the need for slack bus?
12.What are operating constrains imposed in the load flow studies?
13.Write the expression for complex power injected to a bus.
14.What are the iterative methods mainly used for the solution of load flow
problems?
15.Write load flow equation of Gauss and Gauss-Seidal method.
16.The bus is called_______________ when real and reactive components
of power are specified for the bus.
17.The bus is called _________________ when real power and magnitude
of bus voltage are specified for the bus.
18.In load flow solution it is assumed that _____________generates the real
and reactive power required for transmission in load flow solution it

103
 is assume that the _______________generates the real and reactive
power required for transmission fire losses.
19.The normal value of acceleration factor is _____________
20.The ____________bus is treated as _____________bus if the reactive
power limit is violated.

*****

UNIT – IV
ESSAY TYPE QUESITONS
1. a) What are acceleration factors? Explain their importance in power flow
studies.
b) Describe load flow solution with P.V. buses using G-S method.
2. a) Explain the load flow solution using G-S method with the help of a
flow Chart.
b) How do you classify system variables in terms of state, input and
output Variables, in power flow studies?
3. What are the various types of “Buses” in a load flow study? Discuss.
4. Describe the procedure of solving the load flow equation iteratively using
Newton-Raphson method.
5. For the network shown in fig, obtain the complex bus bar voltages at bus
(2) at the end of first iteration, using Fast Decoupled method. Line
impedances are in p.u. Given Bus (1) is slack bus with
V1 = 1.00, P2 + jQ2 = 5.96 + j1.46
|V3| = 1.02 P3 = 2.0 p.u.
Assume V2 = 10 and V3 = 1.020.

104
6. a) Discuss the algorithm for the Newton Raphson method for load flow
Solution with P.V. buses also included in the power system.
b) Derive the necessary expressions for Jacobin matrix elements for N-R
method in Polar form.
7. Perform one iteration of load flow solution for the system shown by Fast
– Decoupled method. Take Q limits of generator 2 as

Qmin = 0, Qmax = 5.
Bus 1 slack bus Vspecified = 1.050.
Bus 2 PV bus |V|specified = 1.00 p.u., PG = 3 p.u.
Bus 3 PQ bus PD = 4 p.u., QD = 2 p.u.
8. a) Derive the Power balance equations in a power system and there from
explain the N-R method of load flow analysis. Draw the flow chart
giving the sequence of analysis. Show that the Polar Coordinate
representation is advantages over the rectangular coordinates.
b) Explain the advantages of using Bus Admittance matrix in load flow
studies.
9. The sample system with the per unit impedance of lines based on
100MVA base is shown in figure. The load on bus 3 is 2.0 + j1.0, and its
voltage magnitude is to be held constant at 1.0 per unit by means of the
synchronous condenser at bus 2. The maximum and minimum limits of
the reactive power to be supplied by the condenser are 0.5 and –0.1

105
 respectively. With bus 1 as slack having voltage of 1.05∟0 op.u. Make a
load - flow study using Fast – Decoupled method.

10.A two bus system is show in fig. Determine the voltage at the end of the
third iteration by G-S method. The elements of bus impedance matrix are
Y11 =Y22 = 1.5 < 860 p.u and y21=1.8<1100p.u.

11.A system is show in fig. Determine the bus 2-voltage at the end of second
iteration by G-S method.

12.The load flow data for a three bus system are shown in table 3.1 and table
2. The reactive power limit of bus-2 is 0.01  02  0.25. Calculate the bus
voltage at the end of second iteration by G.S. method.

106
 Bus code Impedance
1-2 0.07+j0.2
1-3 0.01 +j0.05
2-3 0.02 + j0.15

Bus code P Q V Remarks

1 - - 1.06<00 Slack
2 0.2 - 1.05 PV
3 0.6 0.25 - PQ

13.What is “Jacobean matrix”? Derive the equations for computing all the
elements of Jacobean matrix.
14.Compare the following methods for solving load flow equations.
a. Gauss-Seidal method ii) Newton-Raphson method
iii) Decouple-N-R method iv) Write short notes on DC load flow.
*****

UNIT –V
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESITONS
1. The angle between relative position of rotor axis and the stator magnetic
field axis is _________________
2. If transmitted power is increased beyond _______________then the
synchronism will be last.
3. The ratio of ‘k’ at rated speed to the rated apparent power of the machine
is known as _________________
4. The swing equation can be solved by __________________and
_______________methods.
5. In a two –machine system, ____________________________grounding
at the sending end and _______________________grounding at the
receiving end is preferable.
6. Define stability.

