Faculty of Information Engineering

& Technology
Electrical Machine (ELCT708)
Dr. Adel Ahmed Fouad
Summer 2020

Sheet (3)
Transformer
Solution

Problem (1):
A 15-kVA, 2400:240-V, 60 Hz transformer has the following equivalent circuit
parameters:

If the transformer is supplying a 10-kW, 0.8 PF lagging load at rated voltage,

assuming the output voltage is the reference, draw the transformer’s exact equivalent
circuit referred to the primary (H.V) side and use it to calculate:

1. The input current

2. The input voltage
3. The input power factor
Solution

1. The input current

̅ ̅ ̅̅̅

|̅̅̅|
|̅̅̅̅|
 ̅̅̅ |̅̅̅| ) )

̅̅̅
̅

̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ )

2. The input voltage

̅ ̅̅̅ ̅ )

3. The input power factor

̅ ̅)

)
Problem (2):

The parameters of a 2300/230 V, 50Hz transformer are given below:

The secondary load impedance is . Draw the exact equivalent

circuit with the normal voltage across the primary (H.V side) and use it to find:

1. Secondary voltage
2. Input power factor
3. Power input.
4. Power output
5. Primary copper loss
6. Secondary copper loss
7. Core loss
Solution
Since is rated value and assumed to be the reference:

Preliminary Calculations

)
1. Secondary Voltage

2. Input p.f

) )

3. Power Input:

4. Power Output:

5. Power loss (copper):

Primary:

Secondary

6. Power loss (core):

))

Check:
Problem (3):

The parameters of a 2300/230 V, 50Hz transformer are given below:

The secondary is connected to two parallel loads, the first is 40 kVA at 0.85 p.f
lagging and the second is 70 kW at 0.9 p.f lagging. Draw the exact equivalent circuit
refereed to the H. V side assuming rated voltage across the secondary (L.V side) and
then use it to find:

1. Primary voltage
2. Input power factor
3. Power input.
4. Total power output
5. Primary copper loss
6. Secondary copper loss
7. Core loss
Solution

Since V2 is rated Voltage, then;

2parallel Loads
Preliminary Calculations

) )

)
1. Primary Voltage:

) )

2. Input p.f:

) )

3. Power input:

4. Power Output:

) )

5. Power loss (copper):

Primary:

Secondary: | |

6. Power loss(core):

Check:
Problem (4):
The equivalent parameters of a transformer, having a turns ratio of 5, are R 1=0.5Ω,
R2=0.021Ω, X1=3.2Ω, X2=0.12Ω, Rc=350Ω, and Xm=98Ω. Draw the approximate
equivalent circuit of the transformer, referred to

a) The primary
b) The secondary.

Solution

a) Referred to primary

) )

b) Referred to secondary

( ) ( ) )

( ) ( ) )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Problem (5):
The equivalent parameters of a 150kVA, 2400V/240V transformer, are R1=0.2Ω,
R2=2mΩ, X1=0.45Ω, X2=4.5mΩ, Rc=10kΩ, and Xm=1.55kΩ. The transformer is
operating at rated load and rated voltage with 0.8 lagging power factor. Using the
approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side, determine:

1. Voltage regulation.
2. The transformer power loss.
3. Efficiency.

Solution

Using the approximate circuit we can get:

) )

) )

) ) ( ) )

1. Voltage Regulation

[ ]
| |

) )
[ ) ) ) ))]
)
 2. Transformer Power loss

3. Efficiency

) ) )
) ) ) )

Problem (6):
The equivalent parameters of a 110kVA, 2200V/110V transformer, are R1=0.22Ω,
R2=0.5mΩ, X1=2Ω, X2=5mΩ, Rc=5494.5Ω, and Xm=1099Ω. Using the approximate
equivalent circuit referred to the primary side, when the transformer is operating at
80% full load with unity power factor determines:

1. Voltage regulation.
2. The transformer power loss.
3. Efficiency.
Solution

Using the approximate circuit we can get:

) )

) )
 ( ) ( ) ( ) )

) )

1. Voltage Regulation

[ ]
| |

)
[ ) ) ) )]
)

2. Transformer Power loss

3. Efficiency

)
)
Problem (7):
A 120 KVA, 2400/240 volt transformer has the following parameters:
R1=0.75 ohm, X1=0.8 ohm, R2=0.0045 ohm, X2=0.008 ohm
The total transformer losses at full load is 4 kW and the load that achieve the
transformer maximum efficiency is 57.73% of the rated load. calculate:
1. The equivalent impedance referred to the primary.
2. The iron and full load copper losses.
3. The transformer maximum efficiency at 0.8 p.f lag.
4. The transformer voltage regulation at the loading conditions mentioned in 3.
Solution

1. The equivalent impedance referred to the primary.

) )

) )

2. The iron and full load copper losses.

√ )

Solving (1) and (2) we get

3. The transformer maximum efficiency at 0.8 p.f lag.

) ) )
) ) ) ) )
 4. The transformer voltage regulation at the loading conditions mentioned in
3.

[ ]
| |

) )
[ ) ) ) ))]
)

Problem (8):
A 120 KVA, 2400/240 volt transformer has the following parameters:
R1=0.75 ohm, X1=0.8 ohm, R2=0.0045 ohm, X2=0.02 ohm
The transformer is loaded by 80% of its rated load at 0.8 p.f lag.
The transformer has iron losses of 1kW and full load copper losses of 3 kW
Calculate:
1. The equivalent impedance referred to the primary.
2. The transformer efficiency at the mentioned loading conditions.
3. The transformer voltage regulation at the mentioned loading conditions.
4. The transformer maximum efficiency at 0.8 p.f lag.
5. If a capacitor is connected in shunt to the load and improve the p.f to 0.85 lag,
calculate the transformer efficiency and voltage regulation at the new
conditions.

Solution

1. The equivalent impedance referred to the primary.

) )

) )
2. The transformer efficiency at the mentioned loading conditions.

) ) )
) ) ) ) )

3. The transformer voltage regulation at the mentioned loading conditions.

[ ]
| |

) )
[ ) ) ) ))]
)

4. The transformer maximum efficiency at 0.8 p.f lag.

√ √

) ) )
) ) ) ) )
 5. If a capacitor is connected in shunt to the load and improve the p.f to 0.85
lag, calculate the transformer efficiency and voltage regulation at the new
conditions.
When a capacitor is connected, no change will occur to the active output power
only the reactive output power will change. This will lead to a change
in both the P.f and the loading condition (X) as shown in the below power
triangle:

Φ old P
Φ new

S new
Qc
S old

) ) ) )

) ) ) )

) )
)
)
)

) ) )
) ) ) ) )

) )
[ ) ) ) ))]
)

Note:

Connecting a capacitor improves the transformer efficiency and voltage

regulation.
Problem (9):
Open circuit and short circuit tests are performed on a 10kVA, 220V/110V, 60 Hz
transformer, and both tests are performed with the instrument on the high-voltage side,
and the following data are obtained:
Open-circuit test : input voltage= 220V, input current= 3.16A, input power =500W.
Short-circuit test : input voltage=65V, input current =10A, input power 400W.
Obtain the approximate equivalent circuit, referred to the

a) High voltage side,

b) Low voltage side.

Solution

a) High voltage side

From O.C. Test

)
√ ) √[ ) )]

From S.C. Test

√ √ )
b) Low voltage side