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Module 2 Part 2

This document discusses generalized Hooke's law and the relationships between elastic constants. It contains the following key points: 1. Generalized Hooke's law relates the components of stress and strain at a point through constitutive equations containing elastic constants. 2. For an anisotropic material, there are 36 independent elastic constants relating the 9 components of stress and strain. 3. Elastic constants E (Young's modulus), G (shear modulus), and K (bulk modulus) are related through equations involving the material's behavior under different loading conditions. 4. Numerical examples demonstrate calculating volume changes, elastic constants from experimental data, and relationships between constants.

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53 views

Module 2 Part 2

This document discusses generalized Hooke's law and the relationships between elastic constants. It contains the following key points: 1. Generalized Hooke's law relates the components of stress and strain at a point through constitutive equations containing elastic constants. 2. For an anisotropic material, there are 36 independent elastic constants relating the 9 components of stress and strain. 3. Elastic constants E (Young's modulus), G (shear modulus), and K (bulk modulus) are related through equations involving the material's behavior under different loading conditions. 4. Numerical examples demonstrate calculating volume changes, elastic constants from experimental data, and relationships between constants.

Uploaded by

joey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MET201 Mechanics of Solids

MODULE 2 – PART 2
Generalized Hooke’s law, Relation between Elastic constants

Sidheek P A
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Rajagiri School of Engineering &
Technology

1
Constitutive equations
• The components of stress acting on an elastic body are related to the
components of strain
• The equations relating the components of stress and strain are called
constitutive equations/Generalized Hooke’s law
• They relate the state of stress at a point to the state of strain at the same
point
• They contain coefficients related to elastic behavior of the material of the
body which are determined by testing of materials

2
Constitutive equations contd.
• There are 9 Rectangular components of stress and strain
• The 9 rectangular components of stress are related to the 9 rectangular
components of strain and there will be 81 elastic constants
• Due to equality of cross shears – only 6 independent components of
stress and strain – 81 elastic constants reduces to 36

3
Constitutive equations contd.
• In most generalized case mathematically expression for the above
statement can be written as

4
Constitutive equations contd.
• Conversely the six strain-stress equations can be written as

• Where a11, a12, b11, b12,…… are constants for a given material
• For a homogeneous linearly elastic anisotropic material eqns (1) and
(2) are known as Generalized Hooke’s law
5
Generalized Hooke’s Law for Tri-axial Loading
• If the material at a point is subjected to a state of triaxial stress,
associated normal strains will be developed in the material

6
Numerical Problem
1. A metallic bar of size 300 mm x 100 mm x 40 mm is subjected to a force of
5 kN, 6 kN and 4kN along X, Y and Z directions respectively as shown in
figure. Determine the change in volume of the block. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2
and Poisson's ratio = 0.25

7
Solution

8
Numerical Problem
2. A metallic bar of size 250 mm x 100 mm x 50 mm is loaded as shown in
figure. Find the change in volume. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2 and Poisson's
ratio = 0.25
Also find the change that should be made in the 4 MN load, in order
that there should be no change in the volume of the bar.

9
Solution

10
Solution

11
Solution

12
Hooke’s law for shear stress and shear strain

• If we apply a shear stress τxy to the element, Fig. a, the material will deform
only due to a shear strain γxy ; that is, τxy will not cause other strains in the
material
• Likewise, τyz and τxz will only cause shear strains γyz and γxz (Fig. b & c)
• Thus Hooke’s law for shear stress and shear strain can be written as

13
Relation between Elastic Constants (E, ν and G)
• Consider a square element ABCD under
the action of a simple shear stress τ
• Distorted element is AB’C’D

14
Relation between Elastic Constants (E, ν and G) contd.
• In a state of simple shear on 2 perpendicular planes, the planes at 45° are
subjected to a tensile stress (of magnitude = shear stress) while the planes
at 135° are subjected to a compressive stress of same magnitude as shown

15
Relation between Elastic Constants (E, ν and K)
• Consider a body of initial volume V, subjected to 3 mutually perpendicular
stresses of equal intensity as shown

16
Relation between Elastic Constants (E, G and K)

17
Numerical Problem
1. A material has modulus of rigidity equal to 0.4 × 105 N/mm2 and bulk
modulus equal to 0.8 × 105 N/mm2. Find its Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s
Ratio.

18
Numerical Problem
2. A bar of 25 mm diameter is tested in tension. It is observed that when a load of 60 kN is
applied, the extension measured over a gauge length of 200 mm is 0.12 mm and
contraction in diameter is 0.0045 mm. Find Poisson’s ratio and elastic constants E, G, K.

19

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