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7. Define steady state stability.
8. Define transient stability.
9. What is steady state stability limit?
10.How stability studies are classified, what are they?
11.What is transient stability limit?
12.Write down the unit of inertia constants M and H and heir
interrelationship.
13.If two machines are swinging coherently with inertia M, and M2, what
will be the inertia of the equivalent machine?
14.Give typical values of inertia constant, H for turbo generators,
synchronous condensers and water wheel generators.
15.Give an expression for swing equation. Explaining each term along with
their units.
16.Define swing curve. What is the use of swing curve?
17.Give the simplified power angle equation and the expression for P max.
18.Define power angle.
19.Name the two ways by which transient stability study can be made in a
system where one machine is swinging with respect to an infinite bus.
20.Define critical clearing time and critical clearing angle and give equations
for both.
21.List the methods of improving the transient stability limit of a power
system.
22.System has two stability limits 100 MW and 150MW. Which are the
steady state stability limit and which transient stability limit is?
23.State equal area criterion.
24.The sending end and the receiving end voltages of a transmission line at
150MW load are equal at 132kV. The per phase line impedance is
(3+j4). Calculate the maximum steady state power that can be
transmitted over the line.

108
25.If the maximum power Pmax = 50MW find the electrical power output for
a torque angle of 600.

UNIT – V
ESSAY TYPE QUESITONS
1. a) Distinguish between steady state, transient state and dynamic stability.

109
 b) Derive the power angle equation of a single machine connected to
infinite bus.
c) Explain the following terms (i) transfer reactance (ii) Inertia constant.
2. Determine the critical fault clearing for the network in fig. when a 3 phas
fault takes place at B and the breakers at A and B operate
simultaneously. The generator is delivering 1p.u. Power before the fault
takes place. Assuming the inertia constant H=4.0, a) determine the
critical clearing time, and b) plot the swing curve both under sustained
fault and when the breakers have operated. Use point by point method
taking time internal of 0.05sec.

3. Calculate the steady state power limit consisting of a generator with

equivalent reactance 0.8p.u. Connected to an infinite bus through a series
reactance of 1.0 p.u the generator emf is fixed at 1.2p.u and the voltage of
the infinite bus is 1.0p.u.
4. A 50 Hz 8pole generator 80MVA, 1.10kV has an inertia constant of
7MJ/MVA. Find the moment of inertia M.
5. Find the rotor acceleration of a 50Hz 2pole turbo generator rated 33kV
having 8000MJ of stored energy, if the mechanical input is suddenly
raised to 120 MW for an electrical load of 70 MW.
6. Calculate the total kinetic energy of rotation of two 60Hz generating units
operating parallel within the same power plant.
Gen 1: 500MVA, 50kV, H1 = 8MJ /MVA
Gen 2: 1333 MVA, 22kV, H2=3.27MJ/MVA

110
7. A 50Hz four-pole turbo generator rated 3MVA, 13.2kV has n inertia
constant of H=6.0kW sec / kVA. Determine the Kinetic energy stored in
the rotor at synchronous speed. Determine the acceleration it the input
less the rotational losses is 28000 Hp and the electric power developed is
20000 kW. If the acceleration computed for the generator is constant for a
period of 15 cycles determine the change is torque angle in that period
and the rpm at the end of 25 cycles. Assume that the generator is
synchronized with a large system and has no accelerating torque
before the 25 cycles. Assume that the generator is synchronized with a
large system and has no accelerating torque before the 25 cycle
period begins.
8. a) Discuss the methods to improve steady state and transient state
stability margins.
b) What is equal area criterion? Explain how it can be used to study
stability? Select any suitable example.
9. a) Discuss the general considerations and assumptions that are taken into
account while studying transient stability. b) Explain i) Critical
clearing angle ii) Critical clearing time
10.A double circuit line feeds an infinite bus from a power station. If a fault
Occurs on one of the lines and the line is switched off, derive an
expression for the critical clearing angle.
11.Two generators rated at 4-pole,50Hz, 50Mw, 0.85p.f.(lag) with moment
of inertia 28,000 kg-m2 and 2-pole, 50Hz, 0.82 p.f. (lag) with moment of
inertia 15,000 kg- m2 are connected by a transmission line. Find the
inertia constant of each machine and the inertia constant of single
equivalent machine connected to infinite bus. Take 100 MVA base.
12.A 4-pole, 50Hz, 11 KV turbo generator is rated 75MW and 0.86 power
factor lagging. The machine rotor has a moment of inertia of 90000 kg-

111
m2. Find the inertia constant in MI / MVA and M constant or momentum
in MJs / elec. degree

*****

UNIT –VI

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESITONS

112
 UNIT – VI
ESSAY TYPE QUESITONS

113
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