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Drainage, Waste and Vent Systems

Monday, October 12, 2020 11:11 PM

▪ Also known as the sanitary system.

▪ All the plumbing in a building except the water supply system. This includes drainpipes, drains, and vents.
▪ When wastewater enters, it has to flow past the drain trap (A U or P shaped piece of pipe) that creates a water seal to prevent sewer gases from entering the home.
▪ Every drain in your home should have a goosenecked P-trap.
▪ Drainpipes send wastewater to the main sewer line buried beneath the ground. Main sewer line then sends the wastewater to the municipal sewer system or septic
tank.
▪ Drainpipes are attached to a system of vent pipes; brings fresh air to the drain system. Prevents suction that could slow or stop drain water from flowing freely. Vent
pipes usually exit the home via a roof vent.
▪ One of the most important and complicated systems.
▪ Contractor usually install it first and plumbing codes help ensure proper safety and sanitation.
▪ Strick regulations, such as pipe size, slope and fixture height must be followed.

Four Sub-Systems
• Soil Drainage System
- Piping that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar functions (containing fecal matter) , with or without the discharge from other fixtures.
• Waste Drainage System or Sanitary Drainage System
- Piping that receives liquid discharge, from plumbing fixtures other than those fixtures (water closets) receiving fecal matter. Free of fecal flow.
• Storm Drainage System
- Piping system that receives clear water drainage form leaders, downspouts, surface run-off, ground water, subsurface water, condensate water, cooling water or
other similar discharges and conveys them to the point of disposal. All sanitary wastes must be excluded.
• Vent System
- Piping system that receives a flow of air or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system of protect trap seals from siphonage or back
pressure.

Methods of Plumbing System

Single Stake System

• One vertical soil pipe is used

- wastes from all the sanitary and soil appliances are discharged in the same pipe.
- Traps of water closets, wash basins, floor drains, are directly connected to the single stack pipe.
• There is no separate pipe for ventilation purposes.
- System is economical as only one stack pipe is provided.
• The effectiveness of this system depends entirely on the depth of the water seal.
- No water seal should be less than 75mm in depth.

Two-Pipe System

• Water closets and urinals are connected to vertical soil pipe, while sinks, baths, lavatories, etc are connected to another separate vertical water pipe.
• Soil and waste pipes are provided with separate vent pipes.

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- This system, thus, requires four pipes and hence very costly.
• Soil pipe is directly connected to the drain, while the waste pipe is connected through a gully trap which is connected to the drainage systems.
• The soul and wastewater do not combine until they reach the below-ground drainage system.

One-Pipe System

• The waste connections from sinks, baths, lavatories, and the soil pipe are directly connected to the drainage system.
- Gully traps waste pipes are completely dispensed with.
- basin in the ground that receives piped wastewater from the house before it enters underground sewer.
- The basin has a water seal to prevent odors reaching the surface.
- Well-made gully traps prevent sewage flowing into your property or public pipes.
• Precautions for this system:
- All of the joints off waste pipes should be air-tight.
- Each waste pipe should be connected to common stack directly.
- Vent pipe diameter should not be less than 50mm.
- The waste pipe should join the stack, above the soil branch at each floor.
- All traps should be provided with a deep-water seal of not less than 75mm.

One-Pipe Partially Ventilated System

• There is only one soil pipe into which all water closets, urinals, sinks, baths, lavatories, etc,. Discharge.
• There is a relief vent pipe which ventilates all water closets, urinals, sinks, baths, lavatories, etc,.
• Precautions for this system:
- it should be provided with deep-water seals, at least 75mm.
- the diameter of the vent pipe should not be less than 50mm.
- the waste pipe, should join the stack, above the soil branch at each floor.

Wastewater Designations

• Storm Water - from the rain that flowed from roofs, gutters, downspouts, leaders, drains, etc.
• Graywater - water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, showers, bathtubs)
• Black Water - water plus human waste solid and liquid, urine, that is flushed out of toilets and urinals.

○ Graywater exclude waste potentially containing grease, such as that from dishwashers, and waste from food disposals in kitchens due to the possibility of solid particles
in the water.

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Elements of the Sanitary System

• Main – principle artery of the system to which branches may be connected.
• Branch – part of a piping system other than the main, riser or stack; connects the plumbing fixtures to the stack; connected to the trap of each fixture
• Stack – general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping.
• Soil Stack Pipe – a vertical soil pipe conveying feal matter, or vent piping
• Soil Pipe – pipe conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals, or fixtures having similar functions.
• Waste Pipe – pipe which conveys only liquid wastes free of fecal matter.
• Seal – the vertical distance between the dip and crown wire of a trap.
• Trap – a fitting or device so constructed to prevent the passage of air, gas, and vermin through a pipe without affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.
• House Trap – a trap connected to lowest horizontal piping or House Drain.
• Drain – a sewer or other pipe or conduit used for conveying ground water, surface water, wastewater or sewage.
• House Drain – horizontal main that receives the discharge from the vertical soil and waste stacks and other drainage pipes inside a building and conveys it to the house
sewer. It should have a slope of at least 2%.
• House Sewer – part of a plumbing system extending from a point about 4 or 5 ft from the inner face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the public
sewer.
• Public Sewer – common sewer directly controlled by public authority to which all abutters have equal right of connection.
• Sewer – a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and waste liquid.
• Sewage – the liquid wastes conducted away from buildings/structures, also of the storm water
• Sewerage – a comprehensive term, including all construction for collection, transportation, pumping, treatment, and final disposition of waste.
• Siphonage – a suction caused by the flow of liquids in pipes.
• Spigot – the end of a pipe which fits into a bell. Also a word synonymous with faucet.
• Cleanout Ferrule – metallic sleeve, caulked or joined to, an opening in a pipe into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining
the interior of the pipe.
• Vent – a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for reducing the pressure exerted on trap seals.
• Vent Stack – a vertical pipe that doesn't carry any waste and its main purpose is to regulate air pressure throughout the plumbing system; usually runs parallel with the
soil or waste stack and may either extend.
• Stack Vent – an extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
• Unit Vent – an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve two traps.
• Wet Vent – that portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flow.
• Branch Vent – a vent pipe connecting from a branch of the drainage system to a vent stack.
• Relief Vent – a vent that primary (Fresh Air Inlet) function of which is to provide circulation of air between drainage and vent system
• Roughing-In – in the installation of all pipes in the plumbing system that are in partitions and under floors.
• Sump – a pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained.
• Sleeve – a sheet placed when concrete is poured to accommodate future plumbing pipes.
• Pipe Chase – an opening or space to accommodate a group of pipes.

Condition for Proper DWW

• The piping must be air-tight, gas-tight, and water-tight
• Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped with approved water seal trap type. This is to prevent odor-laden and germ-laden
air to rise out of the drainage system and contaminate the surrounding air in the room.
• Each plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with vent pipes. This is the protect the drainage system against siphonage and back pressure and to assure air ciculation
throughout the drainage system.
• A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the pipe run. The location of the cleanout shalle be:
- at the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil pipe
- at every change of horizontal direction of more than 22.5
- within 1.50 inside the property line before the house sewer connection.
- at every 15m to a horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe
• All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of not less than 2% toward the point of disposal.
• All horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at interval not to exceed 3.0m
• Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in alignment. Stacks shall be properly supported at their bases.

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Traps
• Every plumbing fixtures that accepts wastewater must have a p-trap.
- exception to this rule is the toilet which has its own internal trap, built in.
• Job is to hold water
- keep the gases from the sewer system out of the building.
• Not only would the building smell like sewage, but it would accumulate methane gas.

Vents
Each fixture must also have a vent, and there are code requirements that state what sizes are needed for which fixtures.
Vents serve three purposes.
1.To keep the water from siphoning out of the traps. With the proper air flow ventilating the traps, the water will stay in them, and not drain out.
2.To allow the water to flow easily down the drain. Without a vent, the water in the drainage lines will stay in them.
3.Vents give the sewer gases somewhere to go so they do not build pressure in the pipes.

Grades
• First rule of plumbing
• Measure of downhill slope of a drainage pipe
• If a sewer line must have a 2% grade, it means that the pipe must have a downward slope of at least 2%.

SECTION 159. DEAD ENDS AVOIDED on all drainage system installation

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SECTION 173. LEAD PIPE
Joints in between lead pipes and brass or copper pipes, ferrules, soldering
nipples, bushings or traps, in all cases on the sewer side of the trap and in concealed joints or the inlet side of the trap, shall be full wiped joints, with an exposed surface of
the solder to each side of the thickness at the thickest part of the joint of not less than ¼ of an inch.

SECTION 174. LEAD TO CAST IRON, STEEL OR W.I. (Wrought Iron)

The joints shall be made water-tight using copper, lead, or galvanized iron plates on flashings.
SECTION 175. ROOF JOINTS
The joints of protruding pipes thru roofs shall be made water-tight using copper, lead or galvanized iron plates or flashings.
SECTION 176. SLIP JOINTS AND UNIONS
Slip Joints will be permitted only in trap seals/or in the inlet side of the trap. Unions on the sewer side of the trap shall be ground-faced, and shall not be concealed or
enclosed.
SECTION 182. TRAPS WHERE REQUIRED
Each fixture shall be separately trapped by a water-seal trap placed as near to the fixture as possible except that a set of similar fixtures consisting of not more than three (3)
wash basins, or a set of three (3) sinks may connect with a single one and one half (1 /2) inches trap. In no case shall the waste from a bath tub or other fixture discharge into
a water closet trap. No fixture shall be double trapped.

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The drains of the following equipments shall not be directly connected to any soil, waste and vent pipes.
1. Evaporative cooler
2. Air Washer
3. Air Conditioner
4. Cold Storage Room
5. Refrigerator
6. Cooling Counter
7. Food and Drinks Storage
8. Culinary/ Dishwashing Sink
for food preparation Room
• Cooling and air conditioning equipment
may be separated by an “air break”.
• Food equipment shall be separated
from the drainage system by a full “air gap”.

Air break in a drainage connection

• Is used to indirectly connect a drainage pipe to another drainage pipe. This is commonly used to protect fixtures that are used to prepare food, drinking fountains, ice
makers and many other devices that cannot be contaminated.
• Created by leaving an unobstructed vertical gap from the discharge of a fixture and the receptacle that receives it. This distance must be at least 25mm (1") or the size
of the pipe.
For example:
• Drain from an ice machine is 20mm (¾"), the minimum air break would be 25mm (1").
• Steam cooker is 50mm (2"), minimum air break distance would be 50mm (2").

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Approved Materials for DWW System

Excrete Drainage Piping Drainage Fitting Vent Pipes

• Cast Iron • Cast Iron • Cast Iron
• Ductile Iron • Ductile Iron • Ductile Iron
• Galvanized Steel • Galvanized Steel • Galvanized Steel
- not be used underground; 152mm above ground • Galvanized Wrought Iron • Galvanized Wrought Iron
• Galvanized Wrought Iron • Lead, Copper, Brass • Lead, Copper, Brass
- same limitations as GI • PVC- Series 1000 • PVC- Series 1000
• Lead; Copper: Brass • ES Vitrified Clay Pipe • ABS-Schedule 40
• Pvc- Series 1000
• Extra- strength vitrified clay pipe
- not be used above ground; 300mm below finish ground
level
• Materials having smooth and uniform bore
Vent Stacks Vent Fitting Downspout (interior)
• Cast Iron • Cast Iron • Cast Iron
• Galvanized Wrought Iron • Galvanized Steel • Galvanized Steel
• Copper • Galvanized Malleable Iron • Iron
• PVC-Series 1000 • Lead, Copper, Brass • Brass
• PVC-Series 1000 • Copper
• ABS- Schedule 40 • Lead
• PVC- Series 1000
• ABS- Schedule 40
Downspout (Medium Height Buildings) Downspout (Exterior/Low Height Downspout (High Rise Buildings)
• Cast Iron Buildings) • Cast Iron
• Galvanized Iron Pipe- Schedule 30 • Cast Iron • Galvanized Iron Pipe-Schedule 30
• Copper • Galvanized Steel Metal Sheet, GA 26 • Copper
• PVC- Series 1000 • Galvanized Iron • PVC- Series 1000
• ABS – Schedule 40 • PVC –Series 1000 • ABS – Schedule 40
• ABS – Schedule 40 • Pipe Materials that can resist Hydrostatic
Pressure
Roof Drains
• Cast Iron
• Copper
• Materials that can resist corrosion

Cast Iron Pipes and Fittings

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PVC Pipes and Fitting

